Wheat

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Effects of Planting Density and Sowing Date on Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Strong Gluten Wheat Variety ‘Xinmai 58’

WANG Yinghong, LI Xiaohang, LI Yongzhen, MA Huaping, DONG Yun

Journal of Agriculture 2026, 16 (2): 1-8. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0223

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To screen the suitable sowing date and planting density combination for ‘Xinmai 58’, a two factor split field experiment was conducted in the National Agricultural High Tech Zone Demonstration Park in Dancheng County, Henan Province from 2023 to 2024, with the sowing dates (October 17, October 25, November 1, November 8) being the main area and the sowing amounts (150 kg/hm², 187.5 kg/hm², 225 kg/hm²) being the sub area, to explore the effects of different sowing dates and planting densities on the growth stage, population at different stages, dry matter accumulation, plant height, yield, and yield of ‘Xinmai 58’. The results indicate that: as the sowing periodis postponed, all growth stages are delayed, but the growth period is shortened, and the impact of planting density on the growth period is relatively small. The impact of different sowing periods on the population at different stages is relatively small, and sowing amountis the main factor affecting the population. The effects of different treatments on dry matter weight and yield are inconsistent. Late sowing affects dry matter accumulation, but increasing sowing amount can compensate for the loss of yield. The main factor affecting the number of spikes is sowing amount, and sowing date has a significant impact on the number of grains per ear, thousand grain weight, and plant height. Different treatments and their interactions result in significant differences in yield. The suitable sowing period for ‘Xinmai 58’ is from October 17th to 25th, with a suitable sowing amount of 187.5 kg/hm². If the sowing period is too late,, increasing the sowing amount appropriately can improve the yield level.

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Identification of N and P Use Efficiency at Maturity of New Wheat Varieties

LYU Guangde, SUN Yingying, MU Qiuhuan, XU Jiali, YAN Limei, XU Huiyuan, YIN Xundong, CHEN Yongjun, QIAN Zhaoguo

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2026, 42 (3): 11-19. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0342

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In response to the problem of low utilization rates and environmental pollution caused by excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in wheat production, the aim was to screen out wheat germplasm resources with high efficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus utilization. This study utilized 42 newly approved and recently promoted wheat varieties as experimental materials and established three treatment groups: normal fertilization control (CK), low nitrogen (LN), and low phosphorus (LP). Based on the grain yield at the mature stage and referring to the formula for identifying nutrient utilization efficiency in the joint research on wheat breeding, the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUI) and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUI) of each material were calculated. NUI≥1.300 and PUI≥1.100 were set as the screening thresholds for nitrogen-efficient and phosphorus-efficient materials respectively. The results showed that five samples of materials for efficient nitrogen utilization were screened out, namely 'Zhongmai 578', 'Fengde cunmai 5', 'Xinmai 28', 'Xinmai 38' and 'Jimai 55'; eight materials for efficient utilization of phosphorus were screened out, namely 'Zhongmai 578', 'Shiyou 20', 'Huamai 158', 'Daimai 366', 'Luyan 951', 'Zhongmai 9088', 'Shengmai 918', and 'Lunxuan 49'. Among them, 'Zhongmai 578' is a material that simultaneously possesses the characteristics of efficient utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrient-efficient utilization wheat germplasm resources identified through the above-mentioned methods in this study provide an important material basis and theoretical support for the breeding of new resource-efficient wheat varieties.

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Effects of Different Amendments on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Winter Wheat and Soil Nutrients

LI Yali, LU Guoliang, WU Zhenghu, GUO Fei, ZHANG Xisheng, LIU An

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2026, 42 (2): 128-132. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0792

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The aim is to investigate the effects of different soil amendments on winter wheat biomass, grain yield, N-P-K uptake and soil nutrient status, so as to provide technical support for improving both the quality and productivity of winter wheat grown in saline-alkaline soils. A field experiment was conducted in 2025 in Tacheng City, Xinjiang. Under identical field-management practices, 6 amendment treatments were established: no amendment (CK), organic fertilizer (OF), humic acid (HA), microbial fertilizer (MF), flue-gas desulfurized gypsum (FGD), and microbial fertilizer+flue-gas desulfurized gypsum (MF+FGD). Grain yield, nutrient uptake and soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that: compared with CK, all amendment treatments increased grain yield, dry-matter accumulation and N-P-K uptake. The highest yield (9.05% greater than CK, P<0.05) was recorded under FGD. Soil pH declined in every amended plot, and total soluble salts also decreased except in the FGD treatment. Soil organic-matter content was enhanced by OF, HA and MF. In summary, the application of soil amendments increased winter wheat yield and N-P-K uptake while simultaneously ameliorating soil conditions.

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Effects of Tillage Methods, Organic Fertilizer and Straw Returning on Wheat Fusarium Head Blight and Crown Rot

LI Baojun, WEN Guochang, CHEN Jie, CUI Xiaojing, JIA Liangliang, YANG Yunma, YANG Pu, LI Hongtie

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2026, 42 (2): 184-190. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0202

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In order to explore the effects of tillage methods, organic fertilizer replacing part of chemical fertilizer and straw returning on Fusarium head blight and crown rot, the field experiments were carried out from 2022 to 2024. The two factors of tillage methods and organic fertilizer replacing part of chemical fertilizer were designed by split-plot design. The tillage methods were set as DT (tillage every other year, tillage depth of 25 cm) and RT (rotary tillage in successive years, tillage depth of 15 cm) in the main area, and the organic fertilizer replacing part of chemical fertilizer was set as OMC (fermented cow manure organic fertilizer replacing 25% basal fertilizer), OMP (fermented pig manure organic fertilizer replacing 25% basal fertilizer) and CK (conventional fertilization) in the sub-area. The factors of straw returning were designed by large area comparison. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the ear rate of scab between deep tillage and rotary tillage in a maize-wheat rotation cycle after years of monoculture of cotton. Under deep tillage, the application of fermented cow manure organic fertilizer could significantly reduce the disease spike rate of wheat scab, and the control effect of disease spike rate was 6.4%, while the effect of fermented pig manure organic fertilizer was not significant. Under rotary tillage, the application of fermented cow manure and pig manure organic fertilizer had no significant effect on reducing the spike rate of wheat scab. Under the condition of no straw returning, there was no significant difference in the disease spike rate of fermented cow manure or pig manure organic fertilizer, but there was an increasing trend. The ear rate of wheat scab in maize straw returning treatment was significantly lower than that in non-returning treatment, and the control effect of ear rate was 34.2%. Under the same genetic background, the increase of yield and the decrease of scab ear rate caused by environmental factors are a pair of contradictions. Based on two maize-wheat rotation cycles after multi-year monoculture of cotton, under conventional fertilization, rotary tillage in the next year of deep tillage can significantly reduce the incidence of stem base rot compared with continuous rotary tillage, and the disease index control effect is 9.0%. Under deep tillage, the application of fermented cow manure organic fertilizer could significantly reduce the incidence of stem base rot compared with conventional fertilization, and the disease index control effect was 34.2%, while the application of fermented pig manure organic fertilizer was not significant. Under rotary tillage, the application of fermented cow manure organic fertilizer could significantly reduce the incidence of stem rot, and the disease index control effect was 23.4%, while the application of fermented pig manure organic fertilizer increased significantly. The incidence and disease index of wheat stalk rot were significantly lower in the maize straw returning treatment than in the non-returning treatment, and the disease index control effect was 11.0%.

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Differences Analysis of Agronomic Traits and Yield of Different Wheat Varieties Under Late-Sowing Conditions

WANG Jun, ZUO Xi, QIU Jingtao, YANG Wuguang, QIAN Chencheng

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2026, 42 (2): 25-31. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0490

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The aim is to screen out high-yield, stable and tolerant to late sowing wheat varieties. By comparing the differences in agronomic traits and yield of 17 wheat varieties, the study aims to provide a basis and theoretical support for the selection of varieties for high yield and stable yield of wheat in late sowing areas. Using CJ580 and other 16 wheat varieties as test materials, a single-factor random block design was employed to measure the three key yield components at maturity, and convert the grain yield according to 13% moisture content. The number of tillers per plant and the earing rate were measured at various growth stages. At maturity, 20 representative plants were randomly selected to measure plant height and ear length. The main diseases that are likely to occur under late-sowing conditions were monitored, and their severity was assessed visually during the peak disease period. Data were analyzed using SPSS and the LSD method. The results showed that there were significant differences in the tiller dynamics of different varieties at various growth stages: YF19 had the highest number of tillers during the winter survival stage, YF19, ZM18, and YM23 tied for first place during the green-up stage, and YM1 reached its peak (1008×10⁴/hm²) during the jointing stage. CJ580, YM43, and YM36 performed optimally during the earing and milk stages, with the tiller-to-earing rate ranging from 44.64% to 49.79%. In terms of plant height and ear length, YM1, YM34, and YM46 stood out (plant height> 66 cm, ear length> 8 cm), while ZM23 and YM30 were significantly lower. Disease monitoring showed that all varieties had not experienced Fusarium head blight, rust, or lodging, with only a few showing mild powdery mildew. The study found that late sowing generally led to reduced yields, shortened growth periods to 200 days, and a general decrease in plant height. Outstanding varieties regulate the three key factors of yield through a differentiated compensation mechanism. These factors include high ear numbers (YM43), balanced agronomic traits (YM1), ear-to-grain number advantage (YM34), and outstanding thousand-grain weight (YM46), all achieving stable yields above 6500 kg/hm². This study provides practical guidance for variety screening under extreme climates, but the conclusions need to be further validated through multi-year and multi-regional trials. In summary, ‘YANGMAI 43’, ‘YANMAI 1’, ‘YANGMAI 34’, and ‘YANGMAI 46’ are suitable for initial promotion in Hanjiang District, Yangzhou under extreme climates and late sowing conditions as late-sowing-resistant and stable varieties.

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Effects of Sowing Date and Seeding Rate on Population Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat in Chengdu Plain Area

LIU Sixi, HUANG Xiangqing, DAI Tingyun, SUN Jiawei, CHEN Huihuan, GAO Tian, TANG Xueqin, YANG Yuping, YAN Hong

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2026, 42 (2): 32-39. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0208

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To investigate the effects of different sowing dates and seeding rates on the growth and yield of winter wheat in the Chengdu Plain, a two-factor split-zone experiment was adopted using the wheat variety 'Chuanmai 1247'. The main plots were designed with five sowing dates (S₁: November 1^st, traditional sowing date; S₂: November 8^th; S₃: November 15^th; S₄: November 22^nd; S₅: November 29^th), and the subplots were set with two seeding rates (R₁: 225 kg/hm²，traditional seeding rate; R₂: 300 kg/hm²). The effects of each treatment on wheat growth period, tiller dynamics, dry matter accumulation and yield were systematically studied. The results showed that compared with traditional sowing date S₁, the entire growth period of wheat under S₂-S₅ treatments was shortened by 4-17 days, which was mainly reflected in the shortening of the reproductive growth stage. As sowing delayed, the productive tiller percentage increased by 21.87% to 39.69% compared with S₁. The number of effective spikes, dry matter accumulation at the maturity stage, and yield initially increased and subsequently decreased with sowing delayed, and all reached the maximum under S₃ treatment, which increasing by 24.46%, 2.40%, and 15.43% respectively, compared with S₁. However, the thousand-grain weight consistently decreased with sowing delayed. Higher seeding rate (R₂) led to higher tiller numbers of wheat at all growth stages but reduce the productive tiller percentage. Increasing the seeding rate under traditional sowing date (S₁) reduced grain yield. Conversely, increasing the seeding rate under delayed sowing conditions could increased grain yield. In summary, delayed sowing date shortens the reproductive stage of wheat. Delay sowing appropriately (e.g, S₂-S₃) can increase grain yield by increasing the number of effective spikes and dry matter accumulation. Increasing seeding rate under traditional sowing date is detrimental to yield formation, whereas increasing seeding rate under delayed sowing date can stabilize or enhance yield. This study provides technical support for the high-yield cultivation of wheat following rice.

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Characterization of Spring Wheat Light Response Curve and Fitting Analysis of Photosynthetic Model Under Different Moisture Conditions in Semi-arid Areas

ZHAO Pengwei, GAI Aihong, WANG Xiaoping, LU Congcong, LIU Tao, LI Yingying, ZHANG Tao

Journal of Agriculture 2026, 16 (1): 7-16. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0212

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To investigate the mechanism of photosynthetic physiological response of spring wheat under different moisture conditions in semi-arid rain-fed agricultural areas and to optimize field management, the present study was carried out with spring wheat ‘Dingxi No. 48’ as the research object. Seven treatments were set up with three replications for each treatment, namely: film mulching (FM), irrigated treatment 1 (GG₁), irrigated treatment 2 (GG₂), drought treatment 1 (GH₁), drought treatment 2 (GH₂), drought treatment 3 (GH₃), and rain-fed treatment (YY), to measure the light response curves of spring wheat at different periods under the seven treatments. Five models were chosen, namely, the right-angle hyperbola model, the non-right-angle hyperbola model, the leaf drift model, the exponential model and the double exponential model, to fit and compare the light response curves before and after the irrigation of spring wheat. The results were analyzed for accuracy and the optimal model was selected. The results showed that: (1) the light response curve increased rapidly when the photosynthetically active radiation was 0-400 μmol/(m²·s), and slowed down when it was 600-800 μmol/(m²·s), and then stabilized or showed a decreasing trend. The leaf area index of spring wheat decreased after filling, and the photosynthetic capacity weakened, and the magnitude of the maximum net photosynthetic rate at the maturity of each treatment was in the following order: FM, GG₁, YY, GH₃, GG₂, GH₂, and GH1. (2) Combining the MAE, RMSE and R² of the measured and fitted values of the five models shows that the leaf float model has the highest fitting accuracy. The mulching treatment had the best drought tolerance and the widest range of light adaptation when planting spring wheat in the semi-arid rain-fed agricultural region of Northwest China, and the leaf floating model among the five models best matched the actual photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat.

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Characteristics of Yield Ratios of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Cultivated Land in Henan and Their Relationship with Cultivated Land Grade and Terrain

FAN Peng, WANG Guobing, YANG Jianbo, WANG Lei, YANG Xihui, YANG Qingwei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (36): 108-118. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0735

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To reveal the spatial differentiation patterns of yield ratios (PIR, PDR, IDR) among different cultivated land types (paddy field, irrigated land, dryland) for winter wheat and summer maize in Henan, the paper analyzed their coupling mechanism with cultivated land grade and terrain conditions, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivated land irrigation use efficiency and optimizing cultivated land resources management. Based on the cultivated land grade database and township-level grain yield data (2031 towns for winter wheat, 2000 towns for summer maize) of Henan, 8 grading factor indicator zones (excluding the Huainan hilly and mountainous region) were selected as the study objects. The yield ratios were calculated using the area-weighted method. The correlation between cultivated land grade and IDR was fitted using trend analysis, and the spatial differentiation characteristics of IDR were interpreted with terrain classification. The results showed that: (1) at the indicator zone level, the volatility of yield ratios for both winter wheat and summer maize followed the pattern: IDR>PIR>PDR. The IDR showed the largest difference (0.55 for winter wheat and 0.48 for summer maize), indicating that the yield difference between irrigated land and dryland was most significantly affected by regional conditions; (2) at the provincial level, the regional differences in yield ratios were reduced and the patterns were weakened due to the area-weighted average neutralizing regional heterogeneity; (3) a positive correlation was found between cultivated land grade and IDR (the better the cultivated land quality, the larger the IDR). The sensitivity of winter wheat IDR to cultivated land quality (absolute slope value 0.030) was higher than that of summer maize (0.011); (4) under the same cultivated land grade, terrain ruggedness was positively correlated with IDR (IDR in mountainous and hilly areas was higher than that in plains and basins). The yield ratios among cultivated land types of winter wheat and summer maize in Henan exhibit the significant regional differences and scale dependence. Winter wheat shows a stronger dependence on irrigation conditions. It is suggested to prioritize enhancing the irrigation guarantee capacity for winter wheat on high-quality cultivated land; while for low-quality cultivated land, it requires synergistic improvements in both soil conditions and irrigation infrastructure to improve grain yield.

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Study on Relationship Between Dough Rheological Fermentation Characteristics and Steamed Bread Processing Quality

GAO Xinmei, ZHAO Yankun, GAO Zhenxian, GUO Jiabao, WANG Wei, CAO Qiao, LIU Yanjun, ZHANG Guocong, BAN Jinfu, HE Mingqi

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (36): 157-164. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0703

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Wheat flour is one of the important raw materials in food processing, and its processed steamed bread is the staple food for people in the north. In order to analyze the relationship between the rheological fermentation characteristics of wheat dough and the processing quality of steamed bread, this study used 30 different gluten wheat varieties, such as ‘Shiyou 17’, ‘Shiyou 20’ and ‘Shimai 19’, as materials, and analyzed them using correlation and path analysis methods. The results showed that the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of TPA of steamed bread had extremely significant negative correlation with dough maximum expansion height (Hm), dough height at the end of the trial (h) and the time when dough began to leak carbon dioxide gas (Tx). The adhesiveness of steamed bread was extreme significantly positively correlated with the ratio of retained volume to total volume of released gas (Vr/Vt), extreme significantly negatively correlated with the time to reach the curve peak (T₁), Vt and Vr, and had positive correlation with (Hm-H)/Hm. The adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience of steamed bread demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with Vr/Vt and a highly significant negative correlation with Vt. The parameters that had a positive effect on the steamed bread sensory score from large to small were: P value (maximum pressure P value), Ie value (elasticity index), weakening degree, flour quality index, T₁ and Vr, and the parameters that had a negative effect were W value (deformation energy) and ratio of P/L (curve shape ratio).

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Construction of Knowledge Graph of Wheat Varieties and Pest Control

ZHAO Xiang, YANG Wanxia, YANG Jun, XIN Chen, LI Qi

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (12): 19-26. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0162

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The paper aims to address the issues of wheat variety selection and corresponding pest and disease control in different regions. Firstly, a data corpus with 3481 wheat variety data and 312 pest data was constructed. According to the characteristics of the corpus, the knowledge system model layer of wheat variety and pest control was defined in a fine grained manner. Secondly, the comparative advantages of Bert and Word2vec word - embedding models on small and medium-sized datasets were verified on public datasets and constructed datasets respectively, and then the attribute knowledge of wheat varieties and pests was extracted by using models suitable for each scale datasets. The experimental results showed that the F₁ value of Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model was 0.1499 higher than that of Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model in breed datasets. Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model was superior to Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model in pest datasets.

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Visual Analysis of Production Status and Research Progress of High-gluten Wheat Based on CiteSpace

WANG Ping, ZHANG Tongzhen, SUN Zhenrong, WANG Fei, LIU Shanxia

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (35): 122-132. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0685

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To gain in-depth insights into the research progress and cutting-edge trends of high-gluten wheat in the fields of agriculture and food science, a visual analysis was conducted using CiteSpace 6.3.R1, based on the 2014-2024 literature data retrieved from the CNKI database (1496 papers) and Web of Science (WOS) database (3661 papers). The results showed that from 2014 to 2024, the number of publications on high-gluten wheat in the CNKI and WOS databases exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The two databases reached their peak publication outputs in 2020 (218 papers for CNKI) and 2021 (514 papers for WOS), respectively, and the global research enthusiasm shifted from a phase of rapid growth to an adjustment period. China ranked first in terms of publication quantity with 1012 papers (accounting for 27.6% of the total publications in WOS) and established close collaborative networks with countries such as the United States, India, and Italy (collaborating with more than 30 countries), which demonstrated robust scientific research vitality. Within China, a tight-knit academic community was formed, represented by scholars including Zhao Guangcai and Chang Xuhong, who made outstanding contributions to the research on high-gluten wheat. Institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences achieved high academic standards in this field. In the WOS database, scholars such as Gao Xin, Zhu Kexue, Ma Sen, and Arendt Elke K focused their research on quality molecular breeding, wheat stress-resistant genes, wheat adaptability, flour processing, and nutritional health. Meanwhile, collaborative alliances were formed among institutions including Northwest A&F University, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Murdoch University, and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Keyword analysis revealed that variety breeding, quality improvement, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation, and flour processing remained consistent research hotspots. The research content shifted from early cultivation techniques to processing quality and comprehensive evaluation, and the research focus extended to food processing and nutritional health. In conclusion, the research on high-gluten wheat boasted broad prospects and great application potential. It was suggested that in the future, efforts should be directed toward strengthening interdisciplinary research, advancing genetic improvement and molecular breeding technologies, expanding its application in food processing, and developing food products with health benefits to meet market demands.

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Effect of Replacing Nitrogen Fertilizers with Organic Fertilizers on Dry Matter Accumulation, Yield and Quality of Colored Wheat

HUANG Ling, ZHAO Kai, SHAO Minmin, ZHANG Yudan, YANG Benzhou, WANG Fuyu, CHEN Guiju, SUN Leiming, WANG Lin, ZHAI Hongmei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (34): 1-6. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0248

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To improve the yield and quality of colored wheat in southwest Shandong, this study explored the effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer nitrogen on dry matter accumulation, yield and quality of colored wheat, aiming to clarify the optimal fertilization scheme for colored wheat in this area. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023, to systematically study the effects of no fertilizer (CK), single chemical fertilizer (CF), 25% (M25), 50% (M50) and 75% (M75) organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, grain yield, quality of two colored wheat varieties (A1 ‘Shannongzimai 1’ and A2 ‘Jilanmai 1’). The results showed that compared with CK treatment, different fertilization treatments could increase grain yield, quality and the dry matter accumulation of wheat at wintering, regreening, flag-picking and maturity stages to varying degrees. In term of dry matter accumulation at the maturity stage, there was no significant difference between organic fertilizer and CF in A1 cultivars, and M25 was the highest; compared with CF, both M25 and M50 were much higher in A2 variety, and there was no significant difference with M75. The variation law of grain yield of the two varieties under different fertilization treatments was basically the same, with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, grain yield were gradually decreased. Compared with CF, M25 and M50 treatments could increase the grain yield, with a range of 1.01% to 3.76% for variety A1 and 3.48% to 5.0% for variety A2. M75 treatment reduced grain yield. In M25 treatment, the crude protein content of the two varieties increased by 3.14% and 1.81%, the content of wet gluten increased by 1.70% and 2.46%; the ductility increased by 1.10% and 0.79%, respectively. With the increase of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer, the crude protein content and wet gluten content decreased, volume weight and the ductility of A2 variety were no significant difference. In summary, M25 treatment could effectively improve grain yield, quality of colored wheat in the wheat planting area of southwest Shandong.

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Response Characteristics of Drought Stress and Its Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms in Spring Wheat Developmental Stages

CHEN Fei, ZHAO Hong, WANG Heling, YANG Yang, WANG Runyuan, ZHANG Kai, ZHAO Funian, QI Yue, TANG Yurui, WEI Xingxing

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (33): 14-23. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0033

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To explore the response characteristics of spring wheat developmental stages to drought stress and its physiological regulatory mechanisms, and to scientifically address the challenges posed by climate change, ‘Dingxi New 24’ was selected as experimental material, and methods such as curve fitting and correlation analysis were employed to analyze the change characteristics in soil moisture, crop developmental stages, and physio-ecological parameters under two drought stress conditions: field and pot experiments. The results showed that: (1) under continuous drought stress, the booting, heading, and flowering stages of field wheat were shortened by 1 day, 1 day, and 8 days, respectively, while the milk stage was extended by 5 days. The heading stage of potted wheat was delayed by 2 days, and the flowering stage was shortened by 6 days. (2) The soil moisture stress factor, constructed based on exponential and linear models, could effectively simulate the developmental stages changes caused by drought stress. (3) When the soil relative humidity was between 45% and 53%, the photosynthetic physiological parameters and leaf water status indicators exerted a reverse regulatory effect on the advancement of the jointing-to-flowering stages in field wheat. When the soil relative humidity dropped below 45%, both factors then synergistically promoted an earlier milk stage. For potted wheat subjected to drought starting from the booting stage, all leaf physiological indicators worked together to prolong the heading stage. These findings provide a scientific basis for the dynamic monitoring, prediction, and impact assessment of drought in spring wheat in semi-arid regions.

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Regulation of Photosynthesis, Yield and Quality of Dryland Wheat by Spraying Different Foliar Fertilizer

CHENG Jiasheng, GONG Ercong, LIU Lie, QIAO Xiangmei, WANG Zhiwei, WANG Zhilong, HUANG Tingzhi, CHENG Geng, HU Lingyi

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (33): 24-31. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0308

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In this paper, the effects of different foliar fertilizer on photosynthesis, yield composition and quality of dryland wheat were studied to provide reference for high quality and efficient wheat cultivation. A field experiment was carried out in Songming, Yunnan Province in 2022, using the newly approved wheat varieties ‘Yunmai 80’ and ‘Yunmai 83’ as the research materials. Five foliar fertilizer treatments (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, brassinolide, sodium nitrate, yield-increasing agent and their mixture) and water control (three replicates) were set up, spraying at the early heading stage according to the instructions. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of ‘Yunmai 80’ was higher than that of ‘Yunmai 83’ under different foliar fertilizer treatments, and the difference of net photosynthetic rate between the two varieties was significant to extremely significant. The highest net photosynthetic rate was observed in KH₂PO₄ treatment, while the lowest was in auxin treatment. The chlorophyll content of ‘Yunmai 83’ was slightly higher than that of ‘Yunmai 80’, and the overall chlorophyll content decreased under the treatment of foliar fertilizer. Without considering the variety factor, foliar fertilizer spraying significantly affected the number of fertile spikelets, degenerate spikelets and effective spikelet, and had little effect on the number of grains per spike and yield. However, all foliar fertilizers increased wheat yield. KH₂PO₄, brassinolactone, sodium complex nitrate and augmentol increased the yield by 10.02%, 9.56%, 9.35% and 15.11% when applied individually. In contrast, foliar fertilizer KH₂PO₄ + brassinolactone + sodium nitrate + augmentol mixed spraying led to a yield reduction of 6.74%. For ‘Yunmai 80’, the yield increases were 19.01%, 10.77%, 9.66% and 23.59% for the individual foliar fertilizers, with a 1.98% increase for the mixture. For ‘Yunmai 83’, the yield increases were 1.40%, 8.40%, 9.06% and 6.93% for the individual foliar fertilizers, with a 15.10% yield reduction for the mixture. Foliar spraying generally reduced the protein content and increased the hardness index. However, mixed spraying increased the protein content and decreased the hardness index. The effects on water absorption, stable time, wet gluten content and sedimentation value varied due to differences between varieties, with both positive and negative effects observed for foliar fertilizers. In summary, spraying single foliar fertilizer at heading stage can promote wheat growth and development, increase yield and improve quality indicators by enhancing photosynthesis. In this study, the comprehensive effects of several common foliar fertilizers on Yunnan dryland wheat were systematically compared for the first time. The results emphasized that the appropriate foliar fertilizer should be selected according to the variety characteristics and avoid blind mixing. This study provides an important theoretical and practical basis for the precise foliar fertilization management of dryland wheat in Yunnan under winter and spring drought conditions, which is helpful to improve the drought resistance, yield and quality of regional wheat production.

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Study on Differences of Enrichment and Transfer Abilities of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), and Lead (Pb) in Wheat Grown in Rural-urban Agricultural Areas

XUE Zhiwei, WANG Dan, WANG Changguo, HU Junmin, YANG Chunling

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (11): 8-14. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0157

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In the context of China’s rapid economic development and rapid urbanization, the problem of soil heavy metal pollution becomes more and more serious, and the potential impact on plant growth and ecosystem health has aroused widespread concern in academia. As the main food crop in China, the safe production of wheat is very important to national food security. In this study, the pollution status of farmland soil and the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in various organs of winter wheat at maturity in the rural-urban area of Anyang City were analyzed by field investigation and indoor analysis. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cr and Pb in farmland soil were 0.87, 8.29 and 16.21 mg/kg, respectively. The single factor pollution indexes of Cd, Cr and Pb were 1.45, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. The total accumulation of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pb in wheat plants was 0.75, 29.61 and 7.08 mg/kg, respectively. There were differences in the absorption and transport capacity of different heavy metals in wheat plants. In wheat plants, the enrichment ability of roots to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, and the enrichment ability of grains was relatively weak. The transport capacity of stems to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, followed by leaves and shells, and the transport capacity of grains was the weakest. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the absorption, accumulation and transport of different heavy metals in wheat plants, which affected the overall response of wheat to heavy metals. The overall pollution status of farmland soil in the rural-urban area remained at a good level, and no obvious heavy metal pollution was found.

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Analysis of Grain Filling Characteristics of Main Stem Spike of ‘Shimai 26’

GAO Xinmei, FU Xiaoyi, GAO Zhenxian, ZHAO Yankun, SHI Zhanliang, BAN Jinfu, CAO Qiao, LI Caihua, SHAN Zilong, ZHOU Yongbin, HE Mingqi

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (32): 1-8. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0786

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To analyze the grain filling characteristics of the early maturing and high-yield wheat variety 'Shimai 26', this study used 'Shimai 26' under sparse and dense planting and its parents 'Shiyou 17' and 'Jimai 22' under dense planting as materials to analyze the structure and grain size of the main stem panicle, and the shading of flag leaves and infrapanicle stems after anthesis was used to detect the source of grain nutrients at the grain filling stage. The results showed that the average dry weight, number of grains per spike, and grain volume of the main stem spike of 'Shimai 26' under dense planting were higher than those of its parents, with increases of 0.15-0.18 g, 0.84-3.30 grains, and 2.30-2.55 cm³, respectively. These indicated that 'Shimai 26' had prominent high-yield traits. During sparse sowing, 'Shimai 26' showed a slight increase in the final dry weight of the grains per ear under shading of flag leaf or stem under spike, with an increase rate of less than 3.00%. These results showed that 'Shimai 26' had good buffering capacity for source organ restriction. Under dense planting, the final decrease in dry weight of grains per ear for three varieties under shading treatment exceeded 8.00%, indicating that the grain nutrients at the filling stage of 'Shimai 26' were more dependent on the photosynthesis of the stem under the ear. In summary, 'Shimai 26' has prominent high-yield traits in the ear, good self-regulation ability, and a higher proportion of nutrients derived from photosynthesis in the stem under the ear, providing a theoretical basis for its high yield mechanism.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application on Chlorophyll Content, Agronomic Traits and Yield of Wheat

YANG Hui, ZHANG Zhihui, MA Lin, HUANG Qiannan, ZHANG Xuehui, DENSLEM·Turbison, SUN Na, ZOU Hui

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (30): 1-7. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0678

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rates on chlorophyll content, agronomic traits, and yield of wheat in the Yili River Valley region, and to further elucidate the relationship between agronomic traits and yield. Eight widely cultivated wheat varieties in the region were selected as experimental materials, and three nitrogen levels were established: N1 (180 kg/hm²), N2 (270 kg/hm²), and N3 (360 kg/hm²). Field trials and indoor seed inspection data were integrated with statistical methods, including correlation analysis and grey relational analysis, to examine the relationships among nitrogen application rates, agronomic traits, and yield. The results indicated that nitrogen application had the greatest effect on chlorophyll content during the late grain-filling stage. Within the range of 180-270 kg/hm² nitrogen application, agronomic traits such as plant height, spike number, spikelet number per spike, as well as yield, increased with nitrogen rate, except for grain weight per main spike and 1000-grain weight. Among all traits, spike number exhibited the strongest positive correlation with yield, whereas 1000-grain weight showed a negative but non-significant correlation. The order of grey correlation degree between agronomic traits and yield was main spike length (0.66) > spikelet number (0.62) > plant number (0.58) > aboveground biomass (0.57) = flag leaf SPAD value (0.57) > main spike grain weight (0.54) = plant height (0.54) > effective tiller number (0.52). The order of grey correlation degree between yield components and yield was spike number (0.74) > 1000-grain weight (0.56) > grain number per spike (0.47). Both correlation analysis and grey relational analysis consistently demonstrated that spike number was the most influential factor affecting yield. Under the N2 treatment, chlorophyll content, agronomic performance, and yield of wheat were collectively optimized.

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Effects of Straw Returning on Soil Properties and Wheat Yield in Rice-wheat Rotation Area

WU Jia, SHANG Xiaolan, HONG Chunlai, YAO Yanlai, ZHOU Ying, ZHU Weijing

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (30): 122-130. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0367

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To investigate the effects of rice straw returning on soil fertility enhancement and wheat yield in a rice-wheat rotation system, a field plot experiment was conducted. This study examined the correlations among soil aggregate structure, chemical properties, and wheat yield in the 0-20 cm topsoil layer under different straw incorporation methods and two decomposer treatments: 1/3 straw incorporation (JB), 1/3 straw incorporation with decomposer (JBF₁ and JBF₂), full straw incorporation (JQ), and full straw incorporation with decomposer (JQF₁and JQF₂). The results showed that, compared with JB, JQ or treatments with decomposer (JBF₁ and JBF₂) significantly increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), aggregate stability indicators (R_0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Simultaneously, JQ or treatments with decomposer (JBF₁ and JBF₂) significantly enhanced soil electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) compared to JB. The increase in soil OM was primarily associated with higher levels of heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and readily oxidizable carbon (ROC). Compared to 1/3 or full straw incorporation alone, applying decomposer increased wheat yield by 16.8%-26.4% and 10.1%-20.6%, respectively, with the JQF1 treatment achieving the highest wheat yield. It was found that under the condition of full returning to the field, the effect of Hubei decomposer (JQF₁) was significantly better than that of Shandong decomposer (JQF₂), which significantly increased the content of >0.25 mm macroaggregates by 8.3% and wheat yield by 5.2% compared with JQF₂ (P<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that wheat yield was significantly influenced by the proportion of >0.25 mm aggregates, aggregate stability, and the contents of soil OM, TN, and AN. In conclusion, straw incorporation combined with decomposer application achieved a synergistic effect of soil fertility improvement and crop yield increase. Specifically, the content of soil > 0.25 mm macroaggregates, OM and AN increased by 15.2 %, 8.7 % and 10.3 %, and the wheat yield increased by 12.5 %, respectively, compared with JB treatment. Straw incorporation combined with decomposer application is a suitable farming practice for rice-wheat rotation areas.

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Effects of Different Exogenous Organic Matter Additions on Soil Enzyme Activity, Bacterial Diversity and Wheat Yield

DONG Qingjun, LI Chuanzhe, JI Li, ZHONG Ping, DONG Yubing, CHEN Chuan, ZHANG Ankang, SHAO Wenqi

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (29): 54-62. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0326

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To clarify the effects of different exogenous organic matter additions on soil enzyme activities, bacterial diversity, and crop yield in the sandy soil area of the Yellow River old course, this study conducted a field experiment based on the full straw return mode with no application of exogenous organic matter as the control (CK), and three treatments were set up: additional application of nitrogen fertilizer and biological agents (NM), additional application of organic fertilizer (F), and additional application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additives (FE). Indicators such as soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial diversity and wheat yield components after adding different exogenous organic matters were analyzed. The results showed that: application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive (FE treatment) significantly increased soil pH by 2.28% compared to CK, but had no significant effect on soil organic matter and total nitrogen. The addition of different exogenous organic materials significantly promoted the activities of soil enzymes α-glucosidase (AG), β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and β-xylosidase (XYL), with the FE treatment showing the best performance. Compared to CK, the enzyme activities in the FE treatment increased by 83.09%, 75.47%, 186.43%, 112.01% and 67.83%, respectively. There were significant differences in microbial composition between different treatments. The addition of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive significantly affected the bacterial richness indices Chao1, ACE, and Shannon, which increased by 3.43%, 1.95% and 2.26% respectively, compared to CK. The nitrogen fertilizer and bio-inoculant treatment (NM) increased the relative abundance of Bacillus and Flavobacterium in the soil bacteria, while the organic fertilizer treatment (F) significantly increased the relative abundance of Kouleothrix. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and bio-inoculant effectively promoted the increase of wheat single-spike grain weight and grains per spike. The addition of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive significantly increased the number of wheat spikes number, thousand-grain weight, and yield. The spike number, thousand-grain weight and yield of FE treatment were 7.50 %, 9.67 % and 11.46 % higher than those of CK, respectively. The NM treatment had 9.72% higher single-spike grain weight and 6.09% more grains per spike compared to CK. In summary, the application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive can promote soil pH, increase soil enzyme activity, improve soil bacterial diversity and community richness, and increase wheat yield, providing a theoretical basis for rational fertilization and high and stable yield of crops in the Yellow River floodplain agricultural system.

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Effects of Coconut Coir Mulching on Wheat Yield, Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Community Structure of Saline Alkali Soil

YAN Dong, ZHANG Junqiang, ZHONG Yuehua, FENG Bing, Wu Huashan, MA Hongbo

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (29): 63-68. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0261

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This study investigated the effects of coconut coir mulching on wheat growth, soil physical and chemical properties, and bacterial community structure in saline-alkali environments, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for wheat cultivation under such conditions. Using ‘Yangmai 29’ as the test material, a field experiment was conducted with four treatments, including blank control (no fertilization, rice straw removed from the field), conventional control [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm², jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm², rice straw removed from the field], straw cover [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm², jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm², rice straw cover thickness 2 cm], and coconut coir cover [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm², jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm², coconut coir cover thickness 2 cm]. The effects of coconut coir mulching on wheat yield, soil physical chemical properties, and soil bacterial community structure were analyzed. The results demonstrated that coconut coir mulching significantly reduced soil water evaporation, thereby mitigating surface salt accumulation. It enhanced soil nutrient availability and organic matter content, and the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter were 4.44%, 2.26%, 1.22% and 4.51% higher than those of the conventional control, respectively. At the same time, the soil structure was significantly improved. Compared with the conventional control treatment, the emergence rate (31.57%) and yield (11.54 %) of wheat were significantly increased under coir mulching treatment, showing a significant effect of controlling alkali and inhibiting salt. In addition, the coconut coir mulching treatment changed the soil bacterial community structure, significantly increased the abundance of plant growth promoting bacteria (GPA) with nitrogen fixation function, and reduced the abundance of some functional bacterial groups (FBA, CTA) that may be involved in denitrification and other processes, thus potentially improving the nitrogen fixation capacity of the soil. In summary, coconut coir mulching is a feasible agricultural measure to effectively improve saline-alkali soil and promote wheat yield, and has important application prospects.

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