Aiming at the problems of long breeding cycle and low homozygous efficiency in traditional rice breeding, in order to promote the innovation and accurate improvement of breeding technology, this paper systematically combs the development process of haploid breeding technology, focusing on the analysis of traditional methods such as anther culture in vitro and parthenogenesis/androgenesis, and inducing technology using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted editing of key meiotic genes (e.g.,REC8, PAIR1, OsD1) and the parthenogenesis-related gene OsMTL, and systematically optimizes the key links such as induction, identification and chromosome doubling. The results demonstrate that technology integration has significantly enhanced haploid induction efficiency (from 0.5%-2% to 10%-15%), expanded the genotype editing scope and facilitated targeted trait improvement. The development cycle of doubled haploid (DH) lines has been shortened to 2-3 years, resulting in a 3-5 fold increase in breeding efficiency compared to conventional approaches. A multidimensional identification system integrating molecular markers and flow cytometry has been successfully established, and excellent varieties such as 'Zhonghua' series and 'Jingliangyou 202/181' were successfully cultivated. This review also highlights existing technical challenges, including the unclear mechanism of spontaneous haploid doubling and difficulties in eliminating chimeras. It is proposed that through deeper integration of smart breeding and synthetic biology, haploid breeding will advance rice breeding into a new design breeding stage, providing sustained technological support for ensuring food security.

In response to the problem of low utilization rates and environmental pollution caused by excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in wheat production, the aim was to screen out wheat germplasm resources with high efficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus utilization. This study utilized 42 newly approved and recently promoted wheat varieties as experimental materials and established three treatment groups: normal fertilization control (CK), low nitrogen (LN), and low phosphorus (LP). Based on the grain yield at the mature stage and referring to the formula for identifying nutrient utilization efficiency in the joint research on wheat breeding, the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUI) and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUI) of each material were calculated. NUI≥1.300 and PUI≥1.100 were set as the screening thresholds for nitrogen-efficient and phosphorus-efficient materials respectively. The results showed that five samples of materials for efficient nitrogen utilization were screened out, namely 'Zhongmai 578', 'Fengde cunmai 5', 'Xinmai 28', 'Xinmai 38' and 'Jimai 55'; eight materials for efficient utilization of phosphorus were screened out, namely 'Zhongmai 578', 'Shiyou 20', 'Huamai 158', 'Daimai 366', 'Luyan 951', 'Zhongmai 9088', 'Shengmai 918', and 'Lunxuan 49'. Among them, 'Zhongmai 578' is a material that simultaneously possesses the characteristics of efficient utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrient-efficient utilization wheat germplasm resources identified through the above-mentioned methods in this study provide an important material basis and theoretical support for the breeding of new resource-efficient wheat varieties.

To explore the quality differences among different colored waxy and sweet-waxy maize types, providing a basis for the rational selection of production varieties, 36 waxy maize varieties of six types, including white waxy, white sweet-waxy, colored waxy, colored sweet-waxy, black waxy, and black sweet-waxy in Jiangsu provincial regional trial, were used as materials. We determined the genotype differences of grain dry weight, grain moisture content, residue ratio, starch and amylopectin content. The results indicated that the quality differentiation between types was significant. 100-grain dry weight of white sweet-waxy variety was the highest (20.5 g). Grain moisture content of colored sweet-waxy variety was the highest (66.0%). Residue ratio of black sweet-waxy variety was the highest (2.1%). Compared with different colored maize, white maize variety had the highest grain dry weight, the lowest grain moisture content and the highest starch and amylopectin contents. The residue ratio of black maize variety was the highest, which was 0.3% and 0.2% higher than white and colored maize, respectively. The starch content of colored maize was the lowest, which was 16.6% and 9.6% lower than white and black maize, respectively. The amylopectin content showed: white maize > black maize > color maize. Compared with waxy maize, sweet-waxy maize had higher moisture content, higher residue ratio, and lower starch and amylopectin content. The grain starch content of white waxy variety was the highest. The grain dry weight of white sweet-waxy variety was the highest. The grain moisture content of colored sweet-waxy variety was the highest. The grain residue ratio of black sweet-waxy variety was highest. Overall, different types of fresh maize varieties can be selected according to different market and consumer demand in production.

This study investigated the patterns of calcium absorption, accumulation, and distribution in potatoes, as well as the effects of exogenous calcium on potato calcium nutrition characteristics, with the aim of effectively increasing tuber calcium content. Using potato variety ‘Youjin’ as test material, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Suihua with five calcium application levels (CaO at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/hm²). Calcium content in various organs of potatoes at different growth stages was measured to analyze the dynamic changes in calcium accumulation and distribution characteristics. The results showed that the calcium content in potato stems and leaves continued to increase throughout the growth period, while the calcium content in tubers peaked during the tuber bulking stage and subsequently declined. The calcium accumulation in leaves reached its peak during the starch accumulation stage and then decreased, whereas it continued to increase in stems and tubers until harvest. The calcium accumulation rate in all potato organs followed a "slow-fast-slow" trend during the growth period. The accumulation rates in leaves and tubers were highest during the tuber formation to bulking stages, while in stems, it was delayed until the bulking to starch accumulation stages. Calcium application significantly increased the calcium accumulation rate in tubers more than in stems and leaves, although tuber calcium content, accumulation, distribution proportion, and accumulation rate remained significantly lower than those in stems and leaves. Compared to the non-calcium treatment, calcium application significantly increased tuber calcium content (9.4%-46.7%), accumulation (12.6%-90.2%), accumulation rate (13.4%-97.4%), and distribution proportion (7.3%-46.5%). However, the calcium fertilizer utilization efficiency was only 2.0%-22.8%. Calcium application increased yield by 0.2%-14.0%, and the optimal calcium application rate. Based on yield evaluation, the optimal calcium application rate was 43-58 kg/hm². Correlation analysis revealed that tuber calcium content at harvest was significantly positively correlated (P<0.01) with calcium content in all organs during the tuber formation stage, while tuber yield was significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with calcium accumulation rates in leaves and tubers during the tuber bulking stage. In conclusion, calcium application effectively improved calcium nutrition in potatoes and significantly increased tuber calcium content, and the tuber formation to bulking stage was identified as the critical period for enhancing tuber calcium nutrition.

In response to the issues of excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in tobacco production leading to quality deterioration and environmental pollution, as well as the unclear mechanisms of nitrogen utilization, lack of precise nitrogen application standards, and undefined breeding targets, this paper reviewed the absorption, distribution, and utilization mechanisms of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in tobacco to improve the theoretical framework of nitrogen nutrition regulation and nitrogen-efficient improvement technologies. The functions and expression characteristics of nitrogen transporters (NRT and AMT families) in tobacco were summarized, key factors involved in nitrogen sensing and signal transduction (such as nitrate receptors and transcription factors) and regulatory pathways were analyzed, and the main approaches and genetic improvement progress for enhancing nitrogen efficiency were outlined. The results indicated that: (1) Tobacco absorbed nitrate and ammonium nitrogen through high-/low-affinity transport systems, with assimilation relying on key enzymes such as nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamine synthetase (GS). (2) The NRT family primarily mediated nitrate nitrogen transport, while the AMT family regulates ammonium nitrogen absorption. Transcription factors such as NtWRKY65 participated in nitrogen signal transduction. (3) The optimal nitrogen application rates varied significantly across different tobacco-growing regions (100-150 kg/hm² in southern China and 82.5-90 kg/hm² in northern China), with a NO₃^-/NH₄⁺ ratio of 1:1 being suitable for most varieties. (4) Dual high-efficiency varieties such as K326 and G80 had been identified, and nitrogen efficiency-related indicators such as leaf area and enzyme activity had been clarified. In summary, tobacco nitrogen nutrition regulation involved the coordinated actions of multiple processes, including absorption, transport, and signal transduction, with rational fertilization and varietal improvement being the core pathways for enhancing nitrogen efficiency. Future efforts should focus on conducting multi-regional trials to define precise nitrogen application parameters, identifying key molecular targets in nitrogen metabolism, and integrating molecular techniques with traditional breeding to develop nitrogen-efficient varieties, thereby providing support for green tobacco production.

In response to the salt stress caused by NaCl and Na₂SO₄ in saline soil that restricts cotton production, and the problem that single salt stress identification is not comprehensive, in order to screen stable salt-tolerant varieties and comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of different materials, this study used 75 land cotton varieties as the experimental materials and simulated salt stress with 150 mmol/L NaCl and Na₂SO₄. The five traits such as germination potential, germination rate, hypocotyl length, root length and fresh weight were measured. Principal component analysis, membership function method and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance. The results revealed as follows. (1) Compared with the control group, both salt stresses had different degrees of inhibitory effects on various germination indicators, and the inhibitory effect of Na₂SO₄ was stronger than that of NaCl. (2) Cluster analysis showed that under the Euclidean distance of 5, both salt stresses could divide the tested materials into 5 salt tolerance grades. Under NaCl salt stress, there were 6 high-tolerance varieties (accounting for 8.00%), 13 salt-tolerant varieties (accounting for 17.33%), 22 medium-tolerant varieties (accounting for 29.33%), 25 sensitive varieties (accounting for 33.33%), and 9 highly-sensitive varieties (accounting for 12.00%); under Na₂SO₄ salt stress, there was only 1 high-tolerance variety (accounting for 1.33%), 6 salt-tolerant varieties (accounting for 8.00%), 16 medium-tolerant varieties (accounting for 21.33%), 37 sensitive varieties (accounting for 49.33%), and 15 highly-sensitive varieties (accounting for 20.00%). (3) Under both salt stress conditions, materials with consistent salt tolerance performance were 22 in total, including 1 high-tolerance variety and 1 salt-tolerant variety. The salt tolerance of different land cotton varieties at the germination stage showed significant differences. 'Zhongmiansuo 96B' and 'Xinluzhong 73' were stable salt-tolerant varieties under both salt stress conditions. In the future, combined with the identification of salt tolerance at the seedling stage and molecular marker analysis, the research on the salt tolerance mechanism can be deepened, providing more comprehensive support for cotton salt-tolerance breeding.

Artificial cross-pollination was carried out to cultivate new varieties of high-value Camellia, which provided a reference for development and utilization of rare Camellia in introduction, landscape, tea-drinking and other aspects. Six Camellia plants were used as parents to carry out cross-pollination, and the situation of seed setting and F₁ generation seedlings were counted. The morphological identification and molecular identification of F₁ generation seedlings were executed by SSR technology. The results indicated that characteristics of leaf shape, vein and serration of F₁ generation seedlings were closer to female parent, the leaf shape and size, serration and leaf luster were neutral, and the overall morphology of the leaves was more similar to male parent. SSR molecular identification showed that seedlings 2-3 and 14-1 were self-crossed, and 1-1,1-2,1-4,1-5 and 9-4 appeared new hybrid bands, which were identified as alien blood, while the remaining 14 F₁ seedlings were identified as real hybrids. In the future, the number of primers and the range of hybrid combinations can be expanded, and the genetic stability of excellent traits of real hybrids can be continuously tracked to provide more comprehensive support for directional breeding of Camellia.

Aiming at the problems of easy senescence, water loss and quality decline of ‘Yunning No. 1’ lemon after harvest, in order to clarify the suitable preservation scheme of fruits with different maturity, this study investigates the effect of BC coating on the storage quality of lemon fruits at different maturity stages, and provides a theoretical foundation and practical methods for preserving lemons. Using ‘Yunning No. 1’ lemons at 80% maturity (DL) and 50% maturity (XL) as materials, fruits with uniform size and healthy surfaces were selected, BC coating was applied to lemons at different stages of ripeness, and samples were taken every 20 days. Measurements were taken for fruit weight loss rate, fruit weight, peel thickness, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, color difference, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acid (TA).The results indicated that for the same storage period, the L*, a*, and b* values of 80% maturity were significantly higher than those of 50% maturity, the uncoated 50% maturity (XC) exhibited wrinkled and hardened peel at 60 days, with severe wrinkling observed at 80 days; the XL treatment group significantly delayed the yellowing and wrinkling of lemon peel during storage, color change began on the 80 days of storage without any wrinkling observed. In the DC treatment group, fruit peel yellowed at the 20 days of storage and showed slight wrinkling at the 60 days, in the DL treatment group, fruit yellowed at the 40 days of storage, with the peel remaining glossy and free of wrinkling throughout the storage period. At 100 days of storage, the fruit weight loss rates for the XL and DL treatment groups were 13.12% and 17.35%, respectively, both lower than those of the XC and DC treatment groups; the soluble solids content of the fruit fluctuated between higher and lower levels, after 80 days of storage, the titratable acid content of the XC and XL treatments was significantly higher than that of the DC and DL treatments, reaching 9.61% and 9.34%, respectively, after 100 days of storage. During storage, the TSS/TA showed a decreasing trend across all four treatment groups. Therefore, in actual production, lemon fruits can be harvested when they reach 80% maturity and treated with a BC coating agent to extend their storage life and maintain good quality.

The Yunnan’s dry-hot valleys represent one of China’s core coffee production areas. However, the traditional sun-grown monoculture system has induced a series of problems under extreme climatic conditions of high temperature and drought, including premature aging of coffee trees, unstable quality, soil erosion, and biodiversity decline, severely constraining sustainable industrial development. To address these challenges, this paper systematically presents the theoretical foundations, synergistic mechanisms, and technical specifications of agroforestry systems combining shade cultivation with grass cover as a solution. Research indicates that traditional monoculture exposes coffee trees to prolonged intense light and high-temperature stress, resulting in reduced photosynthetic efficiency and physiological dysfunction, thereby affecting coffee quality improvement. Simultaneously, exposed soil surfaces exacerbate soil erosion, while excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides triggers soil acidification, environmental pollution, and food safety risks, disrupting ecological balance. The introduction of shade and grass cover technologies can effectively mitigate these issues. Shade trees reduce canopy temperature and transpiration rates, creating more suitable microenvironments for coffee cultivation. Grass cover effectively maintains soil moisture, increases organic matter, improves soil structure, and forms effective three-dimensional systems for soil and water conservation in conjunction with shade trees. The integrated shade-coffee-grass system formed by their combination constructs stable three-dimensional composite agricultural ecosystems through synergistic management of water, nutrients, soil health, and biodiversity. This paper further proposes practical implementation guidelines for this technology in dry-hot valley regions, including: (1) scientific selection of drought-resistant, deep-rooted shade tree species and nitrogen-fixing, drought-tolerant grass species; (2) optimized three-dimensional spatial planning to achieve 40% to 50% shade coverage; (3) precision water and fertilizer management combined with drip irrigation technology and ecological integrated pest management. Finally, four key development directions for promoting this model are outlined: (1) increasing scientific research investment and technology transfer; (2) enhancing policy support and incentives for green production; (3) strengthening technical training and demonstration extension; (4) developing ecological coffee brands to enhance product value-added. This study aims to provide practical pathways for transforming Yunnan’s coffee industry towards ecologically sound, high-quality, and efficient sustainable development.

To systematically review the research status and development trends of vegetable soybean, this study retrieved and screened over 100 relevant articles using keywords such as ‘caiyong dadou’, ‘maodou/edamame’, and ‘vegetable soybean’ from Chinese and international databases, including CNKI and Web of Science. The research progress of vegetable soybean has been comprehensively summarized across five core areas: germplasm resources and breeding, omics research, cultivation techniques, nutritional functions, and storage and processing. In terms of variety breeding, a classification system based on growth periods has been established, molecular markers such as SNP and SSR have been developed and preliminarily applied in molecular-assisted breeding, and gene editing technology has enabled targeted modification of specific functional genes. In the field of omics research, the first reference genome of vegetable soybean has been assembled, and GWAS, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses have identified a number of key genes and metabolites related to yield, quality, and stress resistance. In cultivation techniques, integrated management strategies involving variety adaptation, environmental regulation, density optimization, and coordinated water-fertilizer management have been formed, while mechanized harvesting remains an industrial bottleneck. Regarding nutritional functions, its food-grade value, such as high protein and folate content, as well as the potential efficacy of medical-grade bioactive components like γ-aminobutyric acid and D-pinitol, have been clarified. In the field of storage and processing, technologies such as low-temperature refrigeration and quick-freezing preservation have achieved industrial application, though the development of high value-added products still requires breakthroughs. The study also identified key challenges in the current field, including the scarcity of excellent and distinctive germplasm, low efficiency in the breeding transformation of omics data, insufficient added value of deep-processed products, and cost-benefit imbalances in preservation technologies. Finally, it is proposed that future efforts should strengthen the deep integration of basic research and industrial demands, leveraging modern biotechnology and information technology to promote the intelligent, green, and high-value upgrading of the vegetable soybean industry, thereby providing theoretical support and technological pathways for ensuring food security, supporting sustainable agricultural development, and enhancing human health.

This study aimed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms, genomic features, and taxonomic classification of the antagonistic biocontrol strain CY-1 against Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogenic agent of rice blast. The antifungal activity of CY-1 fermentation broth, prepared under different concentrations and temperature conditions, was evaluated against M. oryzae by assessing its effects on mycelial growth and biomass. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was used to determine the taxonomic classification of strain CY-1 and to characterize its functional gene repertoire. The results demonstrated that a 20-fold dilution of the CY-1 fermentation broth exhibited 100.00% inhibition of mycelial growth against M. oryzae. In contrast, the highest inhibition of mycelial biomass (87.89%) was observed at a 100-fold dilution. The inhibition rate of the CY-1 fermentation broth subjected to various temperature treatments was significantly lower than that of the untreated control. Genomic analysis revealed that CY-1 was enriched with diverse gene clusters involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, suggesting that its antifungal activity may be mediated through the secretion of antibiotic-like compounds. Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that the strain was Bacillus subtilis. In conclusion, strain CY-1 demonstrates significant biocontrol potential against rice blast. It represents a promising biocontrol resource, providing both theoretical foundations and material support for the green management of this disease.

The DUF247 gene family plays a significant role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. The purpose of this study aims to reveal the biological functions of the ApDUF247 gene family in Andrographis paniculata and its reaction mechanisms under adverse conditions. The members of the ApDUF247 gene family were identified by bioinformatics method, and their physical and chemical properties, chromosome location, evolutionary relationships, gene structure, cis-regulatory element distribution, expression patterns in different tissues and stress treatments, protein interaction and the expression correlation between ApDUF247 and andrographolide biosynthesis were analyzed. There are twelve ApDUF247 in Andrographis paniculata, which are unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes, and their structures and functions are diverse. Andrographis paniculata has 11, 7 and 1 pairs of collinear DUF247s genes respectively with Strobilanthes cusia, Sesamum indicum and Arabidopsis thaliana. The promoter region of ApDUF247s is rich in hormone response, photoreaction and transcription factor binding elements. ApDUF247s has tissue-specific expression, which shows different expression patterns under different stress treatments. ApDUF247_8 interacts with 5 serine/threonine protein kinases, ApDUF247_3 interacts with 5 peroxisome-related proteins and 1 E3 ubiquitin lipase, and ApDUF247_6, ApDUF247_9 and ApDUF247_12 are highly correlated with the gene of the ligustrazine biosynthesis pathway (Cor>0.8), and are predicted to be candidate regulatory genes for ligustrazine biosynthesis. This study lays an analytical foundation for preliminarily understanding the biological functions of DUF247 genes in Andrographis paniculata under non-biological stress and their involvement in the regulatory mechanism of andrographolide biosynthesis.

This study explored the synergistic effects of planting density and nitrogen application rate on soybean growth, yield formation, and soil nutrient dynamics in saline-alkali soils. A two-factor field experiment was conducted on slightly saline-alkali land in Shihezi, Xinjiang, with three planting densities (170000, 220000, and 270000 plants/hm², referred to as D1, D2, and D3) and four nitrogen application levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg/hm², denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3). The objective was to assess their impact on soybean growth, yield, and soil nutrient availability. The results indicated that soybean yield increased with the increase of nitrogen application up to a certain threshold, beyond which further nitrogen addition led to a decline in yield. The D2N2 treatment (220000 plants/hm² + 150 kg/hm²) significantly enhanced soil nutrient availability, with available nitrogen content rising by 147.21%-221.02%, compared to the D2N0 treatment. This treatment also promoted a 0.34 g/d increase in grain dry weight accumulation. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the D2N2 combination was optimal, achieving a synergistic increase in both soybean yield (5188.65 kg/hm²) and soil nutrient content by balancing planting density and nitrogen supply. This study provided a theoretical foundation for the strategy of “increasing yield through dense planting and enhancing efficiency with nitrogen” for soybean cultivation on saline-alkali soils.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculating plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the physiological characteristics of maize leaves in medium- and low-yield soils. A pot experiment was conducted using the maize variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ as the test material. Four treatments were established, namely the control, inoculation with the culture medium, inoculation with inactivated PGPR, and inoculation with active PGPR. The indices including antioxidant enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidant substances, osmotic regulatory substances and endogenous hormones in maize leaves were determined by the kit method. The results indicated that compared with the control, the inoculation with PGPR treatment significantly increased the activities of peroxidase (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidant substances and promoting hormones, and the ratios of IAA/ABA, GA/ABA, ZT/ABA, and (IAA + GA + ZT)/ABA in maize leaves. Conversely, it significantly decreased the contents of soluble sugars, proline, and abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves, showing 59.46% and 56.91% increases in the activities of POD and GR, as well as 40.32% and 23.87% decreases in the contents of soluble sugars and ABA, in comparison to the control group, respectively. Additionally, compared with the PGPR inoculation treatment, the effects of culture medium inoculation and inactivated PGPR inoculation on the physiological characteristics of maize leaves were relatively smaller. Comprehensive analysis revealed that root inoculation with PGPR could enhance the adaptability of maize plants in medium- and low-yield soils by regulating the antioxidant system, the contents of osmotic adjustment substances and endogenous hormones, and the balance of these hormones in maize leaves.

To reduce the consumption of human and material resources, and to improve the efficiency of identifying the green-up period of alfalfa and the accuracy of yield estimation through satellite remote sensing, using the data from the European Space Agency Sentinel-2, and the Taigemu alfalfa planting base in Tumd Left Banner, Inner Mongolia was used as the research area to study the usability and accuracy of satellite remote sensing in identifying the green-up period and estimating yields on the basis of comparing the actual situation with manual observations. The identification and extraction of green-up was carried out by using the sum of the differences of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI). The yield estimation of alfalfa was carried out using the NDVI power function model. The results showed that the remote sensing methods for the five green-up periods (include seedling stage) in 2024 all met the common green-up period conditions stipulated in the observation norms and could make accurate predictions. In all four mowing yield estimates, the yield could be predicted efficiently, and the prediction accuracy rate for the total annual yield was higher than that of a single prediction, reaching as high as 88.4%. It indicates that the methods used in this study for identifying the green-up period and estimating the yield can be extended and applied to artificial alfalfa plots with an environment similar to that of the experimental area, improving the efficiency of the investigation work, better serving relevant enterprises and farmers, and providing decision-making basis for government departments and related units.

In order to clarify the evolutionary rules of climate conditions for double-cropping rice cultivation in Yichun under the background of climate change, this study used meteorological data of 10 national meteorological stations in Yichun during 1961-2020, and selected 7 key climatic indicators closely related to the growth of double-cropping rice (including ≥10℃ accumulated temperature and number of days during the period from the first day when the daily average temperature stably reached 10℃ to the last day when the daily average temperature stably reached 20℃, first day and last day of the period, precipitation in the main flood season, number of days with daily maximum temperature ≥35℃ in summer, and precipitation in autumn). The variation characteristics of these indicators were analyzed by dividing the study period into two 30-year periods (1961-1990 and 1991-2020). The results showed that: the caloric conditions in Yichun were significantly optimized. From 1961 to 2020, both the ≥10℃ accumulated temperature and the number of days in the suitable growth period showed an increasing trend, and spatially, both presented a pattern of “high (abundant) in the southeast and low (scarce) in the northwest”. From 1961 to 2020, the scope of high-value areas expanded while the scope of low-value areas narrowed. The first day when the daily average temperature stably reached 10℃ advanced by 5-10 days, and the last day when the daily average temperature stably reached 20℃ was delayed, which extended the time for heat utilization. The regional differentiation of precipitation conditions was obvious, in the main flood season, precipitation decreased in 50% of the areas and increased in the other 50%, and the scope of high-value areas expanded in 1991-2020; in autumn, precipitation increased in 70% of the areas and decreased in 30%, and in 1991-2020, the scopes of both high-value and low-value areas narrowed while the scopes of sub-high-value and sub-low-value areas expanded, indicating that the precipitation distribution tended to be more uniform. The high-temperature risk in summer increased, the number of days with daily maximum temperature ≥35℃ increased in 90% of the areas, and in 1991-2020, the high-value areas extended to the north and their scope expanded. These changes pose differentiated challenges and adaptive opportunities for the adjustment of double-cropping rice planting structure, breeding of stress-resistant varieties and disaster risk management.

By conducting the risk zoning of disaster damage of double-cropping rice yields in Guangxi, this research aims to provide significant scientific support for disaster prevention and reduction in rice production and regional development planning. Utilizing statistical yield data from 98 counties and districts in Guangxi from 2005 to 2021, the relative meteorological yield was obtained through a trend yield separation method. An index for yield disaster damage risk was constructed by using the average yield reduction rate, the coefficient of variation of yield reduction rate, and the probability of different yield reduction risks as evaluation factors. Based on this risk index, the risk zoning of disaster damage of double-cropping rice yields in Guangxi was carried out. (1) Most areas of early rice in the region were in low-risk zones, with southern counties of Guilin, Rong'an and southern counties of Liuzhou, Tianlin in Baise, and Ningming and Pingxiang in Chongzuo being in medium-risk zones, while Longzhou in Chongzuo, Yongfu and Lipu in Guilin were in high-risk zones; (2) most areas of late rice in the region were in low-risk zones, with the south of Hechi, the east of Baise, Chongzuo, the north of Nanning, Qinzhou, Beihai, the east of Guigang, Wuzhou, Yulin, and Gongcheng in Guilin being in medium-risk zones, while Longzhou in Chongzuo, Pingguo in Baise, Shanglin in Nanning, Gangnan District in Qinzhou, and Beiliu in Yulin were in high-risk zones. During the study period, the main meteorological factors causing high and medium yield loss risks for early rice in the northern region of Guangxi were spring low temperatures, cold rain, and flood-related events. For early rice in the southwestern region of Guangxi, the primary meteorological factors causing high and medium yield loss risks were high-temperature heat damage and drought. In some western areas of Guangxi, the main meteorological factors causing high and medium yield loss risks for late rice were autumn cold dew wind. Due to climate warming, the correlation between cold dew wind and late rice yield loss was not significant during the study period. In regions at medium to high risk of yield loss in double-cropping rice, the focus should be on identifying the main meteorological factors responsible for disasters and implementing corresponding disaster prevention measures. The research results provide a scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation, the development of agricultural insurance, and relevant scientific research of double-cropping rice in Guangxi.

In recent years, a series of breakthrough advances of nano-technology have been made in the field of plant disease and pest control, providing strong technological support for efficient agricultural production and sustainable development. This review systematically outlines the research progress of nano-technology in pesticide controlled-release, with a focus on summarizing the current status of four categories of carrier materials: polymeric, inorganic non-metallic, metallic, and bio-based carriers; highlights the advantages of these carriers in terms of pesticide loading efficiency, controlled-release performance, and environmental responsiveness; special emphasis is placed on analyzing the mechanisms and application potential of representative materials such as polysaccharides, mesoporous silica, and metal-organic frameworks, offering insights for the development of efficient, eco-friendly, and intelligent nano-pesticides. The results show that: (1) all kinds of carriers can improve the stability and targeting of pesticides. The drug loading rate of mesoporous silica and metal organic frameworks can reach 33.58%-46.27%, and they have environmental response release ability such as pH and temperature. (2) Nano-pesticides can reduce the degradation rate of pesticides (the degradation rate is reduced by more than 20% after 52 h UV irradiation), improve the control effect on target organisms, and reduce environmental risks. (3) The review identifies existing challenges in nano-pesticide development, including complex fabrication processes, relatively high costs, insufficient drug-loading capacity, and unresolved ecological safety concerns. Recommendations are proposed to further enhance the functional design of carrier materials, advance research on low-cost green synthesis technologies, and establish comprehensive safety evaluation systems to promote the large-scale application and adoption of nano-pesticides in sustainable agriculture.

In recent years, tobacco diseases and pests have occurred in numerous types with severe damage, significantly affecting the yield and quality of tobacco. The long-term irrational use of chemical pesticides has triggered a series of issues such as excessive pesticide residues, intensified environmental pollution, and endangering human health. In order to reduce the adverse impacts of chemical pesticides and develop green and efficient strategies for tobacco disease and pest control, this paper systematically summarizes the conventional control strategies and biological control strategies of tobacco pests and diseases, focusing on elaborating the latest research progress of new prevention and control strategies such as botanical pesticides, natural enemy insects, microbial preparations, RNA pesticides and nano-delivery technology. The results showed that: (1) in the traditional biological control, Trichoderma and Arma chinensis had significant control effects on tobacco black shank and Myzus persicae (the control effect was more than 60%). (2) RNA pesticides achieve precise prevention and control by specifically silencing target genes, and nano-delivery technology can improve their stability and delivery efficiency. (3) The new prevention and control strategy has the advantages of environmental friendliness and target specificity, but there are problems such as high cost and insufficient field stability. In summary, biological control technology is the core direction of green prevention and control of tobacco diseases and pests. Traditional biological control and new RNA pesticides have their own application value. In the future, it is necessary to deepen the research on prevention and control mechanism, promote technology integration innovation, optimize RNA pesticide and nano-delivery technology, and provide more comprehensive technical support for tobacco green production.

In response to the severe damage caused by Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola) on sugar beets in Inner Mongolia, and the issues of chemical control leading to resistance and a lack of highly effective compound microbial agents for biological control, this study aimed to develop green control technology for this disease. Using Cercospora beticola as the target pathogen, the individual toxicity of five microbial agents was determined via the mycelial growth rate method. Promising agents were selected and combined with Trichoderma harzianum in different ratios. The optimal combination ratio was screened through joint toxicity tests (Co-toxicity coefficient method, CTC), followed by field efficacy trials. The results showed that: (1) the order of individual toxicity was Trichoderma harzianum (EC₅₀=0.10 μg/mL)> Paenibacillus polymyxa (EC₅₀=0.90 μg/mL) > Bacillus mucilaginosus > Bacillus amyloliquefaciens > Bacillus subtilis. (2) Combinations of T. harzianum with the other four agents all showed synergistic effects. Among them, the mixture of 5×10¹⁰ cfu/g P. polymyxa and 1×10¹⁰ cfu/g T. harzianum at a 6:4 ratio exhibited significant synergy, with an EC₅₀ value of 0.16 μg/mL and a co-toxicity coefficient of 139.35. (3) The field efficacy of this optimal combination reached 60.94%, significantly higher than that of individual agents (38.62%-50.64%). In conclusion, the compound agent of 5×10¹⁰ cfu/g P. polymyxa and 1×10¹⁰ cfu/g T. harzianum at a 6:4 ratio demonstrated excellent control efficacy against Cercospora leaf spot and can be recommended as a preferred option for its biological control. Future research should focus on elucidating the synergistic mechanisms of compound agents, optimizing formulation and application techniques to provide more robust technical support for the green control of Cercospora leaf spot in sugar beets.

To examine the impact of planting density and cutting stage on forage yield and quality of 'Baopimai 28', a study was designed with these two factors as variables. Three planting densities were tested, including 2.7 million, 3.0 million, and 3.3 million seedlings per hectare. Three cutting regimes were implemented, including single cutting at milk stage, dual cutting (tillering stage + milk stage), and dual cutting (jointing stage + milk stage). Altogether there were nine treatment combinations. The forage yield and quality parameters were subsequently analyzed under these experimental conditions. Results indicated that fresh yield increased proportionally with planting density when comparing identical cutting stages. Among equal-density treatments, the highest fresh yield was obtained from the tillering stage + milk stage dual-cutting approach, but its quality decreased significantly at the second cutting. At the same cutting stage, crude protein content was observed to decrease with increasing planting density, whereas neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber contents exhibited a corresponding increase. Crude fat content demonstrates an initial decline followed by an upward trend as density rises. During the milk stage, a significant reduction in crude protein content is recorded in forage, accompanied by pronounced increases in crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber levels. Comprehensive analysis of yield and quality reveals that planting density of 3 million plants/hm² and a single cutting at the early jointing stage is the best agronomic combination to achieve high yield and good quality balance, is the recommended scheme of 'Baopimai 28' silage cultivation.

To investigate the effects of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as binders on the physical properties and feeding efficiency of artificial compound feed for Octopus sinensis, and to screen suitable feed formulations, O.sinensis (1.02±0.51) kg were selected as experimental subjects. Basal feed with a protein content of 45.5% was supplemented with 10 g/kg sodium alginate or CMC to prepare wet, semi-moist, and dry feeds. The performance of different feeds was evaluated through shape retention time, leaching rate (8 h), and a 28-day feeding trial (water temperature: 25-26℃, salinity: 30). The results showed that the dry feed group with 1% sodium alginate exhibited the longest shape retention time (23 h), significantly outperforming other groups (P < 0.05). Among feeds with the same binder, the shape stability followed the order: dry feed > semi-moist feed > wet feed. The 0.5% sodium alginate dry feed group had the lowest leaching rate (15.50%), followed by the 1% sodium alginate semi-moist feed group (32.37%). The 1% sodium alginate group demonstrated normal feeding behavior, while the 1% CMC group experienced an 80% mortality rate by day 15. The study indicates that the 1% sodium alginate semi-moist feed combines excellent shape retention (19 h), low leaching rate (32.37%), and high feeding stability, making it suitable for large-scale aquaculture applications of O. sinensis. This research provides the first preliminary evaluation of binder effects on feed performance for O. sinensis, offering a reference for developing precise and efficient compound feeds.

To address common challenges in beef cattle production, including incomplete information, low management efficiency, and disconnected data between software and hardware, this study developed a beef cattle farm production management system based on full-process management requirements. The system employs Spring Boot as the backend framework and Vue as the frontend framework. It integrates lifecycle data of cattle and provides seven core functional modules: organization management, herd management, health management, breeding management, environmental management, materials management, and statistical reporting. The system supports standardized management of key production records, including animal profiles, breeding and mating, disease and immunization records, body weight and body measurements, pen transfers, and cattle off-take. In addition, LoRa-based self-organizing wireless environmental monitoring devices and the Ezviz Cloud video surveillance interface were integrated to connect software services with on-farm sensing and monitoring hardware, enabling unified data acquisition and management. The system was tested at a beef cattle farm in Heilongjiang Province under the National Beef Cattle Industry Technology System. During the pilot application, more than 5,300 animal records and over 10,000 production records were entered, and environmental data were collected and uploaded at 10-minute intervals. The results indicate that the system is user-friendly, stable, and scalable, improving data processing efficiency by more than 60% and significantly reducing errors associated with manual statistics, thereby promoting standardized and digitalized beef cattle production management. This system provides a practical and deployable solution for smart upgrading of beef cattle farming and offers a reference for developing information management systems in animal husbandry.

In order to address issues in cultivated land management such as difficulties in cross-department and cross-level collaboration, incomplete resource allocation, weak life-cycle information linkage and insufficient intelligent decision-making support, this study aims to explore a feasible path for the full lifecycle management of cultivated land under the "Two Unifications" framework for natural resource management. Adhering to the concept of trinity protection of "quantity-quality-ecology" of cultivated land, a three-phase development approach involving intelligent data governance, the construction of a cultivated land protection resource database, and the development of a business support platform was proposed. Utilizing integrated sky-air-ground monitoring technology, a full-cycle management framework was established to connect the seven key stages of cultivated land: designation, occupation, replenishment, protection, reservation, remediation, and restoration. Practical scenario implementation was carried out in Mianning County, Sichuan Province. The results demonstrated that the implementation of the ‘Farmland Steward’ full lifecycle supervision process successfully ensured the authenticity, accuracy, comprehensiveness and dynamic updating of cultivated land information. This approach significantly enhanced the refinement of cultivated land protection, improved government decision-making efficiency and ultimately achieved the management objectives of "stabilizing the base area, balancing the quantity, improving the quality, and strengthening the ecology". The study offers practical and replicable experience for cultivated land management across various regions in Sichuan Province.

In order to optimize the weak links of the steel structure of the multi-span film greenhouse, this study focuses on an 8-meter-span multi-span film greenhouse in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, and employs an importance coefficient analysis method along with the finite element software Midas-Gen to conduct stability analysis and optimization design. Based on local climatic conditions and relevant standards, multiple loads including non-uniform snow loads were calculated. A finite element model was established with a simplified greenhouse structure to analyze stress distribution and deformation characteristics under different load combinations. Results indicate that uneven snow load causes stress concentration at the gutter, with peak deformations of the roof arch and bottom chord reaching 19 mm and 18 mm, respectively close to the code-specified allowable limits. To prevent structural instability, an optimization strategy was proposed: adding vertical supports between the secondary arches and the bottom chord to enhance the roof's deformation resistance, while reducing the cross-section of the main columns to improve material efficiency. After optimization, the peak deformations of the roof and bottom chord were reduced to 12.27 mm and 3.22 mm, respectively, with a notable improvement in stress distribution. This study demonstrates that reinforcing key components and adjusting cross-sections can effectively enhance the progressive collapse resistance of multi-span greenhouses.

The aim is to explore the ecological agriculture development strategies in Yellow River beach relocation area of Henan Province from the perspective of rural revitalization. Based on field research, comparative analysis, and case studies in the region, this study systematically assesses their developmental advantages and challenges. From the perspective of rural revitalization, it proposes a coordinated development strategy for ecological agriculture. This strategy is guided by institutional innovation, driven by technological adaptation, centered on whole-chain value addition, grounded in ecological security, and supported by collaborative governance and shared benefits. The findings aim to provide policy insights for overcoming development bottlenecks in regional ecological agriculture and advancing its holistic revitalization.