To investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilization on maize biomass accumulation and root growth under long-term straw returning, this study was conducted at Caijiapu of Kailu County, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia. Using straw removal as the control, four nitrogen application rates were established on fields with 8 consecutive years of straw incorporation: conventional nitrogen application (N4), 20% reduced nitrogen (N3), 30% reduction (N2), and 40% reduction (N1). Corn biomass accumulation, root number, root-to-shoot ratio, root distribution, and root biomass proportion were measured under different nitrogen application rates with continuous straw incorporation. The results indicated that nitrogen application rates significantly influenced maize biomass accumulation and root characteristics under continuous straw incorporation. Pre- and post-flowering biomass accumulation showed that the SR8 treatment significantly exceeded the NSR treatment by 3.75%-13.81% at the same nitrogen rate. After 8 years of continuous straw returning, 30% nitrogen reduction (N2 level) increased pre- and post-flowering maize biomass accumulation by 8.87% and 5.06% compared to N1 and N4 levels, respectively. At the N2 level, root dry weight in the soil profile increased by 1.10%-16.2% during the silking stage, with the root proportion in the 40-60 cm soil layer rising by 1.6%. The root-to-shoot ratio at maturity increased to 5.01%. Under NSR conditions, adequate nitrogen application (N4) promoted root number increase, while moderate nitrogen reduction (N2 level) achieved maximum root number in the 20-60 cm soil layer. In summary, reducing nitrogen fertilizer application by 30% (N2 level) after eight consecutive years of straw incorporation enhances maize biomass accumulation, optimizes root architecture, promotes deeper root penetration, and facilitates the development of an efficient root system. This provides theoretical support for achieving nitrogen efficiency gains through reduced fertilizer application under straw incorporation conditions.

To screen highland barley varieties suitable for cultivation in high-altitude regions, this study systematically investigated the adaptability, yield, and quality performance of 8 varieties under an altitude of 3050 meters. Using eight highland barley varieties, namely ‘Ganqing 4’, ‘Ganqing 6’, ‘Ganqing 8’ to ‘Ganqing 13’, as experimental materials, field observations were conducted to record the full growth period and stress resistance, while economic traits and core nutritional quality indicators were measured. All varieties exhibited a 1-3 day extension in growth period compared to lower-altitude environments, with ‘Ganqing 12’ and ‘Ganqing 6’ having the longest growth period (120 days). The tested varieties generally showed strong stress resistance, except for ‘Ganqing 12’, which had a medium lodging resistance rating. ‘Ganqing 11’ achieved the highest yield (4320 kg/hm²), followed by ‘Ganqing 8’ (4245 kg/hm²). ‘Ganqing 6’, ‘Ganqing 10’, and ‘Ganqing 11’ all had a thousand-grain weight exceeding 50 g, with outstanding performance in effective panicles (3.420-3.465 million/hm²) and plant height (71.6-96.6 cm). In terms of quality, ‘Ganqing 13’ showed significant advantages in starch (71.7 g/100g), β-glucan (3.82%), and anthocyanin (10.4 mg/100g) contents, while ‘Ganqing 11’ had the highest protein content (10.7 g/100g). ‘Ganqing 6’ and ‘Ganqing 11’ demonstrated excellent comprehensive agronomic traits, making them suitable as leading high-yield and stable varieties for high-altitude regions. ‘Ganqing 13’ has outstanding nutritional quality and potential for development as a functional special-purpose variety.

This study aims to evaluate the yield performance, quality traits, and regional adaptability of ‘Linhua 16’, a new fresh-eating peanut cultivar developed through irradiation-induced mutagenesis, and to provide a basis for expanding its suitable cultivation regions and promoting its application. Using a sweet local peanut landrace from Hebei Province ‘Hebei Nongjia Tianhuasheng’ as the donor material, ‘Linhua 16’ was bred through ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation followed by multi-generation directional selection, and was registered in 2019 under China’s National Variety Registration System for Non-major Crops, with the registration number of GPD Peanut (2019) 370023. In the Shandong Provincial Regional Trials conducted over two consecutive years (2013-2014), the average pod yield and kernel yield of ‘Linhua 16’ were 5675.51 and 4113.17 kg/hm², respectively, which were 9.20% and 10.47% higher than those of the control cultivar (‘Shanhua 9’). In 2023, ‘Linhua 16’ was included in a joint national demonstration and validation trial for fresh-eating peanut at nine locations. The results showed that its whole growth period ranged from 115 to 145 d, with an average 100-pod weight of 210.15 g, average 100-kernel weight of 80.48 g, average shelling percentage of 71.57%, and average sucrose content of 6.09 g/100 g. The average pod yield and kernel yield were 4578.45 and 3283.15 kg/hm², respectively. Overall, ‘Linhua 16’ combines desirable sweetness for fresh consumption, strong potential for high and stable yield, and broad regional adaptability, making it suitable for cultivation in low-altitude temperate regions such as the North China Plain and the Liaodong Peninsula. This study further highlights the importance of exploring and collecting high-quality parental germplasm resources. The mutant population obtained in this study also provides new germplasm and a research foundation for future targeted peanut breeding and genetic improvement.

Excessive application of chemical fertilizers leads to numerous problems such as soil acidification and compaction. Soybeans, as soil-improving crops, play a significant role in soil improvement. Their yield formation depends on the accumulation of dry matter in the later stage, and the slow-release property of organic fertilizers can meet this requirement. Current research focuses on the combined application mode of chemical and organic fertilizers. This study explored the impact of partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers on soybean yield and soil fertility, which was of great significance. This experiment used ‘Wandou 37’ as the material and set different ratios of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizers to analyze the growth traits, yield components, nutrient absorption, and changes in soil physical and chemical properties of soybeans, and to screen the best substitution ratio, providing a theoretical basis for green soybean production. Suitable plots were selected in Mengcheng, Anhui Province, and six treatments were set up, including single application of chemical fertilizers (T₁) and five treatments of organic fertilizer substitution for 20% to 100% of chemical fertilizers (T₂ to T₆). Samples were collected at maturity to analyze relevant indicators. The results showed that the plant height, stem diameter, and dry matter weight of each treatment with organic fertilizer substitution were all improved to varying degrees compared with the single application of chemical fertilizers. The yield of each treatment increased first and then decreased with the substitution ratio. Among them, the treatment with 60% substitution of chemical fertilizers (T₄) had the largest increase in yield (29.33%), and the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and the 100-seed weight all reached the highest. After applying organic fertilizers to substitute for chemical fertilizers, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were significantly increased, and the microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus also increased. Organic fertilizer substitution could increase soil pH, improve soil buffering capacity, and alleviate acidification in the long term. Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can significantly promote soybean growth, increase yield, and improve soil quality. Among them, the comprehensive effect of 60% substitution ratio is the best, which has the benefits of increasing yield and sustainable soil improvement, and is the recommended optimal fertilization mode.

To screen superior Populus deltoides clones for pulpwood plantation, the paper took 5 Populus deltoides clones, including 4 newly hybridized and selected clones and ‘Clone 69’ (P. deltoides Bartr. cv. ‘Lux’), as research objects, determined and analyzed wood anatomical characteristics and mechanical properties. The results showed that the average fiber lengths of sapwood and heartwood among five 9-year-old clones ranged from 1099.65 to 1397.61 μm and 962.67 to 1069.21 μm respectively, belonging to the intermediate length category; the average fiber widths of sapwood and heartwood were 21.44-24.46 μm and 21.59-23.69 μm respectively; the fiber length-width ratios of sapwood and heartwood were 46.87-59.17 and 41.67-48.55 respectively. The fiber wall-lumen ratios of sapwood and heartwood in all 5 clones were less than 1, indicating they were top-grade raw materials for papermaking; the average fiber wall thickness of sapwood (4.76 μm) and heartwood (3.38 μm) in ‘Clone 01-24’ was significantly lower than that in other clones. The basic densities of 5 clones ranged from 0.32 to 0.42 g/cm³, all meeting the Grade II standard of basic density for commonly used wood in China. ‘Clone 01-29’ had the lowest air-dry shrinkage rate in sapwood and heartwood, as well as the lowest oven-dry shrinkage rate in sapwood; in 5 clones, ‘Clone 03-27’ and ‘Clone 69’ had significantly higher average compressive strength parallel to grain and bending elastic modulus in sapwood and heartwood than the other three clones, indicating stronger fiber rigidity and toughness. The cellulose content in sapwood and heartwood of ‘Clone 69’ was lower than that of the other 4 clones, while ‘Clone 01-24’ had the highest cellulose content (46.99% in sapwood and 46.27% in heartwood), which was conducive to obtaining higher pulp yield. In conclusion, each of 5 P. deltoides clones exhibits distinct advantages in papermaking performance. Notably, 4 newly selected Populus deltoides clones demonstrate considerable potential as superior clones suitable for pulpwood plantation cultivation.

To reveal the improvement effect of vegetation restoration on soil quality, different vegetation types in Jiufeng National Forest Park were selected as research objects, with abandoned land as the control. The contents of soil-microbe biomass carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were determined, and the relationships among their stoichiometric ratios, microbial entropy (qMB), and stoichiometric imbalance were analyzed. The research results showed that: (1) the contents of soil C, N, and P in the natural mixed forest were significantly higher than those in other vegetation types. In addition, the C:N and C:P ratios in the Pinus tabulaeformis plantation, Platycladus orientalis plantation, and natural mixed forest were significantly higher than those in the Quercus variabilis forest and abandoned land, while the soil N:P ratio showed no significant difference. (2) The overall content of soil microbial biomass was higher in the Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Platycladus orientalis forest, and mixed forest than in the Quercus variabilis forest and abandoned land. (3) The MBC:MBN of the soil in the Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis plantations was significantly higher than that in the abandoned land, but there was no significant difference between the two plantations. The soil MBN:MBP did not reach a significant level, while the MBC:MBP values in the mixed forest and abandoned land were the lowest. (4) The soil microbial entropy in the Pinus tabulaeformis plantation was the largest; among which, the microbial entropy carbon (qMBC) was the lowest in the MF (12.39%). The microbial entropy nitrogen and phosphorus (qMBN, qMBP) were the lowest in the oak forest (12.30%). (5) There was no significant difference in C:N_imb among different vegetation types; the soil-microbe C:P_imb and N:P_imb were the lowest in the oak forest, and the highest in the natural mixed forest. This study found that the natural mixed forest is the optimal model for improving soil fertility. When restoring vegetation, priority should be given to constructing mixed forests of coniferous and broad-leaved trees, and rationally configuring near-natural schemes such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis. This study provides new biological evidence and precise practical support for the assessment of urban forest soil quality and the optimization of vegetation restoration strategies, and helps to achieve the connection between theoretical innovation and ecological construction needs.

To address the issues of soil nutrient deficiency and restricted growth faced by Bougainvillea in urban bridge greening, this study aims to clarify the application effects and optimal fertilization strategy of fish protein fertilizer. Using the common urban bridge greening variety Bougainvillea ‘Miss Manila’ as the test material, five fertilization treatments were established: organic fertilizer (T1), seaweed fish protein fertilizer (T2), polypeptide fish protein fertilizer (T3), organic fertilizer + seaweed fish protein fertilizer (T4), and organic fertilizer + polypeptide fish protein fertilizer (T5), with no fertilization as the control (CK). A pot experiment was conducted to investigate their effects on the growth, root traits, soil nutrients, and enzyme activities of Bougainvillea. The results showed: (1) Fertilization treatments significantly promoted the plant height, ground diameter, crown width, and biomass accumulation of Bougainvillea. Compared with CK, T1 notably increased the north-south crown width (31.30%) and total root nitrogen content (97.79%). T2 exhibited the most pronounced promotion effect on underground biomass, with a remarkable increase of 221.12%. T3 significantly improved ground diameter (24.61%) and leaf SPAD values (13.68%), while T4 showed the most outstanding enhancement in plant height (44.67%) and aboveground fresh weight (80.65%). Additionally, T5 led to a 40.90% rise in total root phosphorus content. (2) All fertilization treatments markedly stimulated root system development. Specifically, T2 increased total root volume, whereas T4 outperformed in multiple root metrics, including total root length, root tip number, total volume, surface area, projected area, and average diameter. (3) Compared with CK, T1 significantly elevated soil organic matter (275.83%), available nitrogen (103.76%), and available potassium (133.09%). T2 boosted total soil potassium content by 53.21%, while T5 sharply increased total phosphorus (142.84%) and available phosphorus (109.82%). Furthermore, T1 enhanced soil neutral protease activity by 144.61%, and T2 improved neutral phosphatase and urease activities by 55.88% and 251.55%, respectively (P<0.05). (4) Principal component analysis and Mantel test results demonstrated that the growth-promoting effects of fish protein fertilizer on bougainvillea were significantly positively correlated with the improvement of soil physicochemical properties and the effective regulation of soil enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Compared with polypeptide fish protein fertilizer, the seaweed fish protein composite fertilizer exhibited superior comprehensive effects in enhancing Bougainvillea growth and improving soil fertility. This study provides a scientific basis for high-quality cultivation of plants used in urban three-dimensional greening, and future field trials can be conducted to further verify the fertilizer efficacy.

This study aimed to screen salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere soil of common bean grown in saline-alkali soil that could enhance the growth of common bean seedlings under salt stress, so as to lay a foundation for the development of salt-tolerant microbial inoculants for common bean. Using the rhizosphere soil of common bean in saline-alkali soil and the salt-sensitive common bean cultivar 'A18' as experimental materials, strains were screened by methods such as the Salkowski colorimetric method, and a pot experiment was conducted for verification. The growth and physiological indices of common bean seedlings were determined. The results showed that under salt stress, the root length, aboveground fresh weight, aboveground dry weight and root dry weight of common bean seedlings decreased by 49.43%, 16.72%, 17.07% and 25%, respectively, compared with the control group. Inoculation with strain B10 exhibited the most significant growth-promoting effect on common bean seedlings under salt stress. Compared with the salt stress treatment alone, inoculation with strain B10 under salt stress increased the root length, aboveground fresh weight, root fresh weight, aboveground dry weight and root dry weight of common bean by 81.53%, 35.12%, 37.41%, 55.88% and 55.56%, respectively, all of which reached significant difference levels. According to the experimental results, strain B10 can promote the growth of common bean seedlings under salt stress and can be further used to develop related salt-tolerant microbial inoculants.

To investigate the regulatory effects of different livestock manures on aerobic fermentation of tobacco stalks, composting experiments were conducted with tobacco stalks mixing separately with swine manure (T1), sheep manure (T2), cattle manure (T3), and chicken manure (T4) at an initial C/N ratio of 25:1. Key parameters including pile temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and germination index (GI) were dynamically monitored to evaluate manure-type effects on the maturation process. The results demonstrated that all treatments met thermophilic-phase sanitation standards, with post-fermentation (63 d) pH stabilizing between 8.00-8.50. Treatments T1 and T2 exhibited significantly lower EC but higher TOC than T3 and T4. Nutrient analysis showed that at the end of composting, the TN content in treatment T2 was significantly higher than that in T1, T3, and T4. The C/N ratios of all treatments eventually fell below 15. TP content peaked in T4 and reached minimum in T2, with TK accumulation following T4>T3>T1>T2. Maturity assessment showed significantly higher GI values in T1 and T2 versus T4, indicating superior compost maturity and reduced phytotoxicity. In summary, swine manure (T1) and sheep manure (T2) effectively enhanced organic matter conversion efficiency, optimized nutrient balance, and accelerated maturation, establishing them as optimal amendments for tobacco stalk valorization. This study provides critical theoretical and technical parameters for composting optimization.

To explore the improvement effect of agricultural wastes on saline-alkali wasteland for scientific application, this study selected three agricultural wastes, namely furfural residue, vinegar residue and bacterial residue. Random large-area plot experiment was conducted by applying them to soda saline-alkali wasteland. The application effects of the three amendments were comprehensively evaluated by measuring the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the structural characteristics of soil bacterial communities, and the biomass of aboveground plants. The results showed that the application of furfural residue, vinegar residue and bacterial residue could increase soil water content, reduce soil compactness and soil bulk density. The order of improvement effect from best to good was vinegar residue > furfural residue > bacterial residue. Furfural residue could effectively reduce the soil to pH 7.86, reduce the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to 3.58%, and increase the organic matter to 36.00 g/kg. In contrast, vinegar residue and bacterial residue increased the soil pH and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and reduced the soil organic matter content compared with the control. The application of the three amendments reduced the richness and diversity of soil bacteria, changed the composition of dominant bacterial phyla, increased the relative abundance of soil Pseudomonadota, but decreased that of soil Acidobacteriota. The application of furfural residue increased the dry matter content of Sesbania sesban to 13406.7 kg/hm². Comprehensively, the effect of furfural residue on improving saline-alkali wasteland was better than that of vinegar residue and bacterial residue.

This study investigated the spatial distribution and risk levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contamination in farmland soils within a typical industrial and mining area of northern Guangdong. An evaluation framework centered on “total content-chemical speciation-bioavailability” was constructed to provide a scientific basis for regional soil heavy metal pollution control and remediation. Taking the specific farmland area around typical industrial and mining industries in northern Guangdong as the research object, field sampling and laboratory analyses were conducted to determine the total concentrations and chemical speciation of Cd and Pb. The contamination degree, ecological risk, and bioavailability were systematically assessed. The results showed that: (1) both the contents and evaluation indices of Cd and Pb exhibit strong spatial variability. The spatial distributions of high-concentration areas differ between the two elements, indicating distinct pollution sources. Cd, in particular, displays significant point-source pollution characteristics. (2) Cd showed a high level according to the potential ecological risk index, whereas Pb was classified as uncontaminated based on both the single-factor index and the potential ecological risk index. However, the risk assessment code (RAC) and reduced partition index (RSP) evaluations for Cd both indicated high contamination levels. For Pb, RAC results suggested mainly low to moderate risk, while its RSP result indicated high contamination. The pollution grades derived from bioavailability-based assessment (using chemical speciation) were higher than those based on total heavy metal content. The soils in the study area were predominantly acidic, which could enhance Cd bioavailability and lead to a high contamination risk. Although Pb was considered safe based on total content evaluation, its potential ecological threat remained significant. Priority should be given to the remediation of Cd, while long-term monitoring of Pb should be strengthened to mitigate the composite pollution risk in the farmland ecosystem.

The soil physical and chemical properties, microbial content and enzyme activity of tobacco-planting soil in 0, 3, 6, 9 years of continuous cropping were determined in Malong of Qujing, Changes in soil nutrient content, microbial content and enzyme activity across different continuous cropping years were analyzed. The results showed that as the number of consecutive years of tobacco cropping increased, soil pH, organic matter, available boron, available copper, available zinc, and available manganese all tended to decrease. In contrast, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, available sulfur, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium showed increasing trends, while chloride ion content first increased and then decreased. Bacterial counts initially declined and then increased with longer continuous cropping, whereas fungal and actinomycete counts continuously increased, and the population of the black stem rust pathogen rose year by year. Urease and sucrase activities exhibited a significant decline, whereas acid phosphatase and peroxidase activities did not show significant differences among years. In conclusion, long-term continuous cropping has led to the imbalance of key nutrients and the deterioration of microbial flora. Therefore, it is suggested that Malong tobacco area should focus on the following points in continuous cropping management: improving acidified soil and supplement organic matter; controlling the excessive application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, and supplement trace elements such as boron, copper, zinc and manganese; regulating soil microbial flora to reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and improving soil health in Malong tobacco area.

As an important economic crop in Yingshan County, tea is a pillar industry for local rural revitalization. This study aims to determine the localization parameters of the AquaCrop crop model and improve its ability to predict tea yield. Using the tea yields in Yingshan County from 2013 to 2022, as well as meteorological data such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine, the required tea tree growth parameters for the AquaCrop crop model were obtained through parameter sensitivity analysis. The AquaCrop model parameters were locally calibrated and optimized, and a tea leaf production forecasting model for Yingshan County was established. Based on two future scenario models, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, the tea yield was predicted. The results showed that: (1) using OTA method for sensitivity analysis of non-conservative parameters, the relative sensitivity ranking of each parameter was obtained, with maturity time>standardized water productivity>tea tree base temperature>sensitivity of crop coefficient>initial canopy coverage>maximum canopy coverage time, and the sensitivity of other parameters was relatively weak. (2) The localized parameters of the AquaCrop crop model for tea in Yingshan County were optimized, and the root mean square error, conformity, and residual clustering set of the optimized parameter combinations were 0.15, 0.68, and 0.01 respectively. (3) The simulated forecast of tea production in Yingshan County from 2013 to 2022 was basically consistent with the actual production trend. Since 2013, the tea production in Yingshan County had shown an upward trend, reaching 0.03 t/hm². The AquaCrop model predicts an upward trend of 0.02 t/hm², which was basically consistent with the actual production trend. (4) Based on two future scenario models, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, the simulated tea yields increased by 13.7% and 38.9% compared to the 2013-2022 average yields due to a significant reduction in tea winter freeze and spring frost and an increase in effective cumulative temperature. In summary, the AquaCrop crop model, after parameter localization, performs well in simulating tea yield in Yingshan County and can serve as a tool for predicting tea yield based on meteorological conditions during the growth period.

This study aimed to explore the responses of mycorrhizae of alien plants and native plants to the changes of rainstorm frequency in karst areas. Dominant alien plants and native plants from karst abandoned land under four rainfall treatments (natural rainfall (CK), low-frequency rainstorm (T20), medium-frequency rainstorm (T40), and high-frequency rainstorm (T60)) were used to determine the mycorrhizal colonization rate of plants, soil hyphal density, and spore density. The results showed: (1) Medium-frequency and high-frequency rainstorm treatments significantly increased the arbuscular colonization rate of native plants (P<0.05) and improved soil spore density, but decreased the arbuscular colonization rate of alien plants. Among them, the spore density of alien plants only increased under high-frequency rainstorm treatment. (2) Medium-frequency rainstorm treatment significantly reduced the hyphal density of native plants (P<0.05), while the hyphal density of alien plants showed no significant change. (3) Extreme rainstorm treatments reduced the number of plant species with mycorrhizal differences, and different plant species showed variations in their responses to extreme rainstorms. The results indicated that rainstorm frequency affected the mycorrhizal colonization characteristics differently for different plant species; native plants exhibited a more sensitive response to rainfall changes.

To quantitatively evaluate the risk of frost disasters during the rice maturity period in Xing'an League, this paper utilizes daily minimum temperature data from six national meteorological stations in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, spanning from 1981 to 2022, as well as rice planting area and yield data from 1991 to 2022. By employing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted comprehensive scoring method, a risk evaluation model for frost disasters during the rice maturity period is established. Furthermore, a regional analysis of the risk of frost disasters during the rice maturity period in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, is conducted. The results show that: the high risk areas of frost disaster during rice maturity in Xing'an League of Inner Mongolia are mainly distributed in the central and northern parts of Zhalaite Banner. The medium risk areas are mainly distributed in the eastern part of Zhalaite Banner. The low risk areas are mainly distributed in Ulanhot City, Keyouqian Banner, Tuquan County, and Keyouzhong Banner. It is recommended to enhance their frost resistance in high-risk areas and select rice varieties suitable for their growth period to reduce losses caused by frost disasters. Low-risk areas can choose rice varieties with longer growth periods and higher yields to fully utilize thermal resources.

In order to solve the problems of traditional agricultural insurance in the risk protection of peach industry, such as difficult loss determination, slow claim settlement and high moral hazard, the scientific weather index insurance mechanism was constructed to accurately and efficiently transfer the risk of peach planting and stabilize the income of peach industry. Based on the spring flowering temperature data of crisp peach in Lu'an from 1991 to 2020, taking the daily minimum temperature of 0℃ as the critical value of the key disaster causing factor of low temperature freezing injury, this paper defines the low temperature weather index (I) of crisp peach in Lu'an as the maximum duration of low temperature events during the flowering period in the insurance period. On this basis, the K-means clustering analysis method was used to establish the low-temperature freezing injury grade index of crisp peach at flowering stage, and the low-temperature freezing injury weather insurance index of crisp peach at flowering stage was designed, which was popularized and applied in pilot projects. The results showed that the low temperature freezing injury of Lu'an crisp peach could be divided into four grades: mild (0<I≤1), moderate (1<I≤3), severe (3<I≤5) and extra heavy (I>5). When the weather index of low temperature and freezing injury was ≥2 d, the compensation was started, and the compensation proportion was 6%-50%. The average compensation rate of low temperature and freezing injury of crisp peaches in Lu'an from 1991 to 2020 was 5.1%, and the average compensation amount was 770 yuan per hectare. The pilot application shows that the weather index insurance product is basically reasonable, and the research results can provide scientific and technical support for agricultural insurance companies to design crisp peach spring low temperature weather index insurance products.

The aim is to provide meteorological basis for objective evaluation of the quality level of Myrica rubra, rational planting layout of Myrica rubra and improving the meteorological conditions for the formation of quality of Myrica rubra. Based on the measured data of soluble solids and total acid of Biqi and Dongkui Myrica rubra at multiple altitudes in Huaihua area from 2021 to 2023, the soluble solids and total acid quality of the two types of Myrica rubra were first divided into four grades, and a comprehensive actual quality evaluation method and standard were established. Combined with the corresponding meteorological data, the key meteorological factors affecting the quality of Myrica rubra were revealed by using the statistical methods of path correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and cluster analysis. Some conclusions were as follows: The key meteorological factors affecting the soluble solids of Biqi Myrica rubra were the number of days with less than 1 hour of sunshine during 5 days before maturity, and the number of rainfall days with more than 5 mm during 9 days before maturity; the key climatic factors affecting total acid were average maximum temperature during 44 days and during 19 days before maturity; the key climatic factors affecting the soluble solids of Dongkui Myrica rubra was sunshine hours during 8 days before maturity; and the key climatic factors affecting total acid were average temperature during 30 days before maturity and average maximum temperatures during 33 days before maturity. The less rainy days and more sunlight during 9 days before maturity (color changes from red to purple), the higher the content of soluble solids; the higher the average temperature and maximum temperature after the fruit setting stage of Myrica rubra, the lower the total acid content. The meteorological simulation models and climate quality evaluation models for two kinds of Myrica rubra were constructed respectively. After regression calculation and actual test, the climate quality grade and the actual quality grade were basically consistent, indicating that the evaluation method had high accuracy and could be used for the evaluation practice of Myrica rubra quality grade.

The paper aims to develop a rapid propagation system for the medicinal resource Rubus chingii var. suavissimus. Using tender stem segments with buds as explants, the study investigated the effects of sterilization duration, hormone concentration ratios in subculture proliferation media and rooting media, as well as transplanting substrate ratios on aseptic line establishment, cluster bud proliferation, test-tube plantlet rooting, and transplant growth of tissue-cultured seedlings. Orthogonal test design combined with stepwise regression analysis was used to screen the optimal conditions of each link. Results showed that the optimal sterilization method for explants was treatment with 0.1% HgCl₂ solution for 7 minutes, achieving a survival rate of 80%. The optimal subculture proliferation medium was MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.1 mg/L, with a proliferation coefficient of 27.33. The optimal rooting medium was 1/2MS+ IBA 0.5 mg/L, resulting in 100% rooting rate, approximately 13 average roots per plant, and average root length of 1.74 cm. The optimal transplanting substrate ratio was vermiculite: nutrient soil: coconut coir=1:1:1, with a survival rate as high as 86.3%. The successful establishment of a rapid tissue culture propagation system for Rubus chingii var. suavissimus holds significant importance for the sustainable development of sweet tea resources and the conservation of genetic diversity in characteristic medicinal plants.

The purpose of this study was to establish an efficient in vitro regeneration system of embryo lobules of different peanut varieties, and to provide strong technical support for genetic improvement and biotechnology application of peanut. In this experiment, the embryo lobules of two different peanut varieties ‘Laiyang Silihong’ and ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’) were used as explants, and the effects of different plant growth regulators and seedling hardening time on the establishment of embryo lobule regeneration system were studied by tissue culture method. The results showed that the most suitable growth regulator for ‘Laiyang Silihong’ was 3.25 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA for bud cluster induction, 1.5 mg/L TDZ+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L GA₃ for bud cluster extraction, 2.0 mg/L TDZ+4.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+1.5 mg/L GA₃ for bud cluster elongation, and 2.0 mg/L NAA+0.3 mg/L 2,4-D for rooting culture. The most suitable growth regulator for ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’) embryo leaflet bud induction was 3.25 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA, the bud cluster was 1.5 mg/L TDZ+4.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.5 mg/L GA₃, the bud cluster elongation was 2.0 mg/L TDZ+3.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA+2.0 mg/L GA₃, and the rooting culture was 2.5 mg/L NAA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D. The best transplanting time of the two peanut varieties was 7 days, and the fruit setting rates of ‘Laiyang Silihong’ and ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’) were 57.63% and 48.67%, respectively. In this study, the in vitro regeneration system of embryo leaflets of two peanut varieties, ‘Laiyang Silihong’ and ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’), was successfully established. The results not only improved the peanut tissue culture technology system, but also provided important transgenic technology platform support for subsequent peanut genetic improvement research and functional gene mining.

The aim is to find efficient and green natural antioxidants for food preservation. Essential oils were extracted from five Artemisia species (Artemisia sieversiana, A. selengensis, A. carvifolia, A. japonica and A. argyi) produced in Shaanxi by hydrodistillation. Their chemical compositions were analyzed via GC-MS, and their sensory profiles and antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results indicated distinct variations in chemical constituents among the five oils. Specifically, 10, 32, 24, 18, and 40 compounds were identified in the oils of A. sieversiana, A. selengensis, A. carvifolia, A. japonica, and A. argyi, respectively. While the dominant components differed, caryophyllene oxide was identified as a common constituent across all samples. Antioxidant capacities were determined using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The findings demonstrate that the essential oils of A. selengensis, A. carvifolia, and A. argyi exhibit favorable antioxidant activity, with A. selengensis oil showing the most prominent efficacy. These results suggest that Artemisia species hold significant potential as natural food preservatives.

To address the problems of low sensitivity, cumbersome pretreatment, large matrix interference, and easy missed detection of low concentration of clopidol in feed, this study aimed to establish a solid-phase extraction- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for the rapid determination of clopidol content in feed, in order to meet the requirements of accurate quantification and safety supervision. Clopidol in feed samples was extracted using a 0.2% ammonia-methanol solution, purified through an alkaline alumina solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and separated on a C₁₈ column with gradient elution using ammonium formate solution and methanol as the mobile phase. Detection was performed by LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI⁺) mode, and quantification was conducted using matrix-matched external standard calibration. The results showed that clopidol exhibited a good linearity within the concentration range of 0.2-100 μg/L, with a correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.999. The method detection limits (LOD) and quantification limits (LOQ) were 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Method accuracy was evaluated in various types of feed, yielding recoveries of 90%-102%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 7%. This analytical method is simple to perform, highly sensitive, accurate, and reproducible, and significantly improves the detection limit and qualitative reliability compared with the national standard method. It meets the methodological requirements for the determination of clopidol in feed and provides a reliable technical approach for its precise quantification.

This review aims to clarify the harm mechanism and genetic regularity of resistance to maize ear rot, so as to facilitate disease-resistant breeding and green prevention and control. It summarizes the symptomatic characteristics, epidemic regularity, harm features and influencing factors of maize ear rot; concludes the integrated prevention and control strategies including agricultural, chemical and biological control; and systematically combs the latest research progress in the screening of resistant germplasm resources, mapping of resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as development and functional verification of resistance genes for maize ear rot. The key problems faced by current disease-resistant breeding are pointed out, including the scarcity of highly resistant germplasm resources, complex genetic mechanism of resistance, inadequate functional analysis of resistance genes, insufficient integration of multi-technical breeding, and the threat of mycotoxins from maize ear rot. Future research directions are proposed as follows: (1) Strengthen the collection, accurate identification and innovative utilization of resistant germplasm resources; (2) deeply analyze the functions of disease-resistant genes and their interaction mechanisms with the environment; (3) utilize modern biotechnologies such as transgeneic and gene editing to create new materials with broad-spectrum and durable resistance; (4) promote the integration of multi-technical breeding, accelerate the breeding of new disease-resistant varieties with excellent agronomic traits, so as to realize the green and sustainable prevention and control of maize ear rot.

With the gradual relaxation of restrictions on insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) maize in some regions of China, target pests such as Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera, and Mythimna separata have been effectively controlled. However, the non-target pest Monolepta hieroglyphica has shown an increasing occurrence every year and has emerged as a major pest in northern agricultural regions. To systematically understand this pest and provide directions for future research, this study reviews the classification, biological and ecological characteristics, damage characteristics, host plants, artificial rearing status, control methods and molecular biology progress of Monolepta hieroglyphica. The review finds that many scholars have conducted extensive research on Monolepta hieroglyphica in terms of biological and ecological characteristics, damage characteristics and control strategies. However, both the larvae and adults of this pest cause damage, the eggs have diapause, the larvae are soil-dwelling and have uneven hatching rates, and the driving factors for host plant transfer by adults are not clear, which leads to insufficient understanding of this pest by most agricultural practitioners. Based on this, the future research directions of Monolepta hieroglyphica are proposed: (1) To understand the mechanism of host plant transfer by Monolepta hieroglyphica adults; (2) to establish an artificial rearing system for Monolepta hieroglyphica; (3) to strengthen the molecular biology research of Monolepta hieroglyphica; (4) to study the interaction mechanism among host plants, Monolepta hieroglyphica and natural enemies; (5) to strengthen the breeding of crops resistant to Monolepta hieroglyphica. This review provides a systematic reference for a comprehensive understanding of Monolepta hieroglyphica and offers important implications for its integrated pest management.

To clarify the application effects of stem and leaf herbicides, including Clethodim, Aminopyralid·Clopyralid, Benazolin-ethyl, Quizalofop-P-ethyl, Clopyralid, Haloxyfop-P-methyl and Aminopyralid·Benazolin-ethyl·Clopyralid in the field of spring rapeseed of Brassica napus L., and provide a basis for safe and efficient chemical weed control, we compared and analyzed the weed control effect of the above-mentioned herbicides, their impact on the safety, yield composition, and grain quality in spring rapeseed of Brassica napus L.. The tested stem and leaf herbicides showed certain control effects on weeds in rapeseed fields. Among them, 24% Clopyralid·6% AminopyralidAS157.5g a.i./hm², 30% Clopyralid AS180 g a.i./hm², and 108 g/L Haloxyfop-P-methyl EC56.7g a.i./hm² achieved significant plant control effect and fresh grass control effect of 67.09%-88.26%. At the same time, the yield reached 2330.01 kg/hm², 2323.34 kg/hm², and 2300.01 kg/hm², which increased by 6.23%, 5.93%, and 4.86% respectively compared to the control with clean water. Other herbicides reduced production compared to the control, with a reduction range of 0.3%-16.26%. The impact of stem and leaf herbicides on quality is manifested as an increase in oleic acid content and a decrease in arachidonic acid content in the fatty acid components. The difference in oleic acid content reached a significant level (P=0.0353), while the difference in arachidonic acidcontent (P=0.0031) was extremely significant. In the production of spring rapeseed of Brassica napus L., it is recommended to use 24% Clopyralid·6% AminopyralidAS, 30% Clopyralid AS, and 108 g/L Haloxyfop-P-methyl EC for fields mixed with grasses and broad-leaved weeds,, which have the advantages of high efficiency, safety, and significant yield increase. The selection of herbicides should be based on grass phase, and should be applied at the appropriate time during the 3-6 leaf stage of weeds.

This study aims to provide basic information on the new storage pest of sweet potatoes, Paralipsa gularis (Zeller), clarifying its phylogenetic relationship within the order Lepidoptera. This lays the basic for the identification and control of this pest. The author identified the morphological characteristics and cox1 gene of the pest, and utilized Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology to sequence its mitochondrial genome. The structural features and base composition were analyzed, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method (ML) based on the complete mitochondrial genomic sequences of closely related species to analyze the phylogenetic relationship with related species. The results indicate that the new sweetpotato storage pest is identified as P. gularis (Zeller), with a complete mitochondrial genome length of 15393 bp, an A+T content of 79.67%, and comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, totaling 37 genes, along with one non-coding control region. Among the 13 protein-coding genes, the start codon of the cox1 gene is CGA, while the start codons of the other genes are typical ATN. The termination codons for the nad2, cox1, cox2, and nad4 genes are incomplete stop codons (T--), whereas the termination codons for the other protein-coding genes are typical TAA or TAG. Of the 22 tRNA, only trnS1-GCT lacks the DHU arm, while the others can form typical cloverleaf structures. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that P. gularis (sweetpotato) is a member of the family Pyralidae (subfamily Galleriinae, superfamily Pyraloidea), closely related to Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). This study is the first to report that P. gularis (Zeller) damages sweetpotato storage roots, and its distinct morphological characteristics and mitochondrial genomic sequence are clarified, which provide fundamental data for the identification, control, and research of this pest.

The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the research hotspots and evolutionary trends of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) from 2000 to 2024 by combining knowledge graph with bibliometric methods. A total of 769 Chinese-language literatures and 300 English-language literatures related to PNS published from 2000 to 2024 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and knowledge graphs were constructed and bibliometric analysis was performed using tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace and R programming language. The results showed that the annual number of publications had a steady overall growth from 2000 to 2024, with a relatively rapid increase in English-language literatures in recent years; core authors and institutions had formed a close cooperative network. High-frequency keywords focused on themes such as Panax notoginseng, saponin components, pharmacological effects and quality control. Cluster analysis revealed research modules including "Extraction, Purification and Analysis", "Mechanism of Action and Pharmacodynamics" and "Network Pharmacology". Burst keywords and time-zone maps showed that the research focus had evolved from basic components and applications in cerebrovascular diseases to mechanisms of apoptosis and oxidative stress, and then to emerging directions such as pharmacokinetics and autophagy. The knowledge graph revealed that the research on Panax notoginseng saponins had formed a research network with Chinese universities and research institutes as the core and multi-country collaboration. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and other institutions had made outstanding contributions. The research focused on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, autophagy regulation and so on. Accurate delivery, multi-target coordination, and intestinal flora regulation are key breakthrough areas in the future. This study comprehensively combs the research context and frontier of Panax notoginseng saponins, which can provide quantitative reference and direction guidance for subsequent basic research, clinical transformation and industrial development.