Abstract: Dwarf peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Var. spontanea Rehd) is an endangered species in China. The population naturally distributes in the adjacent areas between Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces. There is limited number in the population and the population type, morphological characteristics, growth habits and endangered situation has not been well documented. This paper analyzes its endangering mechanism in the light of natural environmental factors and artificial influences, proposes effective approaches of conservation, including establishment of natural reserve and propagation site. This study provides a important example for protecting endangered species in China and effective utilization of these valuable and endangered plant species