In order to screen high-quality germplasm of hulless barley suitable for functional food research and development, and establish a multi-trait collaborative evaluation system, 11 new lines of spring hulless barley selected by Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the control variety ‘Longke 1’ were used as materials in this study. Seven growth indexes such as tiller number, plant height and ear length, and six nutritional indexes such as crude protein, β-glucan and total dietary fiber were measured. The correlation degree between the indexes was quantified by grey correlation analysis method to comprehensively evaluate the strains. The yield of the tested varieties all reached more than 5000 kg/hm², and the quality reached the national excellent standard, especially the β-glucan content, which was all above 5%. The yield of the strain 202004 is the highest, reaching 7618.47 kg/hm², and its β-glucan and Insoluble dietary fiber contents are higher than the CK, reaching 6.78% and 16.77% respectively. The gray correlation analysis results showed that the correlation values between the selected growth indicators and nutritional indicators were high, both above 0.6. Among them, ear length is the dominant factor in crude protein and ash content. Plant height is the dominant factor in β-glucan. Blade width is the dominant factor in EXTRACT and total dietary fiber. Tiller number is the dominant factor in crude fat. Leaf length is the dominant factor in yield, and crude fat is a secondary factor. This strain can be considered for development in health care. The early management to promote seedling growth should be the main focus in the cultivation.

To systematically sort out the research context of Tilia amurensis, deepen the understanding of its resource characteristics, and promote the scientific protection and efficient utilization of its resources, this paper comprehensively reviews the research progress of T. amurensis in the past few years from four core fields: physiology, ecology, genetic improvement, and propagation technology. In terms of physiological research, the influence mechanisms of low-temperature stress, salt stress, fertilization management, and light intensity regulation on key physiological characteristics such as osmotic adjustment substances and photosynthetic physiological indicators of T. amurensis leaves were analyzed. In ecological research, the action laws of mixed forestation models and site factors (such as slope, aspect, and soil thickness) on the growth dynamics of T. amurensis, as well as the regulation effects of thinning intensity on the wood quality (such as growth ring density and mechanical strength) of T. amurensis stands were expounded. In the genetic improvement research section, the latest achievements in T. amurensis provenance screening, seed orchard establishment (including key technologies such as ‘dense planting’ and ‘bidirectional retrograde mesh type dislocation method’ configuration), and the selection of superior families and superior clones were summarized. In the propagation technology research section, the technical parameters and application effects of T. amurensis seed propagation (such as seed dormancy release methods and sowing density optimization), grafting propagation (such as the selection of the best grafting time and method), cutting propagation (such as the optimization of substrate and hormone combinations), and tissue culture (such as different medium formulas and explant selection) were summarized in detail. Finally, in light of the current research status and production demands, four major directions for future T. amurensis research were proposed: first, strengthening the systematic collection, evaluation, and long-term preservation of T. amurensis germplasm resources; second, developing tissue culture rapid propagation technology systems for T. amurensis vegetative organs (such as axillary buds and stem segments) and promoting their industrial application; third, expanding the selection and promotion of T. amurensis as an urban greening tree species (with greening indicators such as tree shape and leaf color as breeding goals); fourth, deepening the research on the separation and purification of T. amurensis medicinal active components (such as flavonoids), pharmacological mechanisms, and related drug development, providing scientific support for the multi-functional development of T. amurensis resources.

The paper aims to scientifically guide the artificial pollination for passion fruit and solve the problem of passion fruit flowers not bearing fruit. The experiment utilized ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.1’ as the test material to evaluate temporal changes in pollen viability and stigma receptivity across developmental stages. Pollination treatments were designed with three pollen quantities (small: H1, medium: H2, large: H3) and three stigma retention levels (one: Z1, two: Z2, three: Z3). Excess stigmas were excised during manual pollination. Fruit development was quantified by measuring longitudinal and transverse diameters, and the impacts on pollination and fertilization outcomes were statistically analyzed. The pollen viability peaked 1 hour prior to flowering, followed by a continuous decline, with a significant reduction at 2 hours after flowering. Stigma receptivity reached maximal levels 1 hour after flowering and declined sharply at 3 hours after flowering. Fruit development exhibited a positive correlation with pollen quantity: increasing pollen loads resulted in progressive increases in longitudinal (7.22%-10.72%) and transverse (6.82%-13.38%) diameters (H1 vs. H2/H3; P<0.05), alongside a marked reduction in pollination failure rates (H1: 26.67%; H2/H3: 0%). Under medium pollen quantity (H2), fruits with one retained stigma (Z1) displayed severe developmental impairment, with longitudinal and transverse diameters reduced by 24.06%-24.32% and 25.56%-26.29%, respectively, compared to Z2 and Z3 (P<0.05). No significant differences were detected between Z2 and Z3. Pollination and fertilization failure rates for Z1 were 11.8% and 29.4%, respectively, whereas Z2 and Z3 exhibited no such deficiencies. All H1-H3 treatments achieved 100% fertilization success, indicating that visible pollen deposition on stigmas eliminated fertilization failure. The results showed that the optimal pollination conditions for ‘Fujian Passion Fruit No.1’ occur within 1 hour after flowering, and the pollination meets more than 2 stigmas and reaches the medium pollen amount, which can effectively mitigate risks of pollination and fertilization failure.

Variety traits of watermelon were analyzed comprehensively by using 170 registered varieties in Northwest China from 2020 to 2024 as the research objects, with the aim to provide reference for further study on the influence of watermelon variety replacement on main traits and the future direction of watermelon breeding. The results showed that: (1) the oval mid-late maturing large fruit watermelon variety ‘Xinong No.8’ was the dominant control variety. (2) 8 quantitative characteristic data were skewed normal distribution. Except for the variation coefficient of the plant growth period and fruit growth period, which was less than 10%, the rest were more than 10%, and the maximum variation coefficient of single fruit weight was 37.44 %. (3) The annual variability in 4 quantitative traits of plant growth period, fruit growth period, soluble solid content at center flesh, soluble solid content near rind flesh was generally on the rise. The annual variability pattern in 4 quantitative traits of nodes to first female flowering, nodes between female flowers, fruit weight，fruit rind thickness, showed a decreasing trend. (4) Plant growth period was significantly and positively correlated with plant growth period, nodes to first female flowering, nodes between female flowers, fruit weight, and fruit rind thickness. (5) The results of principal component analysis showed that the differences among varieties were mainly concentrated in fruit growth period, plant growth period, fruit weight, and nodes to first female flowering. It reflected the ripeness and fruit size of watermelon varieties.

In order to explore the appropriate application amount of silicon fertilizer for pepper cultivation, the effects of different silicon fertilizer levels on the growth, yield and quality of pepper were studied. By adopting pot test and using ‘Xinxiang No.2’ pepper as the test material, this experiment analyzed the changes about the leaf SPAD value, photosynthetic characteristics, related agronomic traits, yield and quality indexes of peppers. The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization, the net photosynthetic rate of pepper leaves increased by 14.07% to 17.76% under the silicon application treatments in the pre-fruiting period. The net photosynthetic rate of pepper leaves increased by 16.16% under Si3 treatment (conventional fertilization+ silicon fertilizer 0.3 g/pot) and 21.14% under Si5 treatment (conventional fertilization+ silicon fertilizer 0.5 g/pot) in the middle to late fruiting period. The height of pepper plants and fruit diameter increased with the increase of silicon fertilizer usage. The yield of Si3 and Si5 treatments increased respectively by 28.21% and 65.63%. The vitamin C content of chili peppers treated with silicon fertilizer treatments was significantly higher than that of the conventional fertilization. The soluble protein and soluble sugar contents were the highest under the Si3 treatment, which increased respectively by 20.82% and 47.35%, compared with that of the conventional (NPK) treatment (non-silicon fertilizer). The nitrate content of the peppers of silicon fertilizer treatments was significantly reduced, which decreased by 33.34% to 34.95% compared with that of NPK treatment. In conclusion, the application of silicon fertilizer can not only improve the yield of pepper, but also improve the fruit quality. For pepper, applying 0.5 g of silicon fertilizer per pot (equivalent to applying 75 kg of silicon fertilizer per hectare) has the best effect.

This study aims to enhance the overwintering capacity of rose plants by conducting summer-autumn pruning to regulate the density of new shoots, improve growth conditions, and coordinate the synergistic development of above-ground and under-ground organs, thereby providing technical support for successful rose cultivation in arid desert regions. Using ‘Desert Rose’ in Dunhuang of the Hexi Corridor as experimental material, winter pruning was performed in mid-March 2023 to remove branches above grade 3. After the first flowering in spring-summer, retraction pruning and thinning were conducted to control the density of grade 4 branches at 80-100 (CK), 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45 and 40 branches/m² (T1-T8). Physiological and growth indicators were measured by stratified sampling from the canopy edge inward (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm). After overwintering, the frost mortality rate of grade 3 branches in CK and T1 exceeded 5%. When branch density was reduced below 70 branches/m² (T2), frost mortality decreased to 2%-4%. The LT₅₀ (lethal temperature for 50% tissue damage) of T3 (65 branches) to T8 (40 branches) was significantly lower than CK, with T6 showing the lowest LT₅₀ (-35.58℃), indicating markedly improved cold resistance. In the following year, bud burst rate and diameter of grade 4 branches significantly increased from T3 to T8. However, the branch diameter in the inner 40-60 cm layer decreased by 13.68% and 4.28% compared to the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers, respectively, confirming light limitation on inner branch growth. Root length density in T3-T8 decreased significantly compared to CK, while root activity initially increased and then declined across treatments, peaking in T₃-T₅. In Dunhuang and similar ecological regions, controlling summer new shoot density at 55-60 branches/m² under routine winter pruning can effectively improve overwintering survival rates while maintaining higher bud burst rates, branch diameter, and root activity in the subsequent growing season.

To address the industrialization bottlenecks of traditional lily propagation, namely the long cycle and low multiplication coefficient, and to optimize its rapid propagation system via tissue culture, this study utilized scale segments from virus-free test-tube plantlets of Lilium davidii var. unicolor as explants. Through single-factor gradient experiments, the effects of hormone combinations (ZT, IAA, KT), sucrose concentration, photoperiod, and culture temperature on the proliferation coefficient of lily scale segments were investigated. Additionally, the regulatory effects of sucrose concentration and hormone combinations on the bulking of test-tube bulbs were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the optimal conditions for scale segment proliferation were 1.0 mg/L KT + 0.5 mg/L ZT+ 0.2 mg/L IAA (hormone combination), 30 g/L sucrose, a culture temperature of 23℃, and a 12 h/d photoperiod. Under these conditions, the maximum proliferation coefficient reached 43, with robust plant growth and a moderate number of leaves, balancing efficiency and cost control. (2) When using a single cytokinin (KT or ZT) alone, 1.5 mg/L ZT+ 0.2 mg/L IAA (proliferation coefficient 29) and 1.5 mg/L KT+ 0.2 mg/L IAA (proliferation coefficient 27) yielded the best results, but these were significantly lower than the synergistic treatment involving both cytokinins. (3) The optimal combination for test-tube bulb bulking was 0.5 mg/L KT+ 0.3 mg/L IAA (hormone combination) with 60 g/L sucrose, achieving a bulb formation rate of 96% and a maximum bulking multiple of 3.3. The bulbs exhibited good compactness and significant fresh weight accumulation. Although a higher sucrose concentration (≥90 g/L) could increase the bulking multiple (3.71), it led to a decreased bulb formation rate (89.7%) and abnormal growth. This study clarifies the key regulatory factors and optimal parameters for the proliferation and bulb bulking of Lilium davidii var. unicolor in tissue culture, providing a scientific basis and technical support for the large-scale propagation of its virus-free improved varieties.

This study employed bibliometrics and scientific research knowledge mapping techniques to conduct a systematic analysis of domestic and international literature on Panax japonicus from 2000 to 2024, aiming to reveal the current research status and development trends in this field. After a series of screenings, based on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, a total of 95 English-language and 258 Chinese-language articles were included. The study found that the number of publications on P. japonicus has been increasing year by year, indicating a growing level of attention. In terms of the cooperation network, core authors such as Song Xiaomei in China have maintained close collaboration, while foreign journals have key figures like Shi Mengqiong. In terms of institutional cooperation, institutions like Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine have played significant roles. The keyword cooperation reflects the differences in research focuses between Chinese and English literature, with Chinese literature concentrating on the material composition of P. japonicus, while English literature focuses on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Emergence detection shows that triterpenoid saponins are a continuous research hotspot. The discipline distribution is dominated by traditional Chinese medicine, with the participation of biology and chemistry allowing research to delve into molecular and chemical levels. Among the journal distribution, Yunnan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a major platform for showcasing research results. The study found that although certain achievements have been made in P. japonicus research, such as chemical component analysis and pharmacological effect studies, there are still problems. In the future, it is necessary to deeply explore the mechanism of pharmacological effects, strengthen clinical research to enhance the scientific nature of application, promote cross-disciplinary and international cooperation, integrate resources, and drive the progress of P. japonicus research to support the development of traditional Chinese medicine and enable it to play a greater role in the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.

In order to investigate the dynamic changes of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities in different cassava cultivars, the contents of available N (AN), available P (AP), available K (AK) and microbial communities in rhizosphere soil of ‘SC205’, ‘GR10’ and ‘SC9’ were studied by root bag method at 39, 75 and 115 days after planting. The results showed that: (1) there were significant differences in the content of available nutrients among the three cultivars at different sampling times, with only AK content showing significant differences among cultivars at 39 days after planting. (2) There were significant differences in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere soil bacteria among different cultivars and sampling periods, and the richness and diversity of bacteria increased with the passage of sampling time. (3) The rhizosphere soil of ‘SC205’ was enriched in Proteobacteria-Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidota-Bacteroidia at 75 and 115 days after planting, the rhizosphere soil of ‘SC205’ was enriched in Gammaproteobacteria at 39 days after planting, and the rhizosphere soil of ‘GR10’ was enriched in Actinobacteriota at 75 and 115 days after planting. (4) The contents of AP and AN were positively correlated with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Chloroflexi at 115 days after planting. AK content was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Patescibacteria, and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota and WPS-2 at 115 days after planting. In summary, the microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of ‘SC9’, ‘GR10’ and ‘SC205’ are mainly composed of eutrophic bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidota. There are differences in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria among the three cultivars and seasonal variations.

Taking the apple orchards in the main apple-producing counties of Jingning, Zhuanglang, Jingchuan and Lingtai in Pingliang City of eastern Gansu Province as the research objects, this study analyzed the distribution characteristics and differences of soil nutrients in the apple orchards in Pingliang. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were assayed from 0-100 cm depth soil profile samples of apple orchards in four counties. The results showed that the average content of soil organic matter in 0-100 cm soil layer of orchard in Jingning, Zhuanglang, Jingchuan and Lingtai were 11.61, 11.90, 10.84 and 12.16 g/kg; the average content of total nitrogen was 0.8724, 0.8074, 0.8525 and 1.0234 g/kg, respectively; the average content of available phosphorus was 93.85, 21.18, 33.72, 28.49 mg/kg; and the average content of available potassium was 217.11, 244.71, 296.74, 275.22 mg/kg, respectively. Overall, the content of organic matter and total nitrogen in orchards of four counties was relatively deficient, while the available phosphorus was at a moderately abundant level, and available potassium was at an abundant level. Additionally, the nutrients contents in the upper soil layers were higher than those in the lower layers. Based on the current soil nutrient status in the main apple-producing counties of Pingliang City, it is recommended to increase the application of organic and nitrogen fertilizers in production to improve soil fertility, thereby benefiting apple cultivation.

This study focused on the four typical artificial forests (Platycladus orientalis forest, Pinus tabuliformis - Amorpha fruticosa forest, Ziziphus jujuba forest and Pinus tabuliformis - Rhus typhina forest) in the loess stone mountain area of northern Shaanxi. It aimed to explore the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of soil moisture in artificial forests and their response patterns to rainfall by long-term monitoring of soil moisture content in different soil layers (10-100 cm) and rainfall events, combining with statistical and graphical analysis. The results showed that: (1) the 0-10 cm soil layer in the Platycladus orientalis forest was the most sensitive to rainfall, with the peak water content synchronizing with rainfall events, and its deep layers (40-80 cm) had the highest water storage capacity. (2) The soil moisture in the shallow soil layer (0-40 cm) of the Pinus tabuliformis - A. fruticosa forest had a delay response after heavy rainfall, and the water storage capacity in the 80-100 cm soil layer was relatively high, which might be related to the nitrogen-fixing function of the A. fruticosa. (3) The water retention capacity of the shallow layer (10 to 20 cm) in the Z. jujuba forest was limited and the water loss occurred rapidly after short-term rainfall. However, under continuous heavy rainfall, the water retention capacity of the shallow layer was increased. (4) The water retention capacity in the shallow layer (10-20 cm) of the Pinus tabuliformis - R. typhina forest was the weakest, which might because the thin litter layer or loose soil structure leads to rapid water loss. (5) The influence of different rainfall intensities was hierarchical: light to moderate rainfall (≤30 mm) primarily affected the soil moisture content of the shallow layer (10-20 cm), while heavy rainfall (>30 mm) rapidly replenishes the deep soil moisture via preferential flow. These results indicated that the Platycladus orientalis forest was more suitable for water stress environments due to its deep water storage capacity and stable water dynamics. The Pinus tabuliformis - A. fruticosa forest was suitable for improving the deep soil structure, whereas the Z. jujuba forest and the Pinus tabuliformis - R. typhina forest required water retention measures to enhance ecological benefits. This study provides a scientific basis for the optimal allocation of artificial forests and soil and water conservation in the loess stone mountain area of northern Shaanxi.

In order to clarify the frost disaster index of soybean in grain filling stage, this study took the local main cultivar ‘Mengdou 13’ as the test object, and used the frost box artificial simulation frost test and field frost investigation to verify it in the Dahewan soybean test base of Zhalantun. By analyzing the frost damage rates of soybean leaves, pods, and stems under different low-temperature conditions, as well as the relationship between temperature intensity, duration, and frost damage rate, a frost damage index based on accumulated harmful temperature (AHT) was established using regression analysis and subsequently validated. The results showed that: (1) during the grain-filling stage, leaves were the most frost-sensitive, followed by pods, while stems exhibited relatively higher frost tolerance. (2) The critical temperature for frost damage in soybeans was 1℃. Below this threshold, both frost injury rate and mortality rate increased with the decrease of temperature or prolonged exposure. When temperatures reached -1℃, the rates of frost injury and mortality increased significantly. (3) Frost injury and mortality rates were significantly positively correlated with AHT. The AHT thresholds for mild, moderate, and severe frost damage were 0℃·h≤K≤3.9℃·h, 3.9℃·h<K≤7.9℃·h, and K>7.9℃·h. This study determined the critical frost temperature and accumulated harmful temperature indices for soybean at the grain-filling stage under varying degrees of frost damage, providing technical support for the monitoring, early warning, and assessment of soybean frost damage.

To identify the pathogenic fungi causing sorghum anthracnose in Jiangsu Province, typical diseased samples were collected from three main sorghum-producing areas (Sihong, Lianshui and Haimen) during 2022-2023. Single-spore isolation was performed to obtain pathogenic strains, and Koch’s postulates were applied to verify pathogenicity. Pathogen identification was conducted using morphological characteristics and molecular methods based on ITS and GAPDH genes. The results showed that 47 single-spore strains were isolated from 15 diseased samples, and representative strains reproduced typical anthracnose symptoms upon reinoculation on sorghum. The conidia were falcate-shaped, colorless and unicellular, measuring (10-25) µm × (3.5-5) µm. The appressoria was nearly spherical and brown, consistent with the characteristics of Colletotrichum species. The ITS and GAPDH sequences exhibited over 98% and 96% homology, respectively, with Colletotrichum sublineola, and phylogenetic analysis clustered the isolates within the C. sublineola clade. This study is the first to confirm C. sublineola as the pathogen responsible for sorghum anthracnose in Jiangsu Province, providing a theoretical basis for accurate diagnosis and control of this disease.

In order to develop a rapid and sensitive real-time fluorescent LAMP technique for quantitative detection of lotus rhizome rot pathogen (Fusarium commune), four LAMP specific primers were designed based on TEF-1α gene sequence unique to F. commune, a real-time fluorescent LAMP rapid detection method for pathogen of lotus rhizome rot was established, and the specificity, sensitivity and field application effects of this method were evaluated. The specific test showed that this method could identify and detect the lotus rhizome rot pathogen (F. commune) in 60 minutes under the constant temperature of 63℃. Among the 15 tested strains, 10 strains showed positive green and gradient bands in the electrophoretic test results, while the other 5 control strains showed orange and no gradient bands. The results of real-time fluorescent LAMP showed that the F. commune strains could expand normally with a single peak dissolution curve, while other control strains did not expand. Sensitivity experiments showed that the minimum detection limit of LAMP technology for F. commune was up to 100 fg/μL, and the minimum limit of soil strain content was 1×10³ spores per gram of soil. The standard curve of pathogen developed in this paper can be used for the quantitative detection of F. commune. This technique was also suitable for the detection of F. commune in lotus plants in the field before and after infection. The DNA content of F. commune in the underground rhizome tissue of lotus plants was positively correlated with the severity of the disease. The real-time fluorescent LAMP rapid detection technology established in this paper has the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity, simple and quick operation, which is suitable for the field rapid detection of F. commune.

To systematically study the tolerance of pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) isolated from artificially cultivated and infected wood to high temperature stress, water bath environments at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70℃ were set up to test the upper survival time limit of the two types of pine wood nematodes at different temperatures, and set a water bath control group at standard room temperature to observe the changes in its activity. The results showed that under low-intensity high temperature stress at 40℃, the longest survival time of both sources of pine wood nematodes could reach 10 days. The tolerance of larvae was significantly lower than that of adults. After being heated continuously for 2 days, the mortality rate of larvae from both sources reached over 99%, but the mortality rate of adults reached 90% only after being heated continuously for 6 days. Under high temperature water bath conditions at 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70℃, the upper survival time limits of pine wood nematodes isolated from artificially cultivation and infected wood were the same, both being 180 minutes, 15 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, 70 seconds, and 50 seconds, respectively. The high temperature tolerance of pine wood nematodes isolated from infected wood was stronger than that of artificially cultivation, but their upper survival time limits were consistent, with no significant difference (P>0.05). This study indicates that under heat treatment conditions of 55-70℃, the upper survival time limit of pine wood nematodes is 50 seconds to 180 seconds, providing a scientific basis for heat treatment and microwave radiation treatment of infected wood.

To clarify the spatial distribution pattern and sampling techniques of Stephanitis chinensis egg, this study analyzed the spatial distribution of S. chinensis egg in tea plantations using six aggregation indices, Taylor’s power law, and Iwao’s regression model. The aggregation causes and the optimal theoretical sampling number were further investigated. The results demonstrated that S. chinensis egg exhibited a density-dependent negative binomial aggregated distribution, where the basic component of the distribution was individual egg, and mutual repulsion was observed among individuals. The aggregation was jointly driven by the insect’s life history traits and environmental factors. When the control threshold was set at 6 eggs per leaf and the confidence level parameter was 1.96, the upper and lower limit equations were T_{1\left(n\right)} = 6 n + 15 . 3478 \sqrt{n} and T_{0\left(n\right)} = 6 n - 15 . 3478 \sqrt{n}, indicating that chemical intervention is required when the egg density exceeds 753 eggs per 100 leaves. By utilizing the spatial distribution parameters of S. chinensis egg, an Iwao’s theoretical sampling model was established to determine the optimal sampling number and sequential sampling table. This provides a methodological reference for accurate field density surveys and population prediction of S. chinensis eggs in tea plantations.

The paper aims to explore the composition and distribution characteristics of alien invasive plants under different habitat types, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of alien invasive plants in Anning City, Yunnan Province. Taking 12 land use types and 18 habitat types in Anning City as the research object, the field survey of alien invasive plants was conducted by comprehensive survey method and transect method from 2022 to 2025, and the composition and distribution characteristics of alien invasive plants in Anning City were studied combined with literature review. The survey results showed that there were 94 species of alien invasive plants in Anning City, belonging to 31 families and 70 genera, of which Compositae (22 species), Leguminosae (10 species) and Gramineae (8 species) were the dominant families, and the genus with the most species was Erigeron (4 species) and Amaranthus (4 species). The results of origin analysis showed that 65 alien invasive plants came from America, accounting for 56% of the total species. The analysis of introduction route showed that 65 species were introduced intentionally, accounting for 69.1%. The flora analysis showed that the families and genera of invasive plants in Anning City showed a strong worldwide and tropical distribution. From the perspective of invasion grade, the number of species in malignant invasive species (grade 1), serious invasive species (grade 2) and local invasive species (grade 3) were 16, 16 and 10 respectively. In terms of spatial distribution, Lianran Street (36 species) and Xianjie Street (36 species) had the largest number of invasive plants, followed by Taiping Xincheng Street (31 species). Among the 18 habitat types in Anning City, alien invasive plants were distributed, and the habitat type with the highest frequency was road/ traffic land, accounting for 16.39% of the total frequency. Villages and towns, vacant land/ wasteland, commercial/ office/ residential land, agricultural land, urban public green space and other five types of habitats were also more, accounting for more than 10% of the total frequency. The analysis showed that there were significant differences in the richness of alien invasive plants in the eight habitats (P<0.001), which was significantly higher in villages and towns than in other habitats, and the lowest in woodland. There were significant differences in the number and grade distribution of alien invasive plant species in each habitat. The number of species in villages and towns was the most (36 species), and the proportion of high hazard grade (1-2) was also high. The number of forest species was the least (13 species), and the proportion of each grade was the lowest. The proportion of road/traffic land, idle land/wasteland at grade 1-2 was more than 50%. Urban public green space, commercial/ office/ residential land were mainly of class 1-2. The invasion degree of agricultural land and water area land was lighter than that of other habitats. The results showed that the distribution of alien invasive plants in Anning City showed significant differences in different geographical regions and habitat types. These findings can provide data support for the development of scientific prevention and control strategies.

The aim of this study is to clarify the filed control effect of nano-formulations of biopesticides on major rice insect pests and their increasing efficiency compared to traditional formulations. The control effects of two nano-biopesticides and several conventional pesticides on three major rice insect pests (Chilo suppressalis, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and rice planthopper) were compared by field efficacy trials. The results showed that spinosad·dinotefuran 9.3% nano-emulsion had good control effects against three major rice pests. The control effects on the 9^th day after the second application were 87.7%, 87.5%, and 95.7%, respectively. Spinosad·matrine 4.5% nano-emulsion showed excellent efficacy in controlling C. medinalis, with efficacy rates of 85.7%, 91.2%, and 80.6% in three surveys after applications, respectively, significantly higher than other treatments. However, its efficacy against C. suppressalis and rice planthoppers was poor, with the highest efficacy rates of 70.6% and 70.2% on the 9^th day after second application, respectively, significantly lower than the conventional control agents of avermectin·methoxyfenozide 10% SC and pymetrozine 50% WDG in bucket mixing treatment. The results also showed that the control effect of spinosad·dinotefuran 9.3% nano-emulsion on C. suppressalis, C. medinalis and rice planthopper was 18.9%, 15.8%, and 8.1% higher than that of the traditional formulations of spinosad 10% OD and dinotefuran 20% SG treated with the same effective ingredient dosage in bucket mixing, respectively. The experimental results indicate that compared with traditional formulations, nano-formulations of biopesticides have better control effects, which are beneficial for reducing the use of pesticides and increasing efficiency. They have a bright application prospect in the prevention and control of rice pests and diseases.

To clarify the application potential of afidopyropen in agricultural pest control in China, this study reviews its mechanism of action and comprehensive application effects. Through literature research and data analysis, domestic research literature on afidopyropen from 2019 to 2024 were systematically reviewed, covering data such as toxicity assays, field efficacy, and synergistic effects of compound formulations. The LC₅₀ of afidopyropen against piercing-sucking pests ranged from 1.35 to 1368.71 mg/L, with field control efficacy reaching 70.89%-98.32%. The highest co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) with biopesticides was 677.13, and it exhibited high safety to natural enemies (parasitism rate of Lysiphlebia japonica decreased by <15%). Afidopyropen demonstrates high efficacy and low-risk characteristics, and further optimization of compound formulations and environmental behavior studies are required.

This study aimed to evaluate the adaptability and production potential of different Medicago sativa varieties in the northern sandy grassland area of Yulin, providing a scientific basis for the development of the alfalfa industry and ecological construction in this region. Twenty Medicago sativa varieties were selected for a three-cut field experiment. The experiment adopted a randomized block design. Near-infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis were combined to determine nutritional indicators, and finally, the grey relational analysis method was used for comprehensive evaluation. Near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to rapidly determine the nutritional quality of alfalfa, and chemical analysis was integrated to ensure the accuracy of the data. This technique is simple, convenient, fast, and efficient, capable of providing multiple key nutritional indicators in a short period. Additionally, the grey relational analysis method was utilized to comprehensively rank the production performance and nutritional quality of different varieties, thereby presenting a comprehensive evaluation result. There were significant differences in the production performance and nutritional quality among different varieties. ‘Big galaxy’, ‘Optimus prime’, and ‘Santali’ exhibited the best annual dry hay yields, reaching 545.62, 544.12, and 544.72 t/hm² respectively. The ‘Queen’ variety performed best in the first cut, especially in terms of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter (DM), and relative feed value. Grey relational analysis indicated that ‘Optimus Prime’, ‘Prower 4.2’, and ‘Queen’ ranked top three in comprehensive traits and had strong promotion potential. This study demonstrates that ‘Optimus Prime’, ‘Prower 4.2’, and ‘Queen’ possess excellent production performance and nutritional quality in the sandy grassland area of Yulin and are suitable for cultivation in this region. The results provide a scientific basis for forage selection and sustainable agricultural development in this area, and offer a reference for forage cultivation in similar regions.

In order to explore the effects of breeding space sizes on the growth, nutrition, and immunity of Procambarus clarkii, and provide theoretical guidance for the development of industrial aquaculture of P. clarkii, an experiment of P. clarkii cultivation was conducted in an indoor circulating water aquaculture system. Four types of individual breeding spaces were set up in this experiment, including sizes of 15 cm×15 cm, 15 cm×20 cm, 15 cm×25 cm and 15 cm×30 cm (referred to as S₁, S₂, S₃ and S₄ group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 56 days. In terms of growth performance, the final body weight (20.57 g), weight gain rate (305.18%), and specific growth rate (2.56%/d) of the S₁ group were significantly lower than those of the other groups (P<0.05), and the abdominal meat rate of the S₁ group (12.13%) was significantly higher than that of the S₃ group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the survival rate among all groups. In terms of nutritional performance, with the increase of breeding space, the muscle water content in each group showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching the highest level of 79.54% in group S₂. The crude ash content showed a gradually increasing trend, with the S₄ group having the highest content at 9.37%. There was no significant change in crude protein and crude fat content. The amylase activity in the intestines of each group showed an overall decreasing trend, with the S₂ group having the highest activity at 31.34 U/(g·prot) and the S₄ group having the lowest activity at 21.91 U/(g·prot). The lipase showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, with the S1 group having the highest value at 8.51 U/(g·prot) and the S₃ group having the lowest value at 4.96 U/(g·prot). Trypsin showed an increasing trend, with the S₄ group being the highest at 220.53 U/(g·prot) and the S₁ group being the lowest at 23.97 U/(g·prot). In terms of immune indicators, with the increase of breeding space, the activity of superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the hemolymph of each group showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Among them, the activities of superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase were the highest in the S₂ group, at 31.34 and 362.10 U/(g·prot), respectively. The activity of acid phosphatase was the highest in the S₃ group, at 96.72 U/(g·prot). The content of malondialdehyde showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, with the lowest level in the S₃ group at 2.83 nmol/(g·prot). In summary, under the monoculture mode, the size of the breeding space will have an impact on the growth and physiological and biochemical status of P. clarkii. Overall, when the single breeding space is set at a size of 15 cm×20 cm to 15 cm×25 cm, P. clarkii can exhibit good growth, nutrition, and immune performance.