This study aimed to clarify the regulatory effects of transplanting row spacing and sowing date combinations on the growth, yield, and quality of late japonica rice. Using two cultivars of ‘Suxiangjing 100’ (conventional late japonica rice) and ‘Yongyou 1526’ (hybrid late japonica rice) as materials, a three-factor randomized block design was adopted to systematically measure parameters including tiller dynamics, leaf area index, SPAD value, dry matter accumulation, yield, and quality traits. Results showed that the combination of alternate wide-narrow row transplanting and sowing on May 23 performed best. Under this combination, ‘Suxiangjing 100’ and ‘Yongyou 1526’ achieved spike formation rates of 82.96% and 79.80%, SPAD values of 46.02 and 50.08, leaf area indices of 5.68 and 7.64 during the booting stage, dry matter accumulation of 23.34 and 26.37 t/hm², and yields of 11.9 and 13.9 t/hm², respectively, which were all significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.01). In terms of quality, chalkiness degree decreased to 4.1%, amylose content remained moderate, gel consistency reached 90.1 mm, and head rice rate increased to 76.1%, indicating coordinated improvement in overall quality (P<0.05). The study concluded that the optimized combination of wide-narrow row transplanting and appropriate sowing date can synergistically enhance canopy structure and material conversion efficiency, contributing to stable and high-quality production. This approach is suitable for application in the Taihu Lake region and surrounding late japonica rice production areas.

To explore the optimal planting density of ‘Tiansu 5’ in the Urumqi area of Xinjiang, and provide a reference for the rational promotion of this variety, an experiment was conducted combining the actual mechanized sowing of local foxtail millet and the results of previous pre-tests. Based on the common row spacing of 40 cm, 45 cm, and 50 cm, and the in-field planting distance of 10 cm, six planting densities (400 000, 444 000, 500 000, 600 000, 667 000, 750 000 plants /hm²) were set up. The differences and changing trends of agronomic and yield traits of ‘Tiansu 5’ under the six planting densities were compared, and correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Under the six planting densities, the differences in main stem nodes, main stem diameter, leaf number, length of the internode below the panicle, effective panicle number, main panicle length, main panicle diameter, main panicle weight, main panicle grain weight, main panicle grain number, and yield were extremely significant (P<0.01), while the differences in main stem length, leaf width, and 1000-grain weight were significant (P<0.05), and the differences in tiller number, leaf length, leaf length-to-width ratio, and grain yield rate were not significant (P>0.05). With the increase of planting density, the effective panicle number gradually increased, while the main stem length, length of the internode below the panicle, and main panicle length gradually decreased. The main panicle weight, main panicle grain weight, main panicle grain number, and 1000-grain weight showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and the main stem nodes, main stem diameter, leaf number, leaf width, main panicle diameter, and yield showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Yield was extremely significantly positively correlated with main panicle diameter, main panicle weight, main panicle grain weight, and 1000-grain weight, and significantly positively correlated with grain yield rate. There was an extremely significant positive linear regression relationship between yield and tiller number, effective panicle number, main panicle length, main panicle grain weight, and grain yield rate. The yield was the highest at the planting density of 600 000 plants per hectare, which is the recommended planting density in the Urumqi area.

To explore the effects of different yield-increasing cultivation measures on the growth and development of sweet potato, a two-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on the agronomic trait and tuber-setting habits of purple sweet potato variety ‘Funingzi No.4’ in Ningde hilly area. The results showed that plastic film mulching could promote the growth of the aboveground part of sweet potato, and then improve the yield, commodity potato rate and quality of sweet potato. Under the condition of planting density of 52500 plant/hm², the average number of tubers per plant increased by 1.65, the fresh weight per plant increased by 34.62%, the large potato rate increased by 10.45 percentage points, the fresh potato yield per unit area increased by 33.87%, the commodity potato rate increased by 7.72 percentage points, the anthocyanin content increased by 7.2%, and the dry rate increased by 2.01 percentage points. Excessive or insufficient planting density was not conducive to the improvement of commercial tuberous root rate, fresh potato yield and quality. There were significant interactions between plastic film mulching and planting density on the number of branches, the longest vine length, the fresh weight of stems and leaves per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the fresh weight per plant, the fresh yield per unit area, the rate of large tubers, the rate of small tubers and the rate of commercial tubers of ‘Funingzi No.4’. The combination of plastic film mulching and suitable planting density measures could better promote the yield, commercial tuberous root rate and quality of ‘Funingzi No.4’. Based on the characteristics of agronomic trait and tuber habits of ‘Funingzi No.4’ in the growth process in Ningde hilly and mountainous areas, plastic film mulching should be selected in spring cultivation and production, and the planting density of 52500 plants/hm² is more suitable.

In order to explore the effects of applying different water-retaining agents under drought stress on the growth and development of soybeans and provide a reference for dryland cultivation of soybeans in the Hulunbuir region, a two-factor pot experiment was conducted with ‘Tongdou No. 2’ as the material. The first factor included four water gradients: normal water supply, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought. The second factor involved three types of water-retaining agents with different particle sizes, namely powder (SAP-A), 0.6-1 mm (SAP-B), and 2-3 mm (SAP-C), with no application of water-retaining agent as the control (CK). A total of 16 treatments were set up. The differences of various growth indicators of soybeans were analyzed at the V2 stage. The results showed that with the intensification of drought, all agronomic indicators of soybean seedlings showed a decreasing trend. The application of water-retaining agents could alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress. Under mild drought, SAP-A had a better effect on improving the agronomic traits of soybean seedlings than other treatments. Compared with the control, the plant height, stem diameter, SPAD value, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and dry weight per plant increased by 19.90%, 10.28%, 7.81%, 19.81%, 8.91%, 24.38% and 20.09%, respectively. Under moderate drought, SAP-C had a better improvement effect. Compared with the control, the above indicators were increased by 17.45%, 10.77%, 5.04%, 38.27%, 18.13%, 43.63% and 31.85% in turn. However, under severe drought, the improvement effect of applying water-retaining agents was not obvious. In soybean production in the Hulunbuir region, applying powder water-retaining agent under mild drought and 2-3 mm large-particle water-retaining agent under moderate drought had better effects.

This study investigates the effects of space mutagenesis on physiological indicators and antioxidant enzymes of different soybean varieties, providing foundational materials for soybean germplasm improvement and variety selection, and providing a foundation and reference for the deepening of soybean space mutagenesis breeding and the application of this technology in the genetic improvement of leguminous crops. Taking the four superior soybean seeds carried by the "Shijian-19" satellite as the research objects, after being subjected to space mutagenesistion mutation treatment and returned to the ground for SP₁ generation ground cultivation, the soybean seeds that were not carried aboard served as the control group (CK). The growth traits, photosynthetic indicators, antioxidant enzymes, and soluble protein contents of these soybeans were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the germination rate of 'Deshun 34' and 'Dongchuang 19' was respectively increased by 13.2% and 17.6% compared with the CK, the germination potential of 'Dongchuang 19' was 9.4% higher than that of the CK; the leaf length of 'Deshun 14' was reduced by 8.9% compared with the CK, and the leaf width of 'Dongnong 219' was 28.0% lower than that of the CK; the plant height of 'Deshun 34' was 5.19% higher than that of the CK, and the plant width of 'Deshun 34', 'Deshun 14' and 'Dongchuang 19' was respectively reduced by 53.2%, 54.7% and 56.3%, the internode length of 'Dongchuang 19' was increased by 10.8% compared with the CK, and the branch number of 'Dongnong 219' was 28.0% lower than that of the CK; the single plant pod number of 'Dongnong 219' was increased by 7.7% compared with the CK. The net photosynthetic rate of 'Deshun 14' was increased by 17.3% compared with the CK. The POD activity of 'Deshun 34' and 'Deshun 14' was both increased compared with the CK; the MDA content of 'Deshun 14' was highly significantly higher than that of the CK; the soluble protein content of 'Dongchuang 19' was highly significantly increased compared with the CK. In conclusion, the traits of the soybean plants after space mutagenesis showed varying degrees of variation. Among them, the effect on the plant width of soybeans was the most significant, and the photosynthetic indicators of soybeans improved to a certain extent; the changes in POD activity, MDA and soluble protein content were relatively large, while the change in SOD was the smallest, and the variation was different among different varieties.

This study investigated the effects of irrigation quotas under mulch drip irrigation on cotton growth, water consumption characteristics and yield, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for water saving, yield increase, and efficiency improvement in cotton production in northern Xinjiang. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024, with four irrigation quotas: 30.0 mm (I20), 37.5 mm (I25), 45.0 mm (I30), and 52.5 mm (I35). The effects of different irrigation quotas on cotton growth, water consumption patterns, and yield were analyzed. The results showed that plant height increased with higher irrigation quotas, reaching the maximum under I30 and I35 treatments. Leaf area index (LAI) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching the peak during I30 treatment. The water consumption at each growth stage increased with higher irrigation quotas, and the crop coefficient gradually rose. The seed cotton yield and lint yield showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of irrigation quota, among them, the yield under I30 treatment was the highest, with average values of 5535.35 kg/hm² and 2348.42 kg/hm² respectively. A fitting analysis between water consumption and yield indicated that the optimal water consumption range was 491.93-571.61 mm. A comprehensive evaluation showed that the I30 treatment achieved the highest scores across all three growing seasons. In conclusion, the I30 treatment can achieve optimal cotton yield under drip irrigation in northern Xinjiang. This study provides a theoretical basis for water-saving and high-yield cotton cultivation in the region.

This study aims to investigate the impact of plastic film mulching on the growth and development period of sugar beet, analyzing the changes in nutritional growth to provide a theoretical basis for yield and quality regulation in sugar beet production. Using sugar beets under drip irrigation in Xinjiang, with plastic film mulching and bare ground as test materials, field measurements of plant growth and development indicators were conducted, and root yield and quality parameters were determined at maturity. The results showed that before 87 days after emergence, the fresh weight increment of sugar beet roots under plastic film mulching was higher than that of bare ground. Subsequently, the root growth increment of bare ground sugar beets gradually surpassed that of the mulching treatment, and the sugar content of bare soil sugar beets remained consistently higher. At harvest, the root yield of sugar beets under plastic film mulching was 6.02% lower than that of bare ground, the proportion of green tops in the root was 0.74% lower, the sugar content was 19.04% lower, and the sugar yield was 23.91% lower. Additionally, the K⁺ content in the roots increased by 12.21%, the Na⁺ content increased by 11.36%, and the α-N content increased by 46.99% under plastic film mulching. Plastic film mulching significantly promotes early-stage growth of sugar beets while accumulating higher aboveground biomass, whereas bare ground sugar beets exhibit a more pronounced advantage in the mid-to-late growth stages, which is more conducive to root expansion and sugar accumulation.

To correct the errors caused by fixed leaf area correction coefficients in agricultural meteorological standards from the 1960s, a systematic study was conducted in 2024-2025 at a typical agricultural meteorological experimental site in Zhalant Banner, Inner Mongolia, focusing on 5 major crops: maize, rice, sorghum, soybean, and mung bean. The coordinate paper method was employed to measure the leaf area correction coefficients (K) and leaf area index (LAI) across different growth stages. The results revealed that: (1) K values of crop exhibited significant variations across growth stages, peaking during the maize flowering and silk emergence stage (0.856) and soybean branching stage (0.841). The average K values were maize (0.750), rice (0.739), mung bean (0.735), soybean (0.709), and sorghum (0.683), all higher than traditional empirical values; (2) LAI displayed a unimodal dynamic pattern, with peak values being concentrated in the reproductive growth stage (reaching up to 2.14 during rice heading and flowering), demonstrating distinct crop-specific characteristics; (3) the traditional fixed coefficients were generally underestimated, with a maximum deviation of 17.6%, introducing systematic errors in modern precision agriculture and remote sensing inversion. This study has constructed the first high-precision crop-specific K and LAI dataset for major crops in Xing’an League, providing localized key parameters for regional crop growth models, remote sensing validation, and smart meteorological services. It has advanced the update of agricultural meteorological observation standards toward a ‘dynamic, precise, crop-specific, and growth-stage-specific’ framework, promoting the transition from traditional empirical services to data-driven, model-supported approaches, thereby laying a solid foundation for smart agriculture and climate adaptation management.

To screen suitable parents for Dendrobium hybrid breeding and clarify the interspecific cross-compatibility as well as parental role bias, 20 Dendrobium germplasm resources preserved by the Fuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences were used as materials, and 93 interspecific cross combinations were designed. A total of 335 pollination experiments were completed using standardized artificial pollination technology. The number of cross combinations, number of fruit-setting combinations, total number of pollinated flowers, and total number of fruit-setting fruits were counted; the combination fruit-setting rate and pollination fruit-setting rate were calculated. The hybrid fruit-setting ability and parental role bias of each variety were comprehensively evaluated based on the above two indicators. The results showed that: (1) there were significant differences in hybrid fruit-setting ability among different germplasms. Among the 93 combinations, 41 cross combinations achieved successful fruit-setting, producing 97 hybrid fruits. Specifically, Dendrobium Oriental Magic‘Carmen’and Dendrobium ‘CT Fairy Kiss’ performed optimally when they were used as female parents (combination fruit-setting rate: 50.00%-54.55%, pollination fruit-setting rate: 53.57%-55.56%), and Dendrobium ‘Red Star’, Dendrobium ‘Little Blueberry’, and Dendrobium ‘Sunny Red’ showed significant advantages when they were used as male parents (combination fruit-setting rate: 66.67%-75.00%, pollination fruit-setting rate: 52.00%-54.55%). (2) The parental role bias was obvious. Seven varieties exhibited a single parental role bias: Dendrobium ‘Rainbow Dance Akane’, Dendrobium Oriental Magic‘Carmen’, and Dendrobium ‘Sweet’ were only suitable for female parents (pollination fruit-setting rate ≤26.92% when used as male parents); Dendrobium ‘Red Star’, Dendrobium ‘Splash Ink Pink Fantasy’, Dendrobium ‘Little Blueberry’, and Dendrobium ‘Sunny Red’were only suitable for male parents (pollination fruit-setting rate ≤7.14% when used as female parents). Among the 25 reciprocal cross combinations, 11 combinations could set fruit bidirectionally, 8 combinations could only set fruit unidirectionally, and 6 combinations failed to set fruit in both reciprocal crosses. (3) The core evaluation indicators were clear. The combination fruit-setting rate and pollination fruit-setting rate could synergistically characterize the hybrid fruit-setting ability, and their combination enabled more accurate screening of suitable parents. This study confirms that there are significant differences in interspecific cross-compatibility among ornamental Dendrobium species. The screened excellent parents and the revealed parental role bias provide a scientific basis for parent selection in Dendrobium hybrid breeding, which can effectively improve breeding efficiency.

Flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. utilis) is the most widely cultivated specialty vegetable in southern China. Currently, excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and insufficient magnesium (Mg) is serious obstacle to the green and efficient production of flowering Chinese cabbage. This study designed a nitrogen-magnesium synergistic fertilizer product and conducted field trials in 2023 on the use of magnesium-containing nitrogen fertilizers as a substitute for compound fertilizers. The following treatments were set up: no N fertilizer control (CK), urea alone (T1), farmers' customary treatment (T2, 15-15-15-0 compound fertilizer), N and Mg synergistic fertilizer (26-0-0-2) replacing 50% of the farmers' customary compound fertilizer (T3), and replacing 100% of the farmers' customary compound fertilizer (T4). The differences in agronomic traits, yield, quality, nutrient absorption, and utilization efficiency of flowering Chinese cabbage during the seedling and maturity stages were investigated. The results showed that during the seedling stage, both T3 and T4 treatments significantly increased the biomass, leaf area, SPAD value, and stem thickness of flowering Chinese cabbage, promoting early seedling growth. During the mature stage, T3 treatment had the most significant effect on increasing yield. In trials conducted in Guangzhou and Foshan, T3 treatment increased yield by an average of 38.1% compared to T1 treatment and by 18.6% compared to T2 treatment. After applying N-Mg synergistic fertilizers (T3, T4), the N and Mg content of flowering Chinese cabbage significantly increased, while the phosphorus and potassium content decreased compared with T1 and T2. In addition, the application of N-Mg synergistic fertilizer (T3, T4) significantly improved the quality of flowering Chinese cabbage. Compared with the T2 treatment, the T3 treatment increased the soluble sugar, soluble protein, and vitamin C content by 17.7%, 21.4%, and 28.5%, respectively, on average. Compared with the T4 treatment, the T3 treatment increased the soluble sugar, soluble protein, and vitamin C content by 9.1%, 5.5%, and 8.1%, respectively, on average. Overall, partially replacing compound fertilizer with Mg-containing N fertilizer can effectively promote the growth of flowering Chinese cabbage seedlings, significantly increase yield, markedly improve quality, and enhance nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency. Among which, replacing 50% of farmers' customary compound fertilizer yields the best results. Thus, in flowering Chinese cabbage production, replacing part of the compound fertilizer with Mg-containing N fertilizer can reduce N fertilizer input, improve N fertilizer utilization efficiency, alleviate Mg deficiency, and enhance quality, ultimately achieving the goal of high-yield, high-quality, and green vegetable production.

To investigate the effectiveness of combining ultrasonic pretreatment with the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology in treating swine wastewater, as well as its potential for environmental protection and disease control, ultrasonic pretreatment technology was first applied to improve the biodegradability of the wastewater, followed by further treatment through the SBR system to enhance the removal rates of organic matter, pathogens, and antibiotics. Based on the analysis of wastewater quality indicators including COD, BOD, NH₃-N, TP, and SS before and after treatment, the experimental results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the removal rates of COD, BOD, NH₃-N, TP, and SS reached 20.2%, 25.6%, 25.3%, 21.4%, and 25.0%, respectively. On this basis, after subsequent SBR treatment, the removal rates further increased to 59.7%, 65.6%, 76.9%, 74.7%, and 77.0%, with ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus showing the most significant improvement. In addition, the combined process achieved total removal rates of 99.75% for pathogens and 98.13% for antibiotics. The synergistic application of ultrasonic pretreatment and SBR technology not only optimizes the wastewater treatment process and improves treatment efficiency, but also plays an important role in environmental protection as well as disease prevention and control.

In order to understand the impact of biochar substitution on agricultural practices and to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of biochar in soilless cultivation, this article systematically reviews relevant research both domestically and internationally, focusing on the effects of biochar on the physicochemical properties of cultivation substrates, soil biological characteristics, crop morphological characteristics, crop photosynthesis, and yield and quality characteristics. It summarizes the changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of cultivation substrates after biochar application, as well as the response of crop physiological morphology and yield and quality. The results showed that adding biochar to traditional substrates can improve the physicochemical properties of the substrate, such as reducing bulk density, increasing water holding capacity, and stabilizing pH, the effects are closely related to the type of biochar. The application of coconut shell biochar alone reduces the bulk density by 29.6% and increases the total plant biomass by 25.4%. However, biochar may inhibit crop growth under certain conditions, and its production and application process have potential pollution risks (such as raw materials carrying heavy metals, and the generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and environmentally persistent free radicals during pyrolysis). Therefore, recommendations were proposed including strict raw material screening, optimization of preparation processes, development of targeted modification technologies, and strengthened application management to prevent and control risks, reduce secondary pollution, and promote its green, low-carbon, and safe application. This review aims to provide references for future preparation, application, and mechanistic analysis of biochar, better facilitating the development of green, low-carbon, and sustainable agriculture. Biochar shows significant potential in improving substrates and promoting crop growth, and it is necessary to standardize its production and application to prevent pollution risks, thereby contributing to green, low-carbon, and sustainable agricultural development.

The aims of this study are to analyze the dynamic changes of soil salinity in different salt levels of the coastal tidal flats, to explore the influence of climatic factors on the dynamic changes of salinity, and to reveal the natural evolution law of soil salinity in coastal saline soil, and provided a basis for desalination and improvement of coastal saline soil in Jiangsu Province. Through field investigations, two plots with significant differences in surface soil salinity (moderate saline soil 5.52 g/kg and severe saline soil 15.31 g/kg) were selected, and two treatments were set: bare land and straw cover. The effects of three climatic factors (rainfall, evaporation and temperature) on soil salinity changes were studied. Under straw cover, the changes in soil salinity were mainly affected by rainfall, and the influence of evaporation could be ignored, thus transforming the multi-factor analysis into a single-factor analysis. The bare land treatment was simultaneously affected by multiple factors such as rainfall, evaporation, etc. The results showed that: (1) under the combined influence of climatic factors, the salt content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers of moderately and severely saline bare soil showed similar seasonal variation characteristics. During the rainy season from June to August, the salt contents decreased due to rain leaching, and from September to December, they showed significant accumulation characteristics. (2) Under the condition of straw cover, the soil salt content decreases exponentially with the increase of cumulative rainfall. The regression equations of exponential function for the 0-20 cm soil layer of moderately and severely saline soil were $y=2.3312{e}^{-0.003{x}_{1}}$ (R²=0.8232, P<0.01) and $y=4.8782{e}^{-0.003{x}_{1}}$ (R²=0.8207, P<0.01), respectively, with a reduction of 0.257 and 0.180 g/kg soil salt per 10 mm cumulative rainfall, respectively. (3) Under the bare soil condition, the changes in soil salt content of moderately and severely saline soil could be fitted by a linear regression equation of the first order and second degree with the cumulative rainfall and cumulative evaporation. At the same time, under the bare soil condition, the salt S_gw accumulated by groundwater due to capillary water rising could be estimated by the formula S_gw=S_t+1-S_t+S_1r. Correlation and regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between mean temperature (x₃₂) and S_gw. Therefore, it was concluded that rainfall played a dominant role in desalination of coastal saline soil, while temperature and evaporation played a major role in the accumulation of surface soil salt. In the desalination and improvement project of coastal saline soil, the leaching effect of rainwater should be exerted to prevent the accumulation effect of temperature and evaporation.

To reveal the spatial differentiation patterns of yield ratios (PIR, PDR, IDR) among different cultivated land types (paddy field, irrigated land, dryland) for winter wheat and summer maize in Henan, the paper analyzed their coupling mechanism with cultivated land grade and terrain conditions, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivated land irrigation use efficiency and optimizing cultivated land resources management. Based on the cultivated land grade database and township-level grain yield data (2031 towns for winter wheat, 2000 towns for summer maize) of Henan, 8 grading factor indicator zones (excluding the Huainan hilly and mountainous region) were selected as the study objects. The yield ratios were calculated using the area-weighted method. The correlation between cultivated land grade and IDR was fitted using trend analysis, and the spatial differentiation characteristics of IDR were interpreted with terrain classification. The results showed that: (1) at the indicator zone level, the volatility of yield ratios for both winter wheat and summer maize followed the pattern: IDR>PIR>PDR. The IDR showed the largest difference (0.55 for winter wheat and 0.48 for summer maize), indicating that the yield difference between irrigated land and dryland was most significantly affected by regional conditions; (2) at the provincial level, the regional differences in yield ratios were reduced and the patterns were weakened due to the area-weighted average neutralizing regional heterogeneity; (3) a positive correlation was found between cultivated land grade and IDR (the better the cultivated land quality, the larger the IDR). The sensitivity of winter wheat IDR to cultivated land quality (absolute slope value 0.030) was higher than that of summer maize (0.011); (4) under the same cultivated land grade, terrain ruggedness was positively correlated with IDR (IDR in mountainous and hilly areas was higher than that in plains and basins). The yield ratios among cultivated land types of winter wheat and summer maize in Henan exhibit the significant regional differences and scale dependence. Winter wheat shows a stronger dependence on irrigation conditions. It is suggested to prioritize enhancing the irrigation guarantee capacity for winter wheat on high-quality cultivated land; while for low-quality cultivated land, it requires synergistic improvements in both soil conditions and irrigation infrastructure to improve grain yield.

This study utilized meteorological data and soybean growth period data from 1992 to 2022 to construct a climate suitability model. Employing methods such as linear trend analysis, natural break point method, and inverse distance weighting interpolation, the temporal and spatial variations in soybean planting climate suitability were analyzed. Additionally, a zoning study of suitable areas for soybean planting was conducted. The results indicated that under the background of climate change, the overall comprehensive climate suitability for soybean planting in Hulunbuir region showed a fluctuating upward trend with a slight decline in the later period. Among them, the temperature and precipitation suitability showed a fluctuating upward trend, while the sunshine suitability showed a fluctuating upward trend in the early period and a fluctuating downward trend in the later period. Spatially, the distribution of light, temperature, water and comprehensive suitability was significantly different. The high-value area of comprehensive suitability was located in the east, followed by the west, and the central area had the lowest comprehensive suitability. The temperature suitability decreased from the east and west sides to the middle. The precipitation suitability decreased from east to west. The sunshine suitability showed an opposite spatial distribution trend to the precipitation suitability, increasing from east to west. Overall, the southeastern part of Hulunbuir City had relatively suitable climate conditions for soybean planting, mainly including most of Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Arong County, the eastern part of Zhalantun City, and the southeastern part of Oroqen Autonomous Banner.

To explore the relationship between canopy temperature of walnut and atmospheric temperature in southern Hebei province, this study took Kangyuan Walnut base in Shahe City, southern Hebei Province as the research object, monitored the characteristics of canopy temperature changes in key growth stages of walnut at different altitudes, and used statistical analysis methods to conduct regression analysis on the data of canopy temperature and atmospheric temperature. The results indicated that the canopy temperature at different altitudes was highly positively correlated with the atmospheric temperature, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.91 to 0.98 and coefficients of determination all exceeding 0.75, showing high positive correlation. When the atmospheric temperature is 35-39℃, there is little difference between the atmospheric temperature and the maximum canopy temperature of walnut. When the atmospheric temperature is higher than 40℃, the maximum canopy temperature is 2.8℃ higher than the atmospheric temperature. The minimum temperature of the canopy is most sensitive to the influence of altitude, and the low temperature period is from 4:00 to 6:30. The time and date of the minimum temperature of the walnut canopy are lagging behind that of the atmospheric temperature, and the minimum temperature is about 2.7℃ lower than the atmospheric temperature. The research will provide scientific support for the early warning of low temperature freezing damage and high temperature sunburn risk in agricultural meteorological service.

To enable efficient and accurate prediction and control of soybean pests and diseases, guide soybean production, and optimize industrial layout, this study utilized meteorological observation data and soybean pod borer occurrence area data (2008-2022) of Hulunbuir City. By applying a climatic suitability index evaluation method, the annual suitability indices for soybean pod borer occurrence over the past 15 years were calculated. A climatic suitability evaluation grading system for the pod borer was established, and GIS-based climatic risk zoning of soybean pod borer occurrence in Hulunbuir City was conducted. The results indicate that climatic suitability indices (F) can be categorized as follows: F> 2.0 indicates an extremely high occurrence area; 1.5 < F≤2.0, a high occurrence area; 1.0 <F≤1.5, a moderate occurrence area; and F≤1.0, a low occurrence area. In northeastern Inner Mongolia, soybean pod borer occurrences are primarily distributed in the southeastern and western foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains, predominantly categorized as high- and moderate-risk zones. The ridge and northern forested areas of the Greater Khingan Mountains exhibit low occurrence risk, with no extremely high-risk zones identified across the city. High-risk areas require increased investment in biological and chemical control measures to minimize major pest outbreaks and promote sustainable soybean production in the region.

To provide recommendations for formulating relevant policies on technological innovation of crop harvesting machinery equipment during the 15^th Five-Year Plan period, using methods such as literature review, telephone interviews and field research, the current status and major trends of international development in harvesting agricultural machinery equipment were analyzed. Typical cases of harvesting agricultural machinery equipment development were introduced, and shortcomings in core technologies, key components, complete machine products and application scenarios of China's harvesting agricultural machinery and equipment were identified. The study proposed the main objectives, key directions, task lists and application scenarios for technological innovation of crop harvesting agricultural machinery equipment during the 15^th Five-Year Plan period.

Wheat flour is one of the important raw materials in food processing, and its processed steamed bread is the staple food for people in the north. In order to analyze the relationship between the rheological fermentation characteristics of wheat dough and the processing quality of steamed bread, this study used 30 different gluten wheat varieties, such as ‘Shiyou 17’, ‘Shiyou 20’ and ‘Shimai 19’, as materials, and analyzed them using correlation and path analysis methods. The results showed that the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of TPA of steamed bread had extremely significant negative correlation with dough maximum expansion height (Hm), dough height at the end of the trial (h) and the time when dough began to leak carbon dioxide gas (Tx). The adhesiveness of steamed bread was extreme significantly positively correlated with the ratio of retained volume to total volume of released gas (Vr/Vt), extreme significantly negatively correlated with the time to reach the curve peak (T₁), Vt and Vr, and had positive correlation with (Hm-H)/Hm. The adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience of steamed bread demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with Vr/Vt and a highly significant negative correlation with Vt. The parameters that had a positive effect on the steamed bread sensory score from large to small were: P value (maximum pressure P value), Ie value (elasticity index), weakening degree, flour quality index, T₁ and Vr, and the parameters that had a negative effect were W value (deformation energy) and ratio of P/L (curve shape ratio).