Rice-duck farming has been widely applied in optimal intensive rice cropping production in southern China. To investigate the effects of combined application of organic materials on soil organic matter and rice quality under rice-duck farming system, three cultivation treatments were established with conventional chemical fertilization as the control: chemical fertilizer + ducks, biochar + chemical fertilizer + ducks, and green manure + biochar + chemical fertilizer + ducks. The study examined the impacts of combined application of organic materials on soil microbial biomass nitrogen, soil organic matter, rice yield, and rice quality. The results showed (1) the combined application of organic materials influenced the transformation of organic and inorganic nitrogen in rice-duck farming soils. Compared with the treatment without organic material, biochar and green manure + biochar significantly increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen in double-cropping rice fields, with early-season rice increasing by 51.73% and 35.02%, and late-season rice increasing by 30.67% and 50.35%. (2) The combined application of organic material promoted the accumulation of soil organic matter in rice-duck farming systems. Even without organic material addition, soil organic matter content under rice-duck farming was significantly higher than that under conventional fertilization, with increases of 3.47% in early-season rice and 8.11% in late-season rice. Treatments with organic materials further enhanced soil organic matter compared with chemical fertilizer alone, with biochar increasing by 80.05% and 55.75% in early- and late-season rice fields, respectively, with green manure + biochar increasing by 93.15% and 80.92%. (3) The combined application of organic material improved rice quality under rice-duck farming. Rice cooking quality of biochar and biochar+green manure treatments was superior compared with treatment without organic materials, both reaching the first-grade rice quality standard. The appearance quality of rice under all rice-duck farming treatments met the first-grade rice quality standard. The combined application of green manure or biochar in the rice-duck farming system is beneficial for optimizing intensive rice production in southern China.

The study aimed to conduct a quantitative analysis using basic production data of wheat and corn from Juye County, Shandong Province, so as to provide data support and theoretical foundations for developing low-carbon, green agriculture and achieving agricultural carbon neutrality. Employing the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the research focused on the wheat and corn cropping systems in Juye County in 2023. By systematically collecting fundamental data, including sown area, yield levels, fertilizer application rates, pesticide usage, diesel consumption, and irrigation electricity use, the study quantitatively calculated and evaluated the carbon footprint throughout the grain production process. The results showed that in 2023, the carbon footprints of wheat and corn production in Juye County were 123600 tons and 76800 tons, respectively. The carbon footprint per unit sown area and per unit yield for wheat was 2.27 t/hm² and 0.35 t/t, and that for corn was 1.70 t/hm² and 0.24 t/t. The carbon footprint per unit output value and per unit profit for wheat was 1.26 and 2.28 t/10000 yuan, respectively, compared to 0.77 and 1.11 t/10000 yuan for corn. Both the total carbon footprint and unit carbon footprint of wheat production were higher than those of corn. Fertilizers, field operations, irrigation electricity, and diesel consumption from agricultural machinery were the main sources of carbon emissions in the wheat and corn production systems, accounting for 34.91%, 26.14%, 19.32%, and 15.43% of annual total emissions, respectively. In both wheat and corn production, fertilizers and machinery contributed more significantly to carbon emissions and production costs than seeds and pesticides. Therefore, optimizing fertilizer application, promoting water-saving irrigation, and advancing efficient mechanized farming are sustainable strategies that can achieve a win-win outcome for both economic and ecological benefits.

In order to meet the industrial demand of summer fresh sweet-waxy corn in Hebei Province, this study systematically expounded the breeding process, characteristics, high-efficiency cultivation techniques and promotion mode of the new variety ‘Shitiannuo 8’. The hybrid was developed by crossing the inbred line ‘Shi Nuo 6’ as the female parent with ‘Shi Nuo 7’ as the male parent. Variety evaluation was carried out through regional trials, disease resistance identification, and quality analysis. In the regional trials in 2021 and 2022, the average yield of fresh cobs was 16191.00 kg/hm² and 15540.00 kg/hm² respectively, with an average yield of 15865.05 kg/hm² over the two-year period, representing a 7.20% increase compared to the control variety ‘Wan Nuo 6’. This variety is medium-early maturing, with a growth period of approximately 80 days for summer sowing. The grains are purple-white in color, with a 1000- grain weight of 336 g, and the amylose content accounts for 1.55% of the crude starch. ‘Shitiannuo 8’ has excellent comprehensive traits, is suitable for summer sowing in the fresh-eating waxy corn areas of Hebei Province, and has good promotion prospects.

To clarify the effects of film mulching on sweet potato growth under water stress during early establishment in the spring drought prone areas of northern China, and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differential responses to mulch color, a field experiment was conducted using cultivars ‘Taishu 15’ and ‘Taizishu 1’ as test materials. Three treatments were established: no mulching (CK), white film mulching (WM), and black film mulching (BM). Soil water content, growth parameters, osmotic adjustment substances, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. The results showed that compared with CK, film mulching treatments significantly increased soil moisture content at 10-30 days after transplanting, with the BM treatment showing the best effect, achieving an increase of 28.1% to 77.9%. The BM treatment significantly promoted the growth of vine length, branch number, stem diameter, and leaf area. Regarding physiological indicators, the BM treatment significantly increased leaf proline and chlorophyll b content while significantly reducing malondialdehyde content. In terms of photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were significantly increased under the BM treatment. The net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO₂ concentration of both WM and BM treatments were significantly higher than those of CK, but there was no significant difference between the two film treatments. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that film mulching treatments significantly increased the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, actual photochemical efficiency, and photochemical quenching coefficient, while decreasing the non-photochemical quenching coefficient, with the BM treatment showing more prominent improvement effects. Regarding antioxidant enzymes, the BM treatment also significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. In conclusion, black plastic film mulching promotes sweet potato plant growth by increasing soil moisture content, enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity, improving photosystem performance, and boosting antioxidant capacity, with its effects being superior to those of white plastic film. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for green and efficient sweet potato cultivation in the dry farming regions of northern China, and future research should integrate yield formation and long-term field validation to further optimize the mulching system.

This study intends to systematically review the research evolution in the field of agricultural production efficiency, summarize existing achievements and limitations, thereby providing theoretical support and directional guidance for enhancing agricultural production efficiency and advancing agricultural sustainable development. This study adopts the literature review method to sort out research on agricultural production efficiency based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. It systematically analyzes the applicable scenarios of different types of DEA models, including the CCR, BCC, Super-efficiency DEA, SBM, DEA-Malmquist Index, Three-stage DEA, and network DEA models, as well as their applications in three dimensions: regional level (multi-scale efficiency differentiation), agricultural sub-sectors, and influencing factors. The results show that the DEA model system presents a trend of diversified development. This model system has been continuously evolving, covering basic CCR and BCC models; super-efficiency DEA models that can distinguish the efficiency of effective units; DEA-Malmquist index models that enable dynamic analysis of total factor productivity changes; SBM models capable of handling undesirable outputs; three-stage DEA models that eliminate the interference of environmental and random factors; and network DEA models that break the "black box" to measure the efficiency of sub-stages. At the application level, DEA models are widely used to evaluate agricultural production efficiency at different regional levels (national, provincial, municipal, and county levels), revealing spatial differentiation and dynamic evolution characteristics. They are also applied in specific sub-sectors such as crop farming, animal husbandry, and fishery to identify efficiency shortcomings. Additionally, DEA models are often combined with Tobit regression to explore the influencing factors of efficiency. The DEA model has been widely applied in the agricultural field with remarkable effects. It can not only reveal the spatial differentiation and dynamic evolution of agricultural efficiency in different regions, but also identify efficiency shortcomings in specific sub-sectors like crop farming, animal husbandry, and fishery. Furthermore, when combined with methods such as Tobit regression, it can clarify the influencing factors of efficiency. Overall, the DEA model provides solid theoretical support and practical guidance for optimizing the allocation of agricultural resources, formulating targeted policies, improving agricultural production efficiency, and promoting the high-quality development of agriculture.

To elucidate the developmental trajectory, research hotspots, and frontier trends in the fields of plant radiation breeding and space breeding, as well as to analyze the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of key technical methods, this study retrieved relevant literature from 2004 to 2024 based on the CNKI and Web of Science core collection databases. Using tools such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer, a bibliometric and visual analysis was conducted on publication volume, countries, keywords, and other aspects. The results showed that a total of 2421 valid publications were included (1335 in Chinese and 1086 in English). Research in this field exhibited a steady upward trend, with China being the global leader in publication volume (314 papers), while the United States achieved the highest average number of citations per paper (24.66). Research hotspots focused on mutation methods such as γ-rays and heavy-ion beams for creating mutants and improving traits in crops like rice and wheat. Compared to conventional crops, research on medicinal plants lagged significantly, accounting for only 11.2% of the total, most studies in this area concentrated on phenotypic screening and component analysis, revealing notable gaps in genetic mechanism elucidation, specialized breeding system establishment, and systematic safety evaluation. In short, the application of radiation and space mutagenesis breeding technologies in major crops has become mature. Future research should prioritize medicinal plants from following aspects: (1) leveraging multi-omics technologies to deeply explore mutagenesis genetic mechanisms; (2) establishing efficient breeding and screening systems tailored to medicinal plants; (3) systematically conducting pharmacodynamics and safety evaluation studies on mutants. These efforts will provide theoretical foundations and technical support for breeding new varieties of medicinal plants that are high-yielding, high-quality, and safe.

To strengthen the national sugar security line and solve the core industrial problem of sugar beet germplasm resource innovation, this article systematically conducts a comprehensive review on sugar beet biotechnology breeding. It summarizes the application status and research progress of four major biotechnology breeding techniques (molecular marker technology, transgenic technology, gene editing technology, and tissue culture technology) in the innovation of sugar beet germplasm resources; it concludes the practical achievements of various technologies in the improvement of sugar beet quality, the breeding of disease and stress resistance, the rapid propagation of germplasm, and the creation of new germplasm; it reveals several prominent issues existing in the innovation of Chinese sugar beet germplasm resources, including weak genetic foundation, low efficiency of technology transfer, intensification of biotic and abiotic stresses, insufficient policy and human resource support, and low industrial benefits; it proposes the following countermeasures and suggestions: integrating multiple technologies to build a complete breeding system, exploring wild germplasm to broaden the genetic background, conducting targeted improvement of multiple resistances and excellent quality, and deepening collaborative innovation among industry, academia and research institutions. It is believed that biotechnology breeding techniques are the core support for the precise and efficient innovation of sugar beet germplasm resources. It is pointed out that in the future, a national integrated germplasm innovation platform needs to be established, and key bottlenecks in genetic transformation technology must be broken through, in order to achieve the independent control of China's sugar beet seed industry and the high-quality development of the industry.

This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of carbon ion beam irradiation on Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis) of different maturity and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. Using seeds of the mid-maturing cultivar Br70 and the early-maturing cultivar Br49 as test materials, they were irradiated with carbon ion beams at doses ranging from 60 to 480 Gy, after which germination, growth, and photosynthesis-related indices were measured, and transcriptome data were analyzed to characterize the gene expression profiles. The results showed that low-dose irradiation (60 Gy) had a promotive effect on both cultivars, with the germination index and fresh weight of Br70 increasing significantly by 5.7% and 7.9%, respectively, compared to the control, while the dry weight of Br49 increased significantly by 16.2%. With increasing radiation dose, the germination rate, germination index, plant height, biomass, survival rate, and Fv/Fm values of both cultivars showed a clear declining trend, accompanied by increased data dispersion in photosynthetic indices and a higher abnormal seedling rate. Linear regression analysis of survival rate indicated that the semi-lethal doses for Br70 and Br49 were 807.2 Gy and 398.2 Gy, respectively, demonstrating higher radiation sensitivity in Br49. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in the irradiated groups were primarily enriched in pathways related to detoxification, antioxidation, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study confirms that carbon ion beam irradiation exerts varying degrees of influence on the germination, growth, and photosynthesis of Chinese flowering cabbage, with early-maturing cultivars being more sensitive than mid-maturing ones, providing a theoretical basis for determining dose thresholds and selecting appropriate cultivars in radiation-induced mutation breeding of Chinese flowering cabbage.

The multi-level interactive networks and genetic regulatory mechanisms of cadmium absorption, translocation, and distribution in rice were discussed in order to provide a theoretical basis for cultivating low-cadmium-accumulating rice. The processes of root uptake, xylem loading, phloem redistribution, and grain accumulation of cadmium in rice were summarized, as well as the genetic regulatory networks for low accumulation and molecular breeding technologies. And the roles of transport proteins, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs in the absorption, translocation, distribution, and grain accumulation of heavy metals were analyzed as key points. Additionally, the application potential of gene overexpression and gene editing technologies in reducing cadmium accumulation in rice grains were discussed. Current research on the multi-level interaction networks and genetic regulation of cadmium absorption, transport, and distribution in rice still faces challenges, such as the complexity of interaction networks, unclear regulatory hierarchies, difficulties in gene-environment interactions and field applications, and insufficient understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying co-stress from multiple heavy metals in complex field environments. It is recommended to precisely edit or design of regulatory elements targeting key transcription factors or non-coding RNAs, and integrate spatiotemporal-specific gene editing, synthetic biology, and multi-omics analyses to deeply elucidate and precisely regulate the cadmium uptake-transport-detoxification network. This will provide a basis for the targeted development of new germplasms with both low cadmium accumulation and high, stable yields.

The purpose is to quantify the damage caused by Monochamus saltuarius to the forest carbon sink of the Suiyang forest area in Heilongjiang Province, which serves as a key barrier against the northward invasion of pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), assess its economic impact, and propose prevention and control strategies to maintain regional ecological security and carbon sink function. Based on standard plot surveys, ecosystem carbon stocks were estimated using a dual-track carbon assessment approach (the conversion factor continuous function method combined with the growing stock expansion method). Pest-induced impacts were assessed by analogy with the carbon loss rate of Monochamus alternatus (34.46%), and carbon sink values were monetized at USD 150 per ton. The results indicated that spruce and fir together accounted for 46.26% of the regional total carbon stock, highlighting their critical role due to high carbon density. The potential pest-affected area reached 18.77%, with the infestation rate of damaged trees in Sanchakou Forest Farm as high as 42.00%. Pest outbreaks resulted in a forest carbon loss of 120400 t, corresponding to an economic loss of at least USD 18.06 million. Resource-rich forest farms such as Xilinhe and Qingshan were identified as both core carbon storage areas and hotspots for pest spread. The study demonstrates that Monochamus saltuarius poses a severe threat to carbon sink functions by damaging high carbon-sequestration tree species. An urgent need exists to establish a zoned management framework: deploying UAV-based monitoring networks and releasing the natural enemy Dastarcus helophoroides in core zones; applying pheromone trapping and replacing pure spruce stands with resistant tree species in transition zones. In parallel, the exploration of “carbon sink insurance” is recommended to hedge risks, thereby maintaining the strategic role of the region as both a disease barrier and a carbon sink reserve.

To screen out new pakchoi varieties suitable for cultivation in clubroot affected areas of Chengdu Plain，we conducted a comparative trial by using 87 pakchoi varieties, investigated agronomic traits, clubroot resistance, and yield-related characteristics. A comprehensive evaluation was performed by using principal component analysis (PCA) combined with the membership function method. The results showed that PCA of 14 indicators extracted 4 principal components (PCs), with a cumulative contribution rate of 82.874%. PC1 was primarily correlated with plant weight, head diameter, petiole width, waist diameter, petiole thickness, and yield. PC2 showed strong correlations with leaf length, petiole length, plant height, and plant width. PC3 was closely associated with the incidence of clubroot and clubroot disease index. PC4 was mainly correlated with leaf width and rosette leaf number. Based on standardized data of various traits and the corresponding eigenvectors, the comprehensive indicator values for 4 PCs were calculated. Subsequently, the membership function value and weight of each PC and comprehensive evaluation D value of each variety were derived. The D values of the 87 varieties ranged from 0.307 to 0.833, with higher D values indicating better overall performance. In conclusion, the top 3 varieties in the comprehensive ranking were ‘Xia Shang Wei No. 2’, ‘Xia Wei Pakchoi’, and ‘Chun Shang Wei’, all of which were suitable for cultivation in clubroot-affected areas of Chengdu Plain. Notably, ‘Xia Shang Wei No. 2’ and ‘Xia Wei Pakchoi’ exhibited immunity to clubroot, and ‘Zi Guan Jiao Zi’ ranked the last in the overall ranking.

To explore the enrichment of strontium (Sr) in lettuce, this study adopted a laboratory cultivation method and established three cultivation approaches for lettuce: soil culture with solid strontium chloride, soil culture with liquid strontium chloride, and hydroponics. Using these methods, the enrichment of strontium in lettuce was investigated during its seedling, growth, maturity, and senescence stages. The experimental results showed that all three strontium addition methods successfully achieved strontium enrichment in lettuce. Under soil cultivation, when the solid strontium addition in the soil increased from 0 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg, the strontium content in lettuce at all growth stages significantly increased. For instance, the strontium content during the seedling stage rose from 2.98 mg/kg to 169.07 mg/kg; in the mode of soil culture with liquid strontium chloride, the concentration of liquid strontium in the soil increased from 0 mmol/L to 10 mmol/L, and the strontium content increased most significantly during the seedling stage, from 0.25 mg/kg to 510.24 mg/kg. For hydroponics, increasing the strontium concentration in water from 0 mmol/L to 5 mmol/L significantly increased the strontium content in lettuce. The maturity period was most obvious. When the strontium concentration in water was 5 mmol/L, the strontium content in lettuce could reach 1008.25 mg/kg. In addition, in the strontium concentration set in this experiment, the content of strontium in lettuce grown in soil increased with the increase of strontium concentration, and no significant inhibitory effect was observed; for hydroponic experiments, 3 mmol/L was the optimal culture concentration. The study validated the method for strontium enrichment in lettuce and the optimal concentration, providing a reference for strontium enrichment in crops.

To alleviate the deficiency of available silicon in soil, this study explored the synergistic desilication mechanism between attapulgite and silicate bacteria, and verified their effects on soil improvement, fertility regulation, growth promotion and yield enhancement. The previously screened silicate strain APT-28 was immobilized on raw and purified attapulgite. Structural characterizations of mineral materials before and after bacterial immobilization were performed, and field experiments were carried out to clarify their practical application efficacy. The results indicated that purification treatment could effectively remove the blocky impurities in attapulgite, increase the specific surface area, micropore area and crystallinity. The adhesion and lattice embedding of the bacterial strains on the surface of attapulgite did not destroy its main crystal structure. Both purification and loading of bacteria can increase the silicon (Si) content in bentonite. After loading with bacteria, the Si content of the purified ore reached 86.59%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all samples had good crystallinity, with peak intensities in the order of A-C > A-C-J > A-Y > A-Y-J, and bacterial loading caused lattice contraction. Field experiments showed that the treatment with raw attapulgite-based bio-silicon fertilizer (A-Y-J) yielded the highest pakchoi output, reaching 104639.05 kg/hm², with an increase of 29.56% relative to the control. Meanwhile, the contents of vitamin C and silicon in pakchoi were significantly elevated. Soil available silicon content reached 198.03 mg/kg under the treatment of purified attapulgite bio-silicon fertilizer (A-C-J), which was 13.37% higher than that of the control. The synergistic interaction between attapulgite and silicate bacteria effectively increased soil contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and other nutrients. Correlation analysis revealed that silicon accumulation in pakchoi exhibited an extremely significant positive correlation with crop yield and vitamin C content (P<0.01). This study clarified the synergistic desilication mechanism of attapulgite combined with silicate bacteria, which can provide a theoretical reference and scientific support for the research and popularization of new-type biological silicon fertilizers.

The Hulunbuir grassland is currently in a state of degradation due to disturbances from mining areas, climate, grazing and other factors, and its vegetation recovery is closely related to soil improvement processes. This study aims to reveal the coupling mechanism between dominant plant communities and the soil environment. 6 typical plant communities, including Cleistogenes chinensis, Potentilla fragarioides, Carex tristachya Thunb., Leymus chinensis, Vicia sepium and Potentilla chinensis Ser, were selected. A comprehensive evaluation system comprising 7 vegetation indices and 6 soil indices was constructed. The analytic hierarchy process and entropy-weight method were combined to assign weights, and a coupling-coordination model was applied for quantitative analysis. The results showed that: (1) communities differed significantly (P<0.05) in mean height, coverage, biomass and diversity indices; Carex tristachya Thunb showed the highest diversity, whereas Vicia sepium achieved the greatest coverage and biomass; (2) soil moisture, nutrient contents and physicochemical properties varied markedly among communities; (3) the plant-soil coupling-coordination degree ranged from 0.697 to 0.956, indicating an overall good coordination; Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes chinensis reached premium synchronous coordination, whereas Carex tristachya Thunb and Vicia sepium exhibited soil-lagged coordination. In conclusion, vegetation type strongly modulates soil moisture and nutrient dynamics, while soil properties in turn shape community structure. Cleistogenes chinensis and Vicia sepium demonstrates superior plant-soil coupling performance and are recommended as priority species for ecological restoration of mining-affected grasslands in eastern Inner Mongolia.

The objective of this study was to identify effective remediation materials for arsenic (As) immobilization in arsenic-contaminated alkaline soil and reducing As accumulation in hulless barley grains, thereby providing technical support for the safe production of hulless barley in arsenic-contaminated alkaline farmlands in Xizang region. The study employed biochar and various iron salts as raw materials to prepare iron-biochar materials via an impregnation method. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different remediation materials (CK: control, BC: biochar, FeBC1: FeCl₃/biochar composite, FeBC2: FeSO₄/biochar composite, FeBC3: Fe₂(SO₄)₃/biochar composite) on soil available As content, As concentrations in various tissues of hulless barley, bioconcentration factor (BCF), transfer factor (TF), crop yield, and its components. The results showed that: (1) application of iron-biochar composites comprehensively regulated plant height, tiller number, effective panicles per plant, 1000-grain weight, and grains per panicle, thereby increasing hulless barley yield. The FeBC2_(2/40) and FeBC3_(1/40) treatments achieved the highest grain yields among all treatments, at 32.03±1.52 and 30.47±1.54 g, respectively. (2) Compared with CK, all treatments significantly reduced As concentrations in the stems, leaves, husk, and grains of hulless barley. The FeBC1 and FeBC3_(3/40) treatments reduced BCF_root, while all treatments reduced BCF_stem, BCF_leave, BCF_husk, and BCF_grain, as well as TF_stem/root. (3) Application of iron salt-biochar composites significantly decreased the contents of non-specifically adsorbed and specifically adsorbed As fractions, and increased the contents of amorphous Fe/Al oxides, crystallized Fe/Al oxides, and residue As fractions. The FeBC1_(2/40) treatment increased the total proportion of Fe/Al oxides and residue As from 57% to 71%, and decreased the total proportion of non-specifically and specifically adsorbed As from 43% to 29%. The As enrichment capacity in different tissues of hulless barley followed the order: roots > stems > leaves > husk > grains. After uptake, most As remained in the roots, with only a small amount transport to aboveground. Application of materials reduced soil available As content in alkaline arsenic-contaminated soil and regulated As enrichment in different tissues and translocation coefficients, with the FeBC1 treatment showing the most significant effects. Under the conditions of this experiment, total As concentrations in hulless barley grains treated with FeBC1_(2/40) and FeBC1_(3/40) were ≤0.5 mg/kg, indicating that safe production of hulless barley in arsenic-contaminated alkaline farmland can be achieved.

To investigate the soil texture conditions in the Changsha tobacco region and their effects on flue-cured tobacco yield and quality, this study selected 401 representative field plots across the area. Through soil surveys, field sampling, and laboratory analysis, the authors evaluated soil nutrient status, economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco, and conventional chemical composition of tobacco leaves over three consecutive years for different soil textures, and analyzed their interrelationships. The results showed that clay and loam-clay soils were predominant in the Changsha tobacco region, while loamy soils accounted for a smaller proportion. Soil pH, organic matter, available nitrogen, effective phosphorus, and rapidly available potassium levels were generally suitable; total nitrogen was moderate, total phosphorus relatively low, and total potassium highest in loamy soils. Tobacco grown in clay soils yielded the highest production and value, whereas yields and proportions of top-grade tobacco were relatively lower in loamy soils. Chemical compositions of upper and middle leaves from different soil types mostly fell within desirable ranges. Specifically, total sugar and reducing sugar contents in upper leaves ranked as loamy > loam-clay > clay soils. Flue-cured tobacco grown in loamy soils had the highest total nitrogen and total potassium content. In middle leaves, total sugar content was slightly higher in loamy soils, while sugar-alkali ratio, nitrogen-alkali ratio, and potassium-chlorine ratio were mostly within optimal ranges. Overall, the balance of chemical composition in tobacco leaves varied by soil texture, ranking as clay > loam-clay > loamy soils. Tobacco leaves grown in clay soils in the Changsha region exhibited the best compositional balance, indicating that clay soils have great potential to become a key tobacco-growing soil type in this region.

Plant functional traits are quantifiable characteristics measurable from the cellular to the whole-plant level. They not only represent plant life processes but also reflect the outcome of habitat filtering, thereby closely linking environmental factors to the functions, structure, and processes of ecosystems. Plant roots regulate material cycling within the rhizosphere micro zone through the rhizosphere effect, yet the intensity of this effect varies with plant species and environmental factors. In-depth investigation of such variation is essential for revealing the interaction mechanisms of the soil-plant system. In this study, we examined the functional traits and rhizosphere effect of Potentilla anserina across four grassland types in the alpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, aiming to explore the relationships among soil properties, the plant rhizosphere, and functional traits. The results showed that: (1) within each grassland type, the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Potentilla anserina differed significantly (P<0.05). (2) The intensity of the rhizosphere effect of Potentilla anserina varied among grassland types, being highest in the floodplain meadow and lowest in the semi-artificially reseeded grassland. (3) The functional traits of Potentilla anserina exhibited a strong response to soil physicochemical properties, among which individual plant weight was significantly correlated with multiple soil indices (P<0.05). (4) Functional traits were closely associated with the rhizosphere effect; root length had significant positive correlations with the rhizosphere effects of several soil indices (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the rhizosphere effect of Potentilla anserina exerts a certain ameliorative influence on the soil, which is conducive to the restoration of alpine meadow ecosystems.

The research on the rhizosphere microbial interaction mechanism of the main medicinal plants in Yunnan is weak, and there is a lack of multi-species comparative data in the same habitat. To investigate the diversity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soils of different medicinal plants, rhizosphere soil samples were collected from three medicinal plant species, namely Bletilla striata, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Polygonatum kingianum, together with soil samples from an uncultivated area. High-throughput sequencing of 16S/ITS rRNA genes was performed to analyze the differences in bacterial and fungal community diversity among these soil samples. The results showed that the microbial community diversity indices of the medicinal plant rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those of the uncultivated soil. At the bacterial phylum level, there was little variation in the dominant taxa across the four sample groups. The overall relative abundances were ranked as follows: Proteobacteria (32.94%) at the first place, followed by Actinobacteriota (20.16%), Chloroflexi (14.00%), Firmicutes (13.85%), and Acidobacteriota (7.91%). For fungal phyla, the abundance ranking was Ascomycota (70.84%) as the most dominant, followed by Basidiomycota (11.62%), unclassified_k__Fungi (8.41%), Mortierellomycota (4.22%), and Fungi_phy_Incertae_sedis (3.91%). The rhizosphere soils of the three medicinal plants were each enriched with specific beneficial bacterial genera. Among these, Sphingomonas, Nakamurella, and Mortierella exhibited higher relative abundances compared with the uncultivated soil. The study clarified the shaping effect of three medicinal plants on rhizosphere microorganisms, and provided a theoretical basis for green planting of medicinal plants, utilization of beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere and regulation of continuous cropping obstacles. Subsequent research and development of microbial agents and field application verification can be carried out.

Based on the long-term monthly temperature archives data of Suolon Meteorological Station in the past 68 years (1958-2025), this study systematically reveals the temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural thermal resources in the southern foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains and their driving mechanisms on cropping systems. The results indicated that over the past 68 years, agricultural thermal resources in Suolun had shown a significant optimization trend, with a climate warming rate of 0.3℃ per decade (P<0.01) during the growing season (May-September), an accumulated active temperature increase of 150-200℃·d, and a warming rate significantly higher than global and national averages. The thermal resource evolution exhibited distinct three-phase characteristics: a slight decline (-0.1℃ per decade) from 1958-1985 (baseline period), a rapid warming surge (1.1℃ per decade) from 1986-2005 (transition period), and a recent high-fluctuation phase (0.1℃ per decade) from 2006-2025, with the mid-late 1990s serving as a critical turning point (sliding t-test t=5.314, P<0.01) that fundamentally transformed cropping systems. Seasonal differences were pronounced, with the highest warming rate in spring (0.481℃ per decade), directly influencing earlier sowing dates and seedling growth. Agricultural climate potential had significantly improved, with accumulated active temperatures rising from the "relatively suitable" range (2240.5-2562.7℃·d) in 1958-1985 to the "suitable" range (2365.1-2790.7℃·d) in 1986-2005, and further approaching the threshold for mid-late maturing varieties (≥2750℃·d) in 2006-2025. Agricultural suitability zones had shifted significantly northward, with corn planting proportions increasing from less than 20% before 1985 to over 50% in the 1990s, and cropping systems transitioning from wheat-dominated to corn-dominated. Recommendations include advancing the sowing period from the traditional early May to late April, establishing a dynamic zoning mechanism updated every five years, enhancing meteorological archive digitization, and fully leveraging the strategic support value of long-term meteorological records in smart agriculture and rural revitalization.

Based on disaster data from 2009 to 2020, this study comprehensively constructed a disaster loss index (DLI) and employed methods including linear regression and Mann-Kendall trend test, combined with spatial hotspot analysis in ArcGIS, to reveal the spatiotemporal characteristics of agrometeorological disaster losses in Guizhou in recent years, thereby providing scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation. The results showed that: (1) from 2009 to 2020, agricultural meteorological disaster losses in Guizhou generally exhibited a spatial distribution pattern with higher severity in the western, northern, and eastern regions compared to the central and southern areas, among which Bijie City emerged as a multi-hazard overlap zone affected by all four disaster types; (2) from 2009 to 2020, the annual average DLI in Guizhou exhibited the following order: drought (0.23) > flood (0.11) > wind and hail (0.05) > low-temperature freezing and snow (0.03). Drought was the most severe agricultural meteorological hazard affecting Guizhou, displaying a northwest-high and southeast-low spatial pattern. Notably, 99% of counties showed declining trends in drought losses, with over 50% reaching statistically significant levels; (3) in Guizhou, the high-value zones of disaster losses from flood, low-temperature freezing and snow were distributed in the western, northern, and southeastern marginal regions. 94.3% of areas showed a decreasing trend in the area affected by low-temperature freezing and snow, which was higher than the proportion for flood (64.8%). Flood exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, with an increasing trend observed in the central, northwestern, and southern marginal regions, while the affected area also expanding eastward. The proportion of areas with an increasing trend for complete crop failure area due to both flood and low-temperature freezing and snow was higher than that for the affected area, indicating an increase in the extremality of the disasters; (4) western Guizhou served as both a hotspot for wind-hail disaster losses and a high-value zone of loss increase rates. Overall, the high-risk areas for agrometeorological disaster in Guizhou were located in the western, northern and eastern regions. Although the DLI had generally showed a downward trend, the extreme destructiveness of the disasters had increased.

To scientifically assess the losses caused by continuous rain disasters during the maturity stage of tobacco leaves in Xuancheng, this study was conducted based on daily meteorological data, tobacco yield data, and phenological development data from 7 counties (cities, districts) in Xuancheng City from 2005 to 2024. Using statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and the K-Means clustering algorithm, we systematically carried out research on the screening of disaster-causing factors, determination of critical thresholds, construction of intensity indices, and classification of disaster grades for continuous rain disasters. The results showed that total precipitation (R_R) and duration of rainy days (D_R) during continuous rain were the core disaster-causing factors for continuous rain disasters during the maturity stage of tobacco leaves in Xuancheng. Both factors were significantly positively correlated with yield loss rate (ΔY) (P<0.05), among which R_R during the middle leaf maturity stage was extremely significantly correlated with ΔY (P<0.01). Based on the weight coefficient method, continuous rain intensity index models were constructed for three developmental stages: lower leaves, middle leaves, and upper leaves. Combined with K-Means clustering, the disasters were divided into four grades: slight, moderate, severe, and extremely severe, with the corresponding intensity index thresholds, yield loss rate intervals, and occurrence probabilities clarified. Verification results of measured data showed that the overall accuracy of the evaluation system with a grade difference ≤1 reached 88%, with an accuracy of 86% for slight and moderate disasters, and 89% for severe and extremely severe disasters. In terms of spatial applicability, the average accuracy was 90% in the northern region and 86% in the southern region. The continuous rain disaster loss evaluation system for tobacco leaves during the maturity stage established in this study fills the research gap in the Xuancheng tobacco-growing area and realizes precise stage-based and grade-based disaster evaluation. It can provide scientific technical support and decision-making basis for the monitoring and early warning, risk prevention and control, and optimization of tobacco planting layout under continuous rain disasters in Xuancheng tobacco-growing area.

To investigate the application potential of 0.005% brodifacoum wheat bait in southern regions of China, the palatability and rodenticidal efficacy of 0.005% brodifacoum wheat bait in laboratory and field were investigated in this study. A laboratory study was conducted with Rattus norvegicus (Norway rats) to evaluate the palatability and rodenticidal efficacy of 0.005% brodifacoum wheat bait using choice and non-choice feeding tests. Rodent density was measured in the field using the bait consumption method, and the corrected rodent control rate was calculated. The results demonstrated that the feeding coefficient of the wheat bait for R. norvegicus was 0.19, indicating moderate palatability. Under non-choice conditions, a 100% rodenticidal rate was achieved, which was identical to that of the 0.005% bromodiolone paddy rice bait. No significant difference was observed in the lethal time between them. Field investigations on palatability and rodent control efficacy revealed no significant difference in total consumption between the wheat poison bait and non-toxic wheat. The feeding coefficient was 0.80, and the corrected rodent control rate reached 83.76%. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that 0.005% brodifacoum wheat bait demonstrates potential feasibility for rodent control applications in southern China. However, further systematic field efficacy trials are necessary to comprehensively evaluate its practical value for promotion and application in this region, particularly during the farmland fallow period.

In response to the increasing resistance level of the Tuta absoluta to chemical insecticides, and to promote the development of green control agents and measures, this paper systematically reviewed the domestic and international research progress on the olfactory communication of Tuta absoluta and its control via olfactory regulation. Meanwhile, prospects for future research on the olfactory communication of Tuta absoluta were put forward. This work aims to provide a reference for the development of green control strategies based on the behavioral regulation of insect olfactory perception, and to offer new insights for achieving simultaneous control of both male and female Tuta absoluta moths.

This study aims to improve the quality of Meizhou tea and boost the sustainable development of the local tea industry. Through field investigations, questionnaire surveys and literature review, the species, occurrence regularity and control status of diseases and pests in Meizhou tea plantations were systematically identified. The results showed that pests and diseases such as Ectropis obliqua, Empoasca flavescens, Euproctis pseudoconspersa and anthracnose existed in the major tea-producing areas of Meizhou, with the pest population reaching about 150-550 individuals per 100 tea clumps and even exceeding 1000 individuals in some local areas, which caused severe impacts on the yield and quality of tea. In terms of pest and disease control, the promotion of green control measures has achieved initial effects, yet most tea farmers still adopt extensive cultivation or chemical pesticide control methods, resulting in problems such as low acceptance of green control technologies, incomplete technical systems, ineffective technology implementation and contradictions between costs and benefits. This study suggests that Meizhou needs to realize the intellectualization and mechanization of the whole process of tea plantation cultivation, management and processing as soon as possible to reduce costs and increase efficiency, further explore and utilize plant volatiles and sex pheromones, and accelerate gene-assisted research to improve the technical system, so as to ensure the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of Meizhou's tea industry.

The purpose of this study was to reduce the drying cost of the third crop of small-fruited lycium barbarum, explore new processing methods for the market lycium barbarum with poor appearance traits, and systematically determine the nutritional and functional components of hang-dried lycium barbarum. The appearance traits, basic nutrients and active ingredients of the main varieties of Qaidam Basin lycium barbarum in the Nomuhong planting area were determined, and mineral elements content was determined by inductively coupled plasma technology, and the quality evaluation model of Qaidam Basin lycium barbarum was constructed by principal component analysis. The results showed that the 100-fruit length of 'Ningqi No.1' was 164.2 cm, the 100-fruit width of 'Ningqi No.1' was 65.7 cm, and the 100-furit weight of 'Ningqi No.1' was 23.6 g. The 100- furit length of 'Ningqi No.7' was 163.3 cm, the 100- furit width of 'Ningqi No.7' was 73.3 cm, and the 100- furit weight of 'Ningqi No.7' was 26.0 g. The moisture content was 12.10%, ash content was 4.74%, protein content was 12.25%, crude fat content was 2.75%, and carbohydrate content was 68.16%. For 'Ningqi No.1', the crude polysaccharide content was 341 mg/g, the total phenol content was 2.76 mg/g, the flavonoid content was 4.34 mg/g, the vitamin C content was 40.35 mg/100g, the carotenoid content was 0.03 mg/g, and the betaine content was 0.53%; for 'Ningqi No.7', the crude polysaccharide content was 412 mg/g, the total phenol content was 3.10 mg/g, the flavonoid content was 4.58 mg/g, the vitamin C content was 43.44 mg/100g, the carotenoid content was 0.04 mg/g, and the betaine content was 0.50%. The minerals with large differences between 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Ningqi No.7' were Ca and Mg. Principal component analysis summarized 21 quality indicators into four principal component factors, and an evaluation model was established accordingly, and the comprehensive score of 'Ningqi No.7' sample was the highest (1.94).