To address dietary zinc deficiency in populations dependent on wheat, publications related to wheat grain zinc and zinc fertilizers in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI, 172 articles) and the Web of Science Core Collection (660 articles) from 1995 to 2024 were analyzed and visualized using CiteSpace and VOSviewer based on the bibliometric analysis. The study examined the top 10 contributing countries, institutions, and journals, as well as the top 10 most-cited publications and authors. Research hotspots were found by the keyword co-occurrence, cluster analysis, and timeline evolution, and international collaboration patterns were also identified. Results showed that English research focused on heavy metals and agronomic biofortification, whereas Chinese studies emphasized foliar zinc fertilization and grain quality. Timeline analysis revealed two phases in Chinese research: studies on grain quality, phytic acid, zinc concentration, and zinc speciation (2005-2016), followed by grain zinc uptake, novel zinc fertilizers, and zinc spray application methods(2016-2024). Similarly, English research early interested in wheat micronutrients, deficiency symptoms, nutrition, yield, and reproduction (1995-2015), and then concentrated on wheat zinc, zinc fertilizer application methods, yield enhancement, and reproduction (2016-2024). Pakistan, Australia, the United States, Canada, and Turkey were connected closely with China in the international collaboration network. From 1995 to 2024, global publication about wheat grain zinc was increased gradually, the publication and citation impact were obvious lead in Australia, the United States, China, and Pakistan. Although China produces a high number of publications in this field, it lacks high-impact, authoritative studies. Strengthening international research collaboration is efficiency to enhance the quality and influence for the future work.

In order to screen high-yield maize varieties suitable for planting and mechanical harvesting in northern Henan Province, the planting performance of 23 maize varieties (lines) suitable for mechanical harvesting in northern Henan Province were analyzed. A total of 17 indexes of agronomic traits, yield traits and mechanical harvest related traits were systematically determined, and comprehensive evaluation was carried out by principal component analysis, membership function analysis and two-way average mapping method. Four principal component factors were extracted from 9 character indexes, and the cumulative contribution rate was 85.04%, covering most information of each character index. 8 maize varieties (lines) suitable for mechanical harvest were screened out by comprehensive judgment combined with membership function analysis method, and 7 maize varieties (lines) suitable for mechanical harvest were screened out by bidirectional average plotting method using 3 key indexes of grain water content, theoretical yield and growth period. Based on all the analysis results, it was finally selected that the five varieties (lines) of ‘Ludan 6228’, ‘Xundan 816’, ‘Ludan 651’, ‘Q3761’, and ‘Jingnongke 728’ were the most suitable varieties (lines) for mechanized harvesting in northern Henan. ‘Baiyu 5272’, ‘Xundan 806’, ‘Zhengdan 112’ are more suitable for mechanized harvesting. ‘Zhengdan 958’ is not suitable for mechanized harvesting due to its high grain moisture content and growth period at harvest. This study initially formed the adaptability evaluation standard of mechanized corn varieties, and also provided theoretical basis for the screening and breeding of high-yield corn varieties suitable for mechanical grain harvest.

In order to explore the microbial resources of saline-alkali tolerance, stress resistance and growth promotion in the cold and arid regions of northern China, and to support the sustainable development of agriculture in saline-alkali land, the stable saline-alkali tolerant composite strains GF-S1, GF-S2 and GF-S3 were used as materials, and the maize variety 'Dika 159' was used as the test crop. The mechanism of stress resistance and growth promotion of composite strains on maize seedlings under saline-alkali stress (soil pH 9.0, total salt content 3.15 g/kg) was investigated by pot experiment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD), the contents of osmotic regulatory substances (proline, MDA), plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of maize leaves at different growth stages (7, 14, 21, 28 d) were determined, and the correlation analysis was carried out. The results indicated that under saline-alkali stress, the composite bacterial strain could all enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity of corn leaves, increase the proline content, reduce the malondialdehyde content, and increase the plant height, total fresh weight and total dry weight of corn. Among them, the stress-resistant promoting effect of the composite bacterial strain GF-S3 was the best. On the 28^th day, compared with CK, the antioxidant enzyme activities of GF-S3 increased by 21.85%, 18.64%, and 18.91% respectively, the proline content increased by 18.98%; the malondialdehyde content decreased by 54.24%; the height of the corn plants, the fresh weight of the whole plant, and the dry weight of the whole plant increased by 28.27 cm, 9.39 g, and 9.49 g respectively. The dry weight of the entire corn plant was significantly positively correlated with CAT, POD, SOD, and free proline content (P<0.05), with correlation coefficients of 0.72, 0.73, 0.92, and 0.94 respectively; there was no significant correlation between the malondialdehyde content of corn leaves and these parameters (P>0.05). Under saline-alkali stress, the application of the composite bacterial strain can significantly enhance the stress resistance of corn and promote its growth. Among them, the composite bacterial strain GF-S3 has the best stress resistance promoting effect. This research provides beneficial microbial resources for stress resistance and growth promotion in the saline-alkali resistant areas of northern cold and arid regions.

To explore the introduction adaptability of Brassica napus in the spring rapeseed region of Xizang and broaden the local rapeseed germplasm resources, this study conducted an introduction trial using Brassica napus varieties from various ecological regions across the country. Using principal component analysis, and membership function analysis, the agronomic traits of multiple varieties were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the growth duration of the tested varieties ranged from 130.9 to 141.6 days, exhibiting significant genetic variation with a variation coefficient ranging from 0.15 to 0.32. The yield ranged from 908.8 to 4302.2 kg/hm². The average yield of rapeseed of the Huang-Huai-Hai Region was the highest at 3259.9 kg/hm². Regarding major agronomic traits, the number of silique on the main raceme, the number of silique per plant, branch position, and thousand-grain weight could serve as key indicators for evaluating the adaptability of Brassica napus in Xizang. Principal component and membership function analysis indicated that among the top 10 varieties in terms of comprehensive agronomic traits, two were from the Huang-Huai-Hai Region, one from the upper Yangtze River Region, and seven from the middle Yangtze River Region. Considering the proportion of outstanding varieties among the total tested varieties in each region and the average yield of varieties in each region, the Huang-Huai-Hai and the middle Yangtze River Region performed relatively better. These varieties showed a relatively balanced performance in plant morphology and yield formation, and were superior to the local main-cultivated varieties in Xizang in terms of growth vigor and high-yield potential, possessing good demonstration and promotion potential. The comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the introduction of rapeseed varieties from the Huang-Huai-Hai and the middle Yangtze River Region in Xizang exhibited relatively superior comprehensive agronomic traits. In the future, targeted introduction of varieties from these regions could further enhance the planting efficiency and germplasm improvement level of rapeseed in Xizang.

To provide support for the rational application of slow-release fertilizers in the simplified and high-yield cultivation of rapeseed in coastal saline-alkali land, this study was conducted in mild (soil salt content 0.1%-0.2%) and moderate (soil salt content 0.2%-0.4%) coastal saline-alkali land, with salt-tolerant rapeseed variety ‘Yanyouza 7’ as the experimental material, from 2022 to 2023 and 2023 to 2024. The experimental treatments included different application rates of special slow-release fertilizer (720, 840, 960 and 1080 kg/hm², abbreviated as F720, F840, F960, and F1080, respectively), and no fertilization treatment was used as the blank (F0), and conventional fertilization mode was used as the control (FC). The effects of different fertilizer treatments on the yield, dry matter accumulation, dry matter and harvest index, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen accumulation and utilization rate of rape were studied to clarify the one-time application amount of slow-release fertilizer for high yield and efficient nitrogen utilization of rape in coastal saline-alkali land. The results showed that (1) the rapeseed yield, effective pod number, and seed number per pod of the fertilizer treatment showed a decreasing trend with the increased salinity level. F960 achieved the highest rapeseed yield under fertilizer treatments and mild saline-alkali soil conditions, while F1080 achieved the highest rapeseed yield under fertilizer treatments and moderate saline-alkali soil conditions, mainly due to its higher number of effective pods. (2) The dry matter weight of rapeseed at early flowering, and the total dry matter weight and the dry matter weight of each organ at maturity decreased, while the harvest index increased, with the increased salinity level. F1080 achieved the highest dry matter weight at early flowering and maturity of rapeseed under fertilizer treatments, and F960 had the highest harvest index under mild and moderate saline-alkali soil conditions. (3) The leaf net photosynthesis rate, leaf area index at early flowering, and peel area index at seed-filling decreased with the increased salinity level. F960 had the highest leaf net photosynthesis rate, leaf area index at early flowering, and peel area index at seed-filling under mild saline-alkali soil conditions, and F1080 had the highest leaf net photosynthesis rate and leaf area index at early flowering under moderate saline-alkali soil conditions. (4) The nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen seed production efficiency decreased, while the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency of rapeseed increased, with the increased salinity level. F960 had the highest nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen seed production efficiency, and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency of rapeseed under mild saline-alkali soil conditions, while F1080 had the relatively higher nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen seed production efficiency, and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency under moderate saline-alkali soil conditions. This study indicated that salinity stress greatly deteriorated the yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization of rapeseed. The recommended one-time rate of slow-release fertilizer is 960 kg/hm² under mild saline-alkali soil and 1080 kg/hm² under moderate saline-alkali soil, which can synergistically improve rapeseed yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.

To investigate the effects of DPC on agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, yield, and fiber quality of direct-seeded cotton following garlic in southwest Shandong, and to determine the appropriate growth regulator timing and dosage, a field experiment with single factor randomized block design was conducted in 2024 using the short-season cotton variety ‘Lumian 551’. Three treatments were designed and DPC was applied at the squaring, initial flowering, full flowering, and 7 days after topping stages, respectively. The spraying dosages were T1: 0, 0, 75.0, 105.0 g/hm²; T2: 0, 45.0, 60.0, 75.0 g/hm²; T3: 15.0, 30.0, 60.0, 75.0 g/hm², with water serving as the control (CK). Results showed that, under an equal total DPC dosage across the growth period, earlier and more frequent DPC applications significantly reduced plant height, increased boll number per plant and single boll weight, and ultimately improved lint yield. The lint yield followed the order T3>T2> T1 > CK, with T3 increasing yield by 3.8%, 12.5%, and 30.8% compared with T2, T1, and CK, respectively. DPC application also enhanced dry matter accumulation in roots and fruiting branches, while reducing that in vegetative branches. However, no significant differences were observed in fiber quality among treatments. Overall, the T3 treatment (15.0 g/hm² at squaring, 30.0 g/hm² at initial flowering, 60.0 g/hm² at full flowering, and 75.0 g/hm² 7 days after topping) exhibited the best yield and agronomic performance, suggesting it as the optimal DPC application strategy for direct-seeded cotton after garlic in southwest Shandong.

To explore the relevant mechanisms underlying corm development and identify key genes regulating this process in Areca taro (Colocasia esculenta cv. Binlang), this study used in vitro plantlets of Guangdong Tanbu Wengang Areca taro as experimental materials. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the corms of in vitro taro cultured under different sucrose concentration treatments to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with corm development, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was employed to verify the expression profiles of candidate genes. The results showed that a total of 89,320 unigenes were obtained from 4 comparison groups, with 20,458 DEGs identified, including 9,925 upregulated genes and 10,533 downregulated genes. GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in biological processes, particularly in responses to biological stimuli and cellular oxidation-detoxification. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the pathways enriched by these DEGs were mainly phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. In addition, 15 core candidate genes were selected from the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways and plant hormone signal transduction pathways in this study. The expression patterns of genes verified by qRT-PCR were basically consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. This study provides important data support for investigating the molecular mechanism of taro corm expansion and lays a theoretical foundation for further deciphering the regulatory network of Areca taro corm development.

To screen suitable new superior southern-type black poplar clones for cultivation in the Jianghan Plain and accelerate the renewal of improved poplar varieties in the region, this study used the currently dominant elite cultivars ‘Danhong Yang’ and ‘Nanlin 895’ as controls. Twelve black poplar clones selected through early screening were evaluated. Through the 8-year positioning test from 2017 to 2024, the growth indexes such as diameter at breast height (DBH), plant height and volume of different forest ages were measured. Combined with the stem straightness, variance analysis, genetic parameter estimation and selection index method were used to evaluate the excellent clones. The results showed that extremely significant differences (P<0.01) existed in DBH and tree height among the 14 tested clones (including controls) at all ages. Volume at 8 years also showed highly significant differences, the individual tree volume of maximum clone at 8 years was 3.87 times that of the minimum clone. Growth rates for DBH and height varied significantly among clones over the 8-year period. Some clones exhibited faster growth in the first 2 years, others accelerated between years 3-4, and some showed rapid growth primarily from years 5-8. Net increment data for DBH, height, and volume at different ages revealed distinct growth patterns for southern-type black poplar in the Jianghan Plain. Fast-growth period occurred from 1 to 4 years post-planting for DBH, fast-growth period peaked between years 3-4 for height, fast-growth period spanned years 3-6 for volume. The repeatability of DBH, plant height and 8-year-old volume were 0.85-0.92, 0.89-0.92 and 0.88, respectively, which were all high repeatability traits. Based on growth indicators (at 8 years) and stem straightness, three clones (‘HB-3650’, ‘08-01-52’ and ‘08-01-41’) outperforming the control ‘Danhong Yang’ were selected from the 12 tested clones, representing a selection ratio of 25%. This study provides high-quality materials for the regeneration of poplar varieties in Jianghan Plain. In the future, comprehensive trait evaluation can be further carried out in combination with stress resistance, wood quality and other traits to accelerate the popularization and application of excellent clones.

This study systematically evaluated the fruit quality characteristics of mulberry germplasm resources, aiming to screen germplasm with superior comprehensive traits and provide a scientific basis for mulberry variety improvement and industrial development. A total of 38 mulberry germplasm accessions were used as research materials, and 18 fruit quality traits covering appearance, texture, flavor, nutritional quality, and functional quality were measured and analyzed. A comprehensive evaluation was then conducted by integrating variation analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and membership function analysis. The results showed abundant variation in fruit quality traits among the tested mulberry germplasm resources. The coefficient of variation ranged from 11.95% to 52.16%, and the functional indexes such as vitamin C and total proanthocyanidins had the most significant variation, and the degree of variation in nutritional and functional quality traits was significantly higher than that in appearance, texture, and flavor quality traits. Correlation analysis revealed varying degrees of correlation among the traits, with fruit size showing a negative correlation with total soluble sugar content, while polyphenol compounds exhibited a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. Through cluster analysis, the tested germplasm resources were divided into seven groups. Among these, Group I (including ‘98-12’, etc.) was the largest in proportion and exhibited the highest juice yield; Group II (‘Guoxuan04-122’) was characterized by high organic acid and high vitamin C content; Group III (‘97-139’) showed high fruit firmness; Group IV (including ‘Jiedong1’, etc.) demonstrated outstanding functional quality; while Group VII (‘Yueyou152’) was distinguished by its large fruit size and high sugar content. Factor analysis extracted five principal factors with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 85.636%, revealing the intrinsic structural characteristics of the fruit quality traits. Based on this, a comprehensive evaluation integrating the membership function method and factor analysis was conducted, leading to the identification of five germplasm resources with superior comprehensive traits: ‘Yuyou03-351’, ‘44-5’, ‘Jiedong1’, ‘Yueyou35’, and‘Yueyou152’. This study systematically elucidated the patterns of fruit quality variation in mulberry germplasm resources and established a multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation system. The selected elite germplasm can serve as parental material for mulberry breeding, and the research findings hold significant theoretical and practical importance for promoting the high-quality development of the mulberry industry.

This study takes existing literature as the research object and systematically sorts out the types, mechanisms of action, and application effects of garlic allelopathic substances in intercropping, crop rotation, and other planting modes, And clarify the core path to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles by integrating literature with practical production, Based on this, the core mechanism of garlic allelopathy was revealed (direct inhibition of pathogenic bacteria: by releasing active substances such as allicin and thioether compounds, the growth and reproduction of soil borne pathogens in the soil were directly inhibited, reducing the incidence of diseases; regulation of rhizosphere microbiota: by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil microbial communities, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting the colonization of harmful bacteria, and improving soil microenvironment stability; enhancement of soil fertility: by affecting soil enzyme activity, promoting organic matter decomposition and nutrient conversion, indirectly improving soil fertility), This article elaborates on the application value of garlic allelopathy, points out the research limitations of existing literature, and looks forward to future research, in order to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for optimizing garlic planting system, promoting green agricultural technology innovation, and helping to achieve the goal of sustainable agricultural development.

Suitable types of biodegradable film were screened for cherry tomato growth and soil environmental friendliness. This study employed a non-mulching treatment as a control to investigate the degradation characteristics of national standard polyethylene film, thickened film, and two types of fully biodegradable films, as well as their effects on cherry tomato yield and soil environment. The results showed that: (1) the national standard film and the two fully biodegradable films entered the induction period at 70, 51 and 64 days after sowing, respectively, while the thickened film exhibited no significant changes; among them, the degradation film decomposed at the fastest rate and also achieved the highest degradation level. (2) Film mulching primarily influenced the temperature and moisture of the surface soil at 0-10 cm depth. Throughout the growth period, the four film treatments, national standard film, thickened film, degradation film A, and degradation film B, increased the average soil temperature by 1.18, 1.52, 0.78 and 1.14℃, respectively, and raised the average soil moisture by 1.75%, 2.19%, 3.06%, and 2.61% compared to the non-mulched control. (3) Film mulching promoted the early growth of cherry tomatoes and increased early yield, with degradation film B showing a particularly notable yield improvement by the second harvest. This indicated that mulching could facilitate earlier harvesting of cherry tomatoes and potentially lead to improved economic returns. In summary, fully biodegradable film exhibits a suitable degradation cycle in cherry tomato production, and its effect on maintaining soil temperature and humidity and ensuring crop yield was not significantly different from that of ordinary film. Therefore, fully biodegradable film could serve as an effective substitute for ordinary film in cherry tomato production.

This study investigates the effects of various soil conditioning techniques on soil physicochemical properties and maize yield under drip irrigation with Yellow River water under plastic film in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia, and screens optimal water-saving and soil-improving yield-increasing mode. Maize was used as the test crop, and single application of SAP, single application of PAM, mixed application of SAP + PAM ( S + P ), CK₁ ( film mulching control ) and CK₂ ( no film control ) were set up. Three irrigation quota gradients of 2376 m³/hm², 2673 m³/hm² and 2970 m³/hm² were used to carry out field experiments by drip irrigation under the Yellow River water film. The soil bulk density, organic matter content, water content, total salt content, maize yield and irrigation water production efficiency were measured. The results indicate that, compared to the control group, both water-retaining agents and soil amendments reduced soil bulk density to varying degrees. The combined application of water-retaining agents and soil amendments resulted in the most significant reduction in soil bulk density, with an average decrease of 0.13 g/cm³ compared to pre-sowing levels. The soil organic matter content under plastic film in all treatments was generally higher than that of the control, with the combined treatment yielding the highest soil organic matter content at an average of 49.47 g/kg. Under the various treatment conditions, the combined application of water-retaining agents and soil amendments produced the highest maize yield and irrigation water productivity, reaching 15.6 t/hm² and 17.58 kg/m³ respectively. For the same conditioning treatment, an irrigation quota of 2376 m³/hm² was found to be most conducive to enhancing irrigation water productivity. Overall, the combined application of water-retaining agents and soil amendments demonstrated considerable advantages in improving soil physicochemical properties, increasing maize yield, and enhancing irrigation water productivity, offering valuable insights for similar agricultural production studies.

As a key ecological disturbance factor, fire disturbance significantly affects the reorganization and functional decline of soil fauna communities through direct thermal effects and indirect environmental changes, thereby perturbing belowground ecological processes. In order to systematically summarize the research progress on the impacts of fire disturbance on soil fauna and clarify the disciplinary development context and cutting-edge directions, this study took the literature on the impacts of fire disturbance on soil fauna published from 2000 to 2024 in the Web of Science database as the data source, and conducted a bibliometric analysis on the 296 retrieved literatures using CiteSpace software. The results showed that the annual number of publications in this field presented a trend of "slow development-rapid growth-explosive growth", reaching a peak of 30 in 2024. The research strength was mainly concentrated in 55 countries (regions) such as the United States, China, and Germany. Among them, the United States had published 77 articles (betweenness centrality 0.82 ), which is at the core dominance, and had formed an extensive cooperative network with China, Germany and other countries. China ranked the second in the world with 27 papers published, but the betweenness centrality was only 0.1, and international cooperation needed to be further strengthened. Keywords co-occurrence and cluster analysis showed that the research focus gradually shifted from the direct effect of fire disturbance to the succession of soil animal communities, the coupling mechanism of carbon cycle and the maintenance of ecosystem stability. Keyword burst analysis showed that "organic carbon" and "fire intensity" became the frontier directions after 2016. Against the background of climate change, it has great significance to conduct the research on ecological effects and recovery mechanisms of fire disturbance on soil fauna. Quantifying the nonlinear impacts of fire disturbance on soil fauna diversity, assessing the long-term effects of biodiversity loss on ecosystem services and constructing multi-scale community dynamic prediction models are likely to be the research priorities in the next few years.

To explore the effects of high-temperature and drought combined stress on the yield and physiological characteristics at heading and flowering stage of mid-season rice, and to determine the meteorological disaster threshold, this study used Jingzhou’s main indica hybrid rice variety, ‘Shuangliangyou 138’, as the experimental material. The experimental treatments included a control group (CK), high-temperature group (T), drought group (D), and combined high-temperature and drought stress group (T-D). Through the artificial simulation of stress conditions, the study analyzed the impacts of different stress levels on rice yield and physiological traits, and identified the meteorological disaster indicators and thresholds. A composite disaster evaluation model based on meteorological factors was established. Results showed that the high-temperature and drought combined stress had a significant greater inhibitory effect on rice yield and physiology than single stress, with more pronounced effects under normal sowing dates (phase II) than delayed sowing dates (phase IV). Compared to the CK group, the T-D treatment led to a 70.36% decrease in grain yield, with a reduction in total grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight by 40.53%, 53.05%, and 19.43%, respectively, SPAD value decreased by 12.3%, indicating a synergistic enhancement effect between high temperature and drought. Path analysis showed that during the heading and flowering stage, the effect of high-temperature and drought combined stress on rice yield was most significantly influenced by seed setting rate, followed by total grain number per panicle, SPAD, 1000-grain weight, panicle length, and effective panicle number, and the seed setting rate was identified as the most sensitive yield factor and served as the key disaster indicator. The meteorological disaster threshold for this indicator was found to be a high-temperature thermal accumulation of 80.8℃·d and a 20 cm soil relative humidity of 34.4%. A composite disaster evaluation model based on high-temperature thermal accumulation and soil moisture was established, revealing that high-temperature stress contributed more to the yield loss than drought, and high temperature exacerbated the effects of drought. This research provides the technical support for the monitoring, early warning, and risk assessment of high-temperature and drought combined disasters in rice cultivation.

The study is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the impact of meteorological conditions on the quality of Changshan Huyou. Based on Huyou quality data and corresponding meteorological data from 2018 to 2023, correlation analysis and stepwise regression methods were employed to identify meteorological factors affecting Huyou quality. A climate quality evaluation model for Huyou was established using the weighted index method and expert empirical method. By applying this model, K-means clustering analysis was conducted on climate quality evaluation indices spanning the period from 1971 to 2023, enabling the classification of Huyou quality grades. The model was further utilized to evaluate and validate the climate quality of Huyou in Changshan County over the past six years. The results revealed that the key meteorological factors affecting the climate quality of Huyou include: the number of rainy days from late October to mid-November, sunshine duration during the same period, daily temperature range from late October to mid-November, precipitation from July to August, and the maximum consecutive high-temperature days from late May to mid-October. The clustering results based on the Climatic Quality Index (I_ACQ) classify the climatic quality of Huyou into three grades: Premium (I_ACQ≥2.48), First Grade (1.64≤I_ACQ<2.48), and Second Grade or below (I_ACQ<1.64). Over the past 6 years, the climate quality evaluation index of Huyou in Changshan County ranged between 1.7 and 2.7, with the majority classified as "Special Grade" or "First Grade". Spatially, Special Grade pomelos were predominantly distributed in eastern townships of Changshan County, including Qingshi Town, Dong’an Township, Daqiaotou Township, and Zhaoxian Town—the key cultivation areas. This study reveals that the response mechanisms of the five key meteorological factors for Changshanhuyou differ significantly from those of Satsuma mandarin during the critical phases of fruit quality development. Consequently, climate quality evaluation for citrus should adhere to the principle of varietal specificity. The established evaluation indicators and model demonstrated practical applicability and reliability, laying the foundation for climate quality certification of Huyou.

To study the influence of meteorological conditions in the Hetao Irrigation District on the intrinsic quality and the appearance quality of sunflower seed kernels, a staged sowing experiment was adopted. The growth period of sunflowers was recorded. The contents of substances such as linoleic acid and oleic acid in sunflower seed kernels were analyzed, and the rust spot index of sunflower seeds was statistically analyzed. Excel 2010 was used to construct a response model to analyze the key meteorological factors and sensitive periods affecting the quality of sunflowers. The results show that the climatic factors such as water vapor pressure, relative humidity, average daily temperature, sunshine duration, average daily maximum temperature, average daily minimum temperature and precipitation from flowering to maturity are closely related to the content of linoleic acid and oleic acid in sunflower kernels. The influence on linoleic acid shows a parabolic characteristic with the opening downward. The influence on oleic acid and the eating rate of palm borers shows a parabolic characteristic with an upward opening, while the effect on the incidence of seed rust spot disease shows an exponential downward trend. The content of linoleic acid shows a quadratic curve with the sowing date. The content of linoleic acid is the highest when sown from May 31^st to June 1^st. The incidence index of grain rust spot disease increases exponentially with the extension of the sowing date. The optimal sowing period that takes both into account to achieve the best results is from May 25^th to June 2^nd. A binary linear equation was established to determine the inflection point by using the temperature, daily range, vapor pressure, relative humidity, sunshine duration, hydrothermal coefficient, precipitation and linoleic acid during the flowering and ripening period. During the flowering period, precipitation, relative humidity and vapor pressure are all negatively correlated with the rust spot occurrence index of sunflowers. With the increase of water and humidity, the number of drought-loving pests (thrips) sharply decreases, and thus the rust spot index also decreases accordingly. In order to facilitate the statistics of intrinsic quality and appearance quality, the two variables were normalized. By using the small grid calculation method and with the help of the Geographic Information System (ArcGIS), the quality zoning of sunflower seeds that takes into account both internal and external aspects was carried out, providing a scientific basis for the rational layout of the Hetao Irrigation District and the adjustment of agricultural structure.

Based on meteorological observations from the Yecheng National Ordinary Meteorological Station (1991—2025), walnut phenological records, and survey data on freezing injury during the flowering period, this study analyzed the flower-bud freezing rate and yield, and used the climatic tendency rate method and the linear tendency method to clarify the meteorological driving mechanisms of flowering-stage freezing injury in Yecheng. The results show that the key meteorological factors include extreme low-temperature events (daily minimum temperature <6℃ and their duration), abrupt drops in ground surface temperature, compound weather systems with sandstorms (sandstorms accompanied by strong winds and snowfall), late spring cold spells, and frost events. In particular, temperature mutation features (e.g., daily minimum temperature and the magnitude of extreme low-temperature drops in the surface soil layer) and the superposition of hazards (co-occurrence of sandstorms and snowfall) markedly aggravate flower-bud freezing injury. These findings provide key threshold parameters and a basis for identifying compound disasters for monitoring and early warning of flowering-stage freezing injury in Yecheng County, and they also support the development of frost-protection and disaster-mitigation measures.

Based on NDVI remote sensing data and meteorological data of Jiangsu from 2001 to 2022, aiming at exploring the impact of extreme climate events on vegetation in Jiangsu, the paper calculated 18 extreme climate indices and employed the methods including Sen’s trend analysis, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, R/S analysis, and Pearson correlation to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme climate and vegetation changes, as well as their response relationships. The results showed that: (1) from 2001 to 2022, the annual maximum NDVI in Jiangsu exhibited a fluctuating downward trend, with a spatial pattern of ‘higher in the north and lower in the south’; over the 22-year period, 18.50% of the area in province experienced extremely significant degradation, while 9.62% showed extremely significant improvement; in the future, 51.70% of the region might degrade. (2) In Jiangsu, both extreme high and low temperatures had intensified, with the magnitude of change in warm indices being greater than that in cold indices; the rate of daytime changes was higher than nighttime changes; extreme precipitation showed an overall increasing trend, with greater increases in the south compared to the central and northern regions. (3) NDVI and extreme temperature warm indices were mainly positively correlated in areas along the Huaihe River and to its north, while negative correlations dominated south of the Huaihe River; for cold indices, negative correlations were observed along the Yangtze River and the eastern coastal areas to the north of the river, whereas positive correlations prevailed in the central-western and southeastern coastal regions to the north of the Yangtze River; NDVI and extreme precipitation indices were mainly negatively correlated, with negative correlation areas exceeding 50%. In a word, the relationship between extreme climate and vegetation growth shows significant spatial heterogeneity, providing a scientific support for ecological conservation, vegetation restoration, and climate adaptation management in Jiangsu.

As an important commodity grain base in Jiangxi Province, the agricultural production and ecological balance of Ganfupingyuan Irrigation Area are highly dependent on the rhythmic changes of meteorological elements. Clarifying the abrupt change laws and correlation mechanisms of its key meteorological elements can provide scientific support for the climate adaptability management of the irrigation district. Based on the long-series meteorological observation data from 1987 to 2024 in this irrigation district, this study systematically explored the abrupt change characteristics, variation trends and inter-element correlations of air temperature, sunshine duration, precipitation and average wind speed by adopting the Pettitt test, linear trend analysis and correlation analysis methods. The results showed that the annual average temperature, annual average maximum temperature and annual average minimum temperature exhibited an overall upward trend, with significant abrupt changes occurring in 2007. After the abrupt change, the warming rate accelerated significantly, and the annual average minimum temperature increased by 0.110℃/a. The sunshine duration showed an overall downward trend, with a significant abrupt change of 25.95% only in autumn 2012. There was no obvious abrupt change point in precipitation, and the overall trend was non-significantly upward, with the increase in summer precipitation being the main contributing factor. The average wind speed underwent a significant abrupt change at the beginning of the 21st century, showing an overall downward trend, and the decline was more pronounced in summer and autumn. Correlation analysis indicated that the increase in average temperature was not driven by a single factor but by the synergistic effect of average maximum temperature and average minimum temperature. Furthermore, the decrease in average wind speed was significantly negatively correlated with the increase in the above three temperature indices, and their abrupt change times were synchronized, confirming that the decrease in wind speed was a key local driving factor for the temperature rise in the irrigation district. Therefore, during the study period, the increase of average temperature in Ganfupingyuan Irrigation Area was a coupled result of the synergistic driving of maximum and minimum temperatures and the regulation of decreasing wind speed. The synchronization of abrupt changes and the correlation laws of elements can provide technical references for local climate adaptability management.

This study investigated fungicidal efficacy and mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) against Trichothecium roseum, and its control effect on pink mold rot. T. roseum were treated with SAEW at different available chlorine concentrations (ACC) for varying durations to assess the impact of ACC and time on conidial germination and hyphal growth. The effect of SAEW on pink mold rot was evaluated by treating apples inoculated with T. roseum. Morphological changes in T. roseum conidia and hyphae induced by SAEW were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Propidium iodide staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe staining were employed to investigate the effect of SAEW on the cell membrane. Furthermore, the impact of SAEW treatment on apple fruit quality was determined. SAEW with an ACC of 200 mg/L or higher, applied for 3 minutes or longer, completely inhibited T. roseum conidial germination. Treatment with 400 mg/L SAEW for 10 minutes completely inhibited mycelial growth of T. roseum. SAEW effectively suppressed the occurrence of pink mold rot of apple under both wounded and unwounded conditions. SAEW exerted its lethal effect on T. roseum by damaging the hyphal cell wall and cell membrane, causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane. In addition, SAEW treatment did not adversely affect the quality of apple fruit.

To elucidate the occurrence of insect pests in Artemisia argyi during different periods of its growing season, this study investigated the species composition, diversity, and temporal dynamics of pests and their natural enemies in Artemisia argyi plantations. Seven sampling points were selected from March to June 2025 for investigation, recording a total of 59 insect species, 2 mite species, 5 spider species, and 1 millipede species. Among them, Coleoptera (22.49 %) and Hemiptera (20.90 %) were the dominant groups. Significant temporal changes were observed in the types, population densities, and dominant species of pests, alongside dynamic fluctuations in the composition and abundance of natural enemy communities. In the early period (March), the total arthropod population was low, with pests primarily consisting of Orthoptera nymphs, such as Tettigonia chinensis. By April, the total individual count surged, and the outbreak of Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai emerged as the predominant pest. In early May, M. kuwayamai populations remained high, while a dramatic increase in natural enemy mites (Anystis sp.) was noted. By mid-May, Colasposoma dauricum became the new absolute dominant pest with a sharp increase in numbers. Concurrently, M. kuwayamai populations remained elevated, but Anystis sp. numbers significantly declined. In mid-June, Empoasca flavescens populations rose significantly, while other pest numbers decreased. Correlation analysis between pests and natural enemies indicated no statistically significant linear relationship in their dynamic succession during the Artemisia argyi growing season. However, smooth curve analysis revealed a very significant and complex non-linear dynamic. This study provides a scientific basis for the monitoring and early warning of Artemisia argyi pests and the construction of ecological prevention and control system. In the future, the correlation between pests and chemical components of Artemisia argyi and the control efficiency of natural enemies can be further studied.

In order to screen suitable soil and stem-leaf spraying herbicides for maize-soybean strip intercropping, taking 'Xianyu 1225' and 'Tiefeng 31' as materials, the control effect and safety of 19 herbicides on weeds in maize and soybean fields were determined by the whole plant bioassay method. The results showed that under the recommended dose treatment, the control effect of s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl was the best in the soil applied treatment of maize-soybean strip composite planting field. The total plant control effect could reach 83.66%, and the fresh weight control effect could reach 91.67%. In the stem and leaf spraying treatment, the combination of clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen had the best control effect on weeds in soybean field, with the plant control effect of 92.19% and the fresh weight control effect of 88.47%. The control effects of mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine on weeds in corn fields were better. The plant control effects were 95.08% and 94.1%, and the fresh weight control effects were 97.98% and 91.29%. Therefore, s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl, clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen, mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine can be used for pre-emergence soil surface in maize-soybean intercropping field, soybean stem and leaf spray and maize stem and leaf spray. These herbicides have no significant effect on the growth of soybean and corn, and have the potential for popularization and application.

In order to screen the effective fungicides applicable for control of litchi pepper spot disease and for green food production, the field experiment was carried out to evaluate five fungicides, focusing the control effect on litchi pepper spot disease and postharvest preservation potential. The results showed that the treatments of kasugamycin 5%+copper oxychloride 45% WP at dilution ratio of 500-fold and kasugamycin 4.5%+oxine-copper 40.5% SC at dilution ratio of 1200-fold had optimal field control effects at 74.25%-87.48% after being applied preventatively for three to four times, and control effects of four times of application were much better than that of three times. The control effects of two treatments still reached 73.10%-76.27% on 5^th day of storage, indicating the good postharvest preservation effect. In contrast, although the 750-fold solution of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid SP had a certain field control effect (66.18 % -68.77%), the control effect decreased rapidly to less than 22 % during postharvest storage. Bacillus subtilis 100 billion CFU/g WP at dilution ratio of 750-fold and kasugamycin 2% AS at dilution ratio of 400-fold had poor control effect at less than 52% both in the field and in the postharvest storage period. In conclusion, the study showed that kasugamycin 5%+copper oxychloride 45% WP and kasugamycin 4.5%+oxine-copper 40.5% SC could be the valuable potential fungicides for controlling litchi pepper spot disease.

To investigate the effects of reduced aphid feeding on larval survival and adult oviposition of Coelophora biplagiata, controlled laboratory experiments were conducted using a rearing system where early-instar larvae were fed Aphis craccivora and late-instar larvae received artificial diet under five density conditions (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 larvae/container), combined with graded aphid reduction (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) during adult stage. Results demonstrated: (1) In Group A (artificial diet introduced from 3^rd instar larvae), the 3^rd instar larvae survival rate under the feeding density of 30 larvae/container was 65.56%, significantly lower than other densities (P<0.05). 4^th instar larvae survival rate reached 100% under the feeding density of 5 larvae/container. Pupal survival rates ranged 82%-94% without significant differences (P>0.05). Adult emergence rate decreased with increasing density, peaking at 80.00% under the feeding density of 5 larvae/container. (2) In Group B (artificial diet introduced from 4^th instar larvae), 4^th instar larvae survival rates remained 74%-87% without significant differences (P>0.05). The lowest pupal survival rate occurred under the feeding density of 30 larvae/container (79.53%). Adult emergence rates under the feeding densities of 5-15 larvae/container ranged 75%-87% with no significant differences (P>0.05). (3) Group C showed highest adult emergence rate. (4) Oviposition performance declined with increasing aphid reduction, achieving 80% of full-aphid diet productivity at 25% aphid reduction. Artificial diet-fed adults showed minimal egg production. No significant differences were observed in egg hatch rates or adult survival across feeding regimes (P>0.05). In conclusion, partial replacement of aphids with an artificial diet is feasible for both larval rearing and adult oviposition of C. biplagiata.

This study aims to investigate the antioxidant activity of mycelium fermentation products from the Sanghuangporus alpinus strains MS-10, MS-11, MS-12, and MS-13, their protective effects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in LO2 cells, and their inhibitory effects on HepG2 cell proliferation. Using the mycelial fermentation products of these four strains as materials, their in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring their scavenging capacity against DPPH, ABTS and ·OH free radicals. An oxidative damage model of LO2 cells was established using H₂O₂ induction to assess the products' hepatoprotective potential by detecting their effects on cell survival rates. The MTT assay was employed to analyze the impact of fermentation products on HepG2 cell survival rates, evaluating their anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity. Results demonstrated that all four fermentation products exhibited significant chemical antioxidant capacity with concentration-dependent effects. Specifically, strain MS-13 exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging capacity with an EC₅₀ value of 0.119 mg/mL; strain MS-11 demonstrated optimal efficacy in scavenging ABTS and ·OH radicals, with EC₅₀ values of 0.040 mg/mL and 0.367 mg/mL respectively. In the H₂O₂-induced LO2 cell damage model, all fermentation products increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. At 5 mg/mL, cell survival exceeded 92.88%, significantly mitigating H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, all four fermentation products exhibited marked inhibitory effects on HepG2 cells, reducing survival rates to approximately 65% at a treatment concentration of 5 mg/mL. The study indicates that the liquid fermentation products of the four strains of S. alpinus possess significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, while effectively inhibiting HepG2 cell growth. This provides crucial theoretical support for the further development and utilization of this fungus.