The aim of this study was to provide scientific guidance for the promotion and cultivation of new sweet-waxy maize varieties. In order to explore the effects of different planting densities on the yield and main agronomic traits, in this experiment, the sweet-waxy maize varieties ‘Guitiannuo 108’ and ‘Guitiannuo 189’ were used as experimental materials, and five density levels were set as 40000, 46667, 53333, 60000 and 66667 plants/hm², as well as two sowing dates in spring and autumn. The results showed that the yield per plant, ear length, ear diameter and stem diameter decreased with the increase of planting density; while the yield per unit area and cob tip bald length increased with the increase of planting density. Considering yield and economic benefits comprehensively, the reasonable planting density for ‘Guitiannuo 108’ and ‘Guitiannuo 189’ in Guangxi is 46667-53333 plants/hm².

This study aims to systematically summarize the application of maize live haploid technology in maize molecular breeding, with focus on exploring the selection methods, formation mechanisms, identification methods, doubling methods, and application in population improvement of maize live haploid high-frequency induction lines, providing reference and guidance for the large-scale application of live haploid breeding technology. This study used a literature review method to summarize the relevant research results and practical experience on maize haploid technology, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various methods in practical applications. The research results indicated that maize live haploid technology played an important role in breeding excellent inbred lines and population improvement. Through high-frequency induction line breeding, a large number of excellent haploid plants had been successfully obtained; the identification and doubling methods effectively improved haploid formation and stability. The live haploid technology had shown significant doubling effects in population improvement, providing new ideas and methods for maize breeding. In summary, maize live haploid technology is an efficient and rapid breeding method with broad application prospects. In the process of corn breeding, combining live haploid technology can accelerate the pace of quality improvement and yield increase, providing strong support for the healthy development of the corn industry.

The paper aims to clarify the characteristics of leaf photosynthesis and root injury flow characteristics of different mung bean varieties after pod formation and their relationship with yield. This experiment used five mung bean varieties mainly planted in Jilin Province, namely ‘Jilv 8’, ‘Jilv 9’, ‘Jilv 12’, ‘Jilv 17’ and ‘Jilv 20’, as materials. The leaf photosynthesis-related parameters and root damage characteristics were measured at the pod-setting stage (R4 stage), a critical period for mung bean yield formation, and the yield was measured at the maturity stage. The results showed that there were differences in leaf photosynthesis, root injury characteristics, and yield among different mung bean varieties. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, transpiration rate, root exudate intensity, soluble protein content and intensity, soluble sugar content and intensity, free amino acid content and intensity, and yield of leaves of ‘Jilv 12’ and ‘Jilv 9’ were relatively high, significantly higher than those of ‘Jilv 8’, ‘Jilv 17’and ‘Jilv 20’. The differences in various indicators between the mung bean varieties ‘Jilv 12’ and ‘Jilv 9’ were relatively small. The yield of mung beans was positively correlated with the photosynthetic capacity of leaves and the components and content in root sap. This experiment shows that the yield of different mung bean varieties is closely related to leaf photosynthesis and bleeding characteristics.

The study aims to select new potato varieties suitable for cultivation in winter in Longhai District, Zhangzhou City, and to promote the green and sustainable development of the potato industry. This study selected nine new potato varieties including ‘Zhongshu 50’, ‘Minshu 12’, ‘Yunshu 109’, ‘Longshu 24’, ‘Shiyan 1’, ‘Funong 4’, ‘Funong 5’, ‘Huasong 3’ and ‘Wotu 5’ as experimental materials for variety screening, the variety ‘Favorita’ was used as the control. The results indicated that the comprehensive characters of tubers of these 9 new varieties were recognized by the market with yellow-skin, yellow-flesh and oval-shape, which were not significantly different from ‘Favorita’. Compared to the control group, the fresh potato yield of ‘Funong 4’, ‘Funong 5’, ‘Zhongshu 50’, ‘Wotu 5’, ‘Huasong 3’, ‘Minshu 12’ and ‘Shiyan 1’ were increased by 42.63%, 39.66%, 29.00%, 25.39%, 20.69%, 10.19%, and 9.56%, respectively. Conversely, ‘Yunshu 109’ and ‘Longshu 24’ showed a decrease of 19.91% and 7.37%, respectively (P<0.01). In terms of overall quality of large and medium-sized potatoes, including yield, dry matter content, and taste, the ranking was as follows: ‘Funong 5’, ‘Funong 4’> ‘Wotu 5’, ‘ Shiyan 1’, ‘Huasong 3’> ‘Favorita’, ‘Zhongshu 50’> ‘Minshu 12’, ‘Yunshu 109’, and ‘Longshu 24’. Regarding field late blight resistance, ‘Longshu 24’ and ‘Huasong 3’ were as susceptible as ‘Favorita’, while the other varieties exhibited moderate susceptibility. The growth period for each variety ranged from 83 to 89 days. Additionally, ‘Minshu 12’, ‘Longshu 24’, and ‘Zhongshu 50’ displayed varying degrees of secondary growth, hollowing, and splitting of potatoes, whereas no such physiological defects were observed in the other varieties. In conclusion, the comprehensive performance of ‘Funong 4’, ‘Funong 5’, ‘Zhongshu 50’, ‘Wotu 5’, ‘Huasong 3’, and ‘ Shiyan 1’ in Longhai District surpasses that of ‘Favorita’. It is recommended that ‘Funong 4’ and ‘Funong 5’ can be used as primary varieties, while ‘Zhongshu 50’, ‘Wotu 5’, ‘Huasong 3’, and ‘Shiyan 1’ serve as alternative varieties for demonstration and promotion in local winter potato production.

In order to clarify the effects of chemical topping on agronomic, yield and quality traits of long-staple cotton, ‘YL39’ with vigorous growth and long internodes and ‘YL62’ with steady growth and short internodes were used as test materials, and a randomized block test was conducted with four spraying doses to analyze the response of different types of long-staple cotton to chemical topping. The results showed that: the increase of plant height, number of fruiting branches, plant height growth and bolls per plant after chemical topping showed a decreasing trend with the increase of spraying dose, and more than 60% of the bolls of the two materials were concentrated in 5-12 fruiting branches; chemical topping had no effect on the boll weight, lint, yield; there was a tendency to increase the micronaire value and maturity after chemical topping. ‘YL62’ had more newborn fruiting branches and effective bolls after chemical topping, which had good yield potential; ‘YL39’ was more sensitive to chemical topping, with limited newborn fruiting branches and less effective bolls at high doses, which affected the final yield. On the whole, the spraying of chemical topping agent 1125 mL/hm² + 150 g/hm² 98% mepiquat soluble powder can replace manual topping, which can control growth and ensure yield and quality.

Shading cultivation is one of the main methods for the production of high-quality cigar wrapper leaves. Light intensity is one of the most obvious changeable factors under shading cultivation conditions. This review summarizes the research progress of changes and their mechanisms of tobacco leaves under different light intensity due to different shading conditions. In view of the problems and deficiencies in the current research on the shading production of cigar wrapper leaves, it is pointed out that on the basis of improving the quality evaluation system of cigar wrapper leaves, the effects of shading on the quality of the appearance, physics, chemistry, and sensory aspects of cigar wrapper leaves should be studied in depth. And the shading production system suitable for the varieties and the actual production area should be further explored, realizing the effective supply of domestic cigar wrapper leaves gradually.

Cold plasma technology has gained significant traction in agriculture due to its advantages, including low operational temperature, green, residue-free, high efficiency, and remarkable effectiveness in seed treatment, as well as in activating the internal physiological and biochemical processes of plants to improve resistance and yield. This paper reviews the progress of cold plasma technology in seed disinfection, breaking seed dormancy to promote germination, enhancing plant resistance, and increasing yield, etc. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the primary active ingredients of this technology and elucidates their mechanisms of action at the physicochemical, physiological and biochemical levels. In view of the differences in physical, chemical and physiological effects of different treatment objects after discharge by different types of cold plasma equipment, the future research direction is proposed: optimizing and establishing cold plasma treatment system, and clarifying the long-term effect of cold plasma treatment on the phenotypic genetic changes of plant growth cycle.

In order to screen out the best ratio medium for in vitro rapid propagation of Solanum habrochaites ‘LA1777’ leaves, the method of in vitro culture was used. In this study, the leaves of S. habrochaites ‘LA1777’ were used as materials, MS medium was used as the basic medium, and different hormone combinations were set up, the induction rate and growth status of callus, adventitious buds and adventitious roots were observed and counted separately. The results showed that the best medium formula for promoting leaf callus formation was MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.3 mg/L IAA, and the callus rate was 95.83%. The best medium for promoting adventitious bud differentiation was MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.3 mg/L IAA+ 3 mg/L AgNO₃, and the induction rate of adventitious buds was 50.00%. The best medium for rooting culture was MS+ 0.1 mg/L NAA, and the adventitious root induction rate was 94.44%. This study provides reference for germplasm conservation, rapid propagation and genetic transformation of S. habrochaites.

This study aims to explore the impact of a novel hydrogen fertilizer material on the growth of wax gourd seedlings, determine the optimal dosage of hydrogen fertilizer for wax gourd seedling cultivation, and provide a theoretical basis and data support for cultivating robust seedlings using hydrogen fertilizer. The black-skinned wax gourd ‘Tiezhu 2’ was used as experimental material. This research established five gradients of hydrogen fertilizer application and conducted experiments by incorporating the hydrogen fertilizer into the seedling substrate, to investigate its effects on the emergence rate, seedling growth, sound seedling index, root morphology and chlorophyll content in wax gourd. The application of hydrogen fertilizer exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the growth of wax gourd seedlings, with the control (no hydrogenation fertilizer) and five different dosage of hydrogen fertilizer resulting in sound seedling indexes of 1.05, 1.49, 1.52, 1.55, 1.46, and 0.99, respectively. Comprehensive analysis found that the treatment with a hydrogen fertilizer to substrate ratio of 1 kg: 3000 L (H₂) had better efficacy. Compared to the control, wax gourd seedling treated with H₂ exhibited a 17.5% increase in seedling emergence rate, a 45.6% improvement in sound seedling index, a 23.5% increase in the number of root tips, and a 25.8% increase in the chlorophyll a content. Excessive application of hydrogen fertilizer (hydrogen fertilizer: substrate> 1 kg: 1000 L) did not significantly affect the emergence rate of wax gourd but inhibited the growth of seedlings and reduced sound seedling index. Hydrogen fertilizer improves the emergence rate and uniformity of wax gourd, stimulates seedlings growth, and is beneficial for cultivating robust seedlings. However, it is important to note the application dosage. The optimal hydrogen fertilizer-to-substrate is 1 kg: 3000 L, as excessive dosages can produce adverse effects.

In order to solve the problem of the lack of peanut sprout varieties, 15 peanut varieties were used as experimental materials, sand cultured seedlings were harvested after 5 days, and the biomass, nutritional, and taste indicators of the seedlings were tested. Using these indicators as the evaluation criteria for sprout vegetable production, a judgment matrix was constructed using the membership function method and analytic hierarchy process. The influence weights of each factor were analyzed mathematically to calculate the total evaluation value D value suitable for sprout vegetable production. Through cluster analysis of the D values of 15 peanut varieties, three varieties suitable for sprout vegetable production, namely ‘Yuhua 33’, ‘Yuhua 30’, and ‘Yuhua 18’, were selected from the 15 tested varieties. Three varieties, including ‘Yuhua 12’, were relatively suitable for sprout vegetable production, while nine varieties, including ‘Yuhua 32’, were not suitable for sprout vegetable production.

Investigating the absorption, utilization, and transformation of different forms of selenium by crops is of great significance for the development of new and efficient selenium-enriched agricultural techniques. In this study, we used excised pear tree leaves to explore the absorption, utilization, antioxidant response, and the influence of two accompanying anions, silicate (SiO₃^3-) and sulfate (SO₄^2-), on three forms of selenium: sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), sodium selenate (Na₂SeO₄), and selenomethionine (SeMet). The results showed that after treatment with the three forms of selenium (SeO₃^2-, SeMet, SeO₄^2-), the average selenium contents in the excised leaves were 7.89, 0.20 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively. Obviously, the absorption of SeO₃^2- form was much greater than that of SeMet and SeO₄^2- forms. The higher the selenium addition concentration, the higher the selenium content in the leaves. Two accompanying anions had no impact on SeO₃^2- absorption. But SiO₃^2- tended to boost SeO₄^2- and SeMet uptake. At 500 μmol/L SeO₄^2-, leaf Se content rose 19.90% vs control; at 50 μmol/L SeMet, it jumped 170.00% vs control. SO₄^2- cut SeO₄^2- uptake by 59.89% at 500 μmol/L vs control，but hiked SeMet uptake by 102.38% at 50 μmol/L vs control. All three forms of selenium reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), while increasing the activity of catalase (CAT) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the leaves. Additionally, low concentrations of SeO₃^2- and SeO₄^2- treatments reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). The results of this study indicate that SeO₃^2- is the preferred form of selenium for absorption by pear tree leaves.

Due to red flowers and earlier florescence, as a native cherry blossom strain of Cerasus campanulate, ‘Feihan’ has been widely cultivated in the Yangtze River Basin and Fujian region, but no introduction has been recorded in Beijing. In order to evaluate its adaptability in Beijing, ‘Feihan’ from Quanjiao County Chuzhou City of Anhui Province was introduced and compared with simultaneously planted Cerasus×yedoensis ‘Somei-yoshino’ on phenophase, growth performance, morphological characteristics, field adaptability, and temperature stress resistance from 2019 to 2023, in Yingluo Garden of Yuyuantan Park in Beijing. The results showed that，the average day of the year of flower bud germination was 9.6 days earlier, the average day of the year of leaf bud germination was 6.4 days earlier, and the average full-flowering period was 5.2 days longer than that of ‘Somei-yoshino’, which were significant differences (P<0.05). The annual average branch growth and annual average DH_0.8 growth were 2.10 and 1.87 times of that of ‘Somei-yoshino’, which were significant differences (P<0.05). The adaptability to extreme cold temperatures during plant dormancy period was well for both cultivars, but during flower bud development under cold spell in later spring, the effect of cold temperatures on ‘Feihan’ was less. The growth performance was affected by extreme high temperatures and extreme rainstorm during growth period for both cultivars, but the degree of influence on ‘Feihan’ was less than that on ‘Somei-yoshino’. The temperature stress resistance experiment showed that the adaptability of ‘Feihan’ under high temperature stress was stronger than that of ‘Somei-yoshino’, and the adaptability gap between two cultivars was small under low temperature stress. ‘Feihan’ can be used as an early blossom cherry cultivar in Beijing with red flowers to plant and enrich the landscape.

In this study, Zhangzhou narcissus was used as the test material, purified water (CK) was used as the control, and two treatments of 50% and 100% hydrogen-rich water (HRW) were set up to preliminarily reveal the effects of different concentrations of HRW on the growth of narcissus by comparing the differences in the indexes of narcissus flowering period, leaf length, and the number of flowers in each period. The results showed that different concentrations of HRW significantly prolonged the flowering period of narcissus, and the prolongation time of 100% HRW was significantly greater than that of 50% HRW. Both 50% and 100% HRW enhanced the leaf length and scape height of narcissus at the late stage, and 100% HRW significantly increased the SPAD of narcissus leaves at 14 days after flowering, and prolonged the greening period of narcissus leaves. Under the treatment of 100% HRW, narcissus leaves still maintained a high level of nitrogen content at 14 days after flowering. HRW significantly increased the number and proportion of flowers in the blooming stage of narcissus and decreased the number and proportion of flowers in the senescence stage of narcissus at 14 days after flowering. By analyzing the correlation of various growth indicators of narcissus, result showed that maintaining a higher level of leaf nitrogen content was the key to prolonging the flowering period of narcissus. In summary, HRW can significantly prolong the ornamental time and increase the ornamental value of narcissus by maintaining a higher level of leaf nitrogen content.

To explore the potential of chemical nitrogen substitution by ploughing and returning Vicia villosa as the preceding crop of flue-cured tobacco in Lijiang tobacco-growing area of Yunnan Province, this study conducted a systematic analysis through three experiments: (1) measuring the degradation rate of Vicia villosa after ploughing; (2) using the δ¹⁵N isotope labeling technique to precisely quantify the amount of nitrogen transferred from Vicia villosa to tobacco plants; (3) verifying the substitution effect of chemical nitrogen by returning Vicia villosa to the field under field conditions. The research results showed that Vicia villosa could naturally decompose and release nutrients in the soil after ploughing, and the decomposition rate was the fastest within two weeks after ploughing. The appropriate ploughing time should be 90 to 100 days before tobacco transplanting. At this time, more than 50% of Vicia villosa could decompose, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were released by approximately 48.75%, 52.00% and 83.65% respectively. The isotope tracking results showed that among the fertilizer nitrogen absorbed by tobacco, the nitrogen from Vicia villosa accounted for 10.15% of the total fertilizer nitrogen, and the nitrogen utilization rate of green manure in the current season was approximately 3.66%. Therefore, after returning Vicia villosa to the field, the application amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer should be appropriately reduced, and the optimal nitrogen fertilizer dosage was 80% of the conventional dosage. The research indicated that planting Vicia villosa as the preceding crop of flue-cured tobacco and ploughing it over could not only increase the yield and economic value of tobacco leaves but also effectively reduce the usage amount of chemical fertilizers, achieving the goal of reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency.

Regarding the issue of excessive fertilization of facility-grown head lettuce in Beijing, a study on the application effect of slow-release fertilizer for lettuce with nitrification inhibitors was conducted to explore reducing chemical fertilizer application rates and frequencies. Taking the head lettuce variety ‘Archer 101’ as the test material, through field plot experiments in a vegetable greenhouse with years of cultivation in Shunyi, Beijing, six treatments were designed, including no nitrogen control (T₀), traditional farmer fertilization with one basal application and two top dressings (T₁), special formulated fertilizer for lettuce with one basal application and two top dressings (T₂), special formulated fertilizer for lettuce with one-time application (T₃), special formulated fertilizer for lettuce with one basal application and one top dressing (T₄), and special formulated fertilizer for lettuce with one basal application and two top dressing (T₅). The study explored the effects of special slow-release fertilizer for lettuce with nitrification inhibitors on the growth traits, yield, nitrate content, nitrogen use efficiency, and economic benefits of lettuce. The results showed that under the fertilization condition of one basal application and two top dressings, compared with traditional farmer fertilization (T₁), the treatment of special formulated fertilizer for lettuce without nitrification inhibitors (T₂) had no significant differences in growth trait indicators, yield indicators, quality indicators, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil inorganic nitrogen transformation of head lettuce. After adding nitrification inhibitors (T₄), the chlorophyll content of head lettuce increased significantly by 16.7%, the nitrate content decreased significantly by 113.1%, the soluble sugar content increased significantly by 44.4%, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency increased significantly by 43.2%, and the yield increased significantly by 23.8%. Comparing the fertilization effects of one-time fertilization (T₃), one basal application and one top dressing (T₄), and one basal application and two top dressings (T₅) under the condition of adding nitrification inhibitors, there were no significant differences in growth traits, yield indicators, quality indicators, and nitrogen use efficiency. With the increase in fertilization frequency, the economic benefit decreased. The net profit of the one-time fertilization treatment (T₃) increased by 6.3% and 24.9% respectively compared with the one basal application and one top dressing treatment (T₄) and one basal application and two top dressings treatment (T₅). Therefore, the author believed that one-time basal application of special slow-release fertilizer could not only reduce labor input for fertilization but also reduce chemical fertilizer application, increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and could be recommended as a fertilization measure for head lettuce production in Beijing.

Selecting the facility vegetable planting plots with severe continuous cropping obstacles in Hangzhou as the experimental sites, the research investigated the improvement effect of different microbial agents combined with soil disinfectants on the soil microenvironment under the facility vegetable planting mode, as well as their impact on the prevention and control of clubroot disease and yield of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that the combination of three microbial agents and soil disinfectants could reduce the incidence rate of Chinese cabbage clubroot disease, improve the soil environment, enhance soil physicochemical properties, and increase the yield of Chinese cabbage. Among them, the combination of No.1 microbial agent could better improve soil nutrients, No.2 microbial agent had a better effect on the prevention and control of clubroot disease, and No.3 microbial agent had the most significant effect on improving the biological and economic yield of Chinese cabbage. In summary, the combination of soil disinfectant and No.3 microbial agent had a better effect.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different soil mulching modes on soil physicochemical properties and vine growth in vineyards, and to provide theoretical basis for selecting the best soil mulching mode in vineyards. The effects of different soil mulching modes on soil physicochemical properties and tree growth were measured at the fruit maturity stage by using ‘Sunshine Muscat’ as the test material, and planting ryegrass, alfalfa and clover in row under the rain protection cultivation mode. The results showed that compared with the control (horticultural field cloth), natural grass significantly increased the contents of soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soluble solid content of fruit and chlorophyll content of leaves; ryegrass significantly increased soil capillary porosity, improved soil aggregate structure, and increased leaf total nitrogen and carbon content; alfalfa significantly increased soil non-capillary porosity, organic matter content and decreased fruit titrable acid content; clover significantly increased the maximum water holding capacity, minimum water holding capacity, total porosity, capillary water holding capacity and reduced soil bulk density. In summary, natural grass and alfalfa have better effects on improving soil physical properties, nutrient content and fruit quality in vineyards, but alfalfa is better than natural grass in terms of labor cost.

To clarify the effects of rubber varieties on the development and reproduction of Parasaissetia nigra, the developmental duration, survival rate, and fecundity of P. nigra were investigated on seven rubber tree varieties (‘IAN873’, ‘Reyan 7-33-97’, ‘PR107’, ‘Reyan 7-20-59’, ‘Yunyan 77-4’, ‘GT1’ and ‘RRIM600’) in a cage experiment under field condition. Additionally, population life tables of P. nigra on these rubber tree varieties were constructed, respectively. The results showed that developmental duration of P. nigra was the longest on ‘RRIM600’ (99.1 d) and the shortest on ‘PR107’ (74.3 d). Notable mortalities of first-instar nymphs were found in all seven rubber tree varieties, with the survival rates ranging from 27.9% to 59.0%. For a whole generation of P. nigra, the survival rates on seven rubber tree varieties in decreasing order were ‘PR107’> ‘Yunyan 77-4’> ‘Reyan 7-33-97’> ‘Reyan 7-20-59’> ‘IAN873’> ‘RRIM600’> ‘GT1’. The longest oviposition period (64.4 d) and adult longevity (94.4 d) of P. nigra were observed on rubber tree variety ‘Reyan 7-33-97’. The highest fecundity was recorded also on ‘Reyan 7-33-97’ (727.0 eggs), followed by ‘PR107’ (526.2 eggs), whereas the lowest fecundity was found on ‘RRIM600’ (303.5 eggs). The population trend index of P. nigra on seven rubber tree varieties in decreasing order were ‘PR107’> ‘Reyan 7-33-97’> ‘Yunyan 77-4’> ‘GT1’> ‘Reyan 7-20-59’> ‘IAN873’> ‘RRIM600’. Therefore, ‘PR107’ and ‘Reyan 7-33-97’ were identified as the suitable hosts for P. nigra, whereas ‘GT1’ and ‘RRIM600’ were considered as unsuitable hosts.

The pathogen and symptoms of rice spike rot disease were introduced. The occurrence regularity of rice spike rot disease was expounded from the occurrence conditions and epidemic regularity of the disease. The agricultural control measures of rice spike rot disease were introduced from the aspects of cultivation management, fungus source accumulation and selection of resistant varieties. The control effects of different pesticides on rice spike rot disease were also introduced. It is suggested that the control of rice spike rot disease should be based on agricultural control measures, including scientific cultivation, timely elimination of fungal sources and selection of disease-resistant varieties, and the chemical control should be included at the opportune moment. The occurrence and damage of spike rot disease were expected to be effectively controlled to a certain extent while ensuring the safety of grain production.

To screen out the better agents for controlling the eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta, the leaf-dipping method was employed to assess the indoor toxicity of 11 agents, as well as the synergistic effects of mixtures of biopesticides and chemical pesticides. The findings revealed the following toxicity rankings of different agents on the eggs of T. absoluta in the laboratory: emamectin benzoate> abamectin> spinetoram> indoxacarb> rotenone> matrine> beta-cypermethrin·emamectin benzoate> azadirachtin> Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421> Bacillus thuringiensis> Beauveria bassiana ZJU435. Regarding the toxicity to the larvae of T. absoluta, the ranking was: emamectin benzoate> abamectin> spinetoram> matrine> rotenone> beta-cypermethrin·emamectin benzoate> indoxacarb> azadirachtin> Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421> Beauveria bassiana ZJU435> Bacillus thuringiensis. Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421, Beauveria bassiana ZJU435, and Bacillus thuringiensis were each blended with emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and indoxacarb at active-ingredient ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, and 9:1 to evaluate the synergistic effects on the eggs of T. absoluta. When Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421and indoxacarb were combined at an active-ingredient ratio of 9:1, the co-toxicity coefficient reached its peak at 204.90, demonstrating the most pronounced synergistic effect. The tests indicated that emamectin benzoate, avermectin, and spinetoram exerted high toxicity on both the eggs and larvae of T. absoluta. The mixtures of Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421, Beauveria bassiana ZJU435, and Bacillus thuringiensis with emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and indoxacarb manifested synergistic effects, thereby enhancing the control of T. absoluta and reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.

To determine the control effect of cyromazine, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram on Drosophila suzukii larvae, the fruit damaged by D. suzukii was collected and the experiment was carried out by means of insecticide spray. The mortality rate of D. suzukii larvae was calculated on day 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 after medication. The mortality rates of D. suzukii larvae after 5 days of treatment with 3000, 2500 and 2000 times cyromazine spray were 53.72%, 56.47% and 58.48%, respectively. After 5 days of treatment with 5000, 4500 and 4000 chlorantraniliprole spray, the mortality rates of D. suzukii larvae were 51.49%, 54.85% and 58.42%, respectively. After 5 days of treatment with 2500, 2000 and 1500 times spinetoram spray, the mortality rates of D. suzukii larvae were 41.38%, 43.30% and 49.74%, respectively. Cyromazine and chlorantraniliprole have certain control effect on D. suzukii larvae.

In order to clarify the dynamic changes of moisture and substance in tobacco leaves during the heat pump intensive curing barn using different curing processes, the middle leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’ were used as experimental materials to study the dynamic changes and similarities of moisture, pigments, starch, and reducing sugar content during the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process and the four step curing processes in the heat pump intensive curing. The results showed that: (1) the moisture content of tobacco leaves in the early period of yellowing of the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process was higher than that of four step curing process. (2) The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of tobacco leaves in the early period of yellowing were higher than the four-step curing process, but lower than the four step curing process in the middle and late period of curing. (3) The contents of carotenoid and starch in tobacco leaves of the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process were lower than those of four step curing process, but the content of reducing sugar was higher than that of four step curing process. (4) The similarity of different substances in the two curing processes was ranked as follows: moisture> chlorophyll a> starch> chlorophyll b> reducing sugar> carotenoid. The dynamic changes of substances in the curing process can be divided into three categories. The first type includes moisture, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and starch, and the differences between the two curing processes mainly occur in the yellowing period. The second type is reducing sugar, and the difference between the two curing processes mainly occurs in the color-fixing period and the stem-drying period. The third type is carotenoid, two kinds of curing process have great differences during the whole curing process.

To explore the effects of air-curing room environment and methods on the moisture content and quality of cigar leaves during the airing process, ‘Habanos-2000’ cigar variety was selected as the experimental material, and two airing methods, normal airing and airing with stem, were set up. Airing was conducted in both a simple air-curing room with significant temperature and humidity differences and a reformed air- curing room. The grey relational analysis method was employed to study the influence of air-curing room environment and airing methods on moisture content, free water, bound water content, and moisture migration rate during the drying process of cigar leaves. By comparing the chemical composition of fermented leaves in each treatment, the suitable air-curing room pattern and drying method for the airing process of cigar leaves in Xuchang region were determined. The results showed that airing temperature had a significant effect on the moisture content of cigar leaves, while airing humidity had a significant effect on the bound water content and moisture migration rate of leaves. Specifically, the temperature in the simple air-curing room had the greatest impact on the moisture content of leaves under normal airing conditions, and the humidity in the reformed air-curing room had the greatest impact on the bound water content under normal airing conditions and the moisture migration rate under airing with stem conditions. Additionally, the cigar leaves airing with stem in the reformed air-curing room had the lowest total sugar, reducing sugar, and nicotine content, while the potassium content, potassium-chlorine ratio, nitrogen-nicotine ratio, and total sugar-reducing sugar ratio were the highest. In conclusion, cigar leaves airing with stem in an air-curing room equipped with temperature and humidity control devices in Xuchang region can provide more sufficient moisture supply for the leaves, thereby improving the quality of the dried leaves.

The paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for establishing a quantitative evaluation method for the essential quality of Lingyun Niuxin plum fruit. By setting different triggering force parameters, penetration speed, puncture distance, and fruit puncture site, data of indicators such as peel hardness, peel brittleness, peel toughness, peel rupture distance, flesh hardness, and flesh brittleness were obtained to determine the optimal parameter system for measuring texture characteristics. The optimal measurement conditions for texture analyzer puncture were determined to be a triggering force of 10 g, a puncture distance of 8 mm, and a penetration speed of 4 mm/s. The optimal puncture site was in the middle of the fruit, and the measured texture parameters could better reflect the differences between Lingyun Niuxin plum fruits. The hardness, brittleness, and toughness of the skin can serve as important indicators for accurately measuring the texture characteristics of Lingyun Niuxin plum fruit, enriching the content of quality evaluation and providing theoretical basis for establishing a standard and standardized quality identification system for Lingyun Niuxin plum fruit.