To clarify the drought resistance of the main wheat varieties cultivated in Shandong Province and to screen out wheat varieties suitable for dryland cultivation, this study used eight varieties, such as 'Jimai 60', as test subjects. Drought stress was simulated using 20% PEG-6000, and changes in various indicators during the germination period were measured. The membership function method was employed to comprehensively evaluate the relative coleoptile length, relative plumule length, relative radicle length, relative germination rate, relative germination potential, and stress germination index. The results showed that drought stress not only reduced the germination rate of wheat seeds but also inhibited the growth of the plumule, coleoptile, and radicle. The D values of the eight varieties were ranked as follows: 'Jimai 60' > 'Linmai 9' > 'Yannong 999' > 'Shannong 30' > 'Shannong 28' > 'Luyuan 502' > 'Yannong 1212' > 'Jimai 22'. Based on the D values, the eight main wheat varieties were classified into three categories: highly drought-resistant varieties were 'Linmai 9' and 'Jimai 60' ; moderately drought-resistant varieties were 'Yannong 999' and 'Shannong 30'; other varieties were sensitive. 'Linmai 9' and 'Jimai 60' are recommended as suitable varieties for dryland cultivation in Shandong Province.

This study aimed to reveal the influence of the morphology and internal structure of corn kernel on its breakage resistance, providing a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of corn cultivars suitable for mechanical grain harvesting. ‘DH618’, ‘DK159’ and ‘HM1’ were selected as tested cultivars, the morphological and structural parameters of kernel were obtained by CT scanning while kernel breaking force was measured by static compression test. The kernel of ‘DH618’was the largest in length (6.85-14.03 mm), thickness (4.22-7.64 mm) and volume (74.16-313.79 mm³), the proportion of its embryos in kernel was also the highest (10.49%-11.26%). The kernel of HM1 had the largest grain width (5.71-8.75 mm) and the highest subcutaneous cavity ratio (1.26%-2.05%). The relationship between the morphology, structure of corn kernel and its mechanical properties was identified, which would provide an essential reference for the study of corn kernel’s characters and conduce to the selection and breeding of corn cultivars favoring mechanical grain harvesting.

This study aimed to elucidate the genetic diversity and comprehensive agronomic performance of foxtail millet germplasm resources in Yulin City of Shaanxi, to support breeding programs. 200 geographically distinct millet accessions were evaluated using variation analysis, genetic diversity assessment, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation analysis. Phenotypic characterization revealed the predominant traits including green leaf sheaths, semi-erect plant architecture, conical panicles, medium panicle compactness, short bristles, and yellow grain coloration. Quantitative trait analysis demonstrated highly significant genetic variation (P<0.01), with the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity indices observed for panicle diameter (2.06) and single panicle weight (2.06), and the lowest for panicle length (1.96). Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance and Ward’s method classified 63.5% of accessions into Cluster III. PCA extracted five principal components, accounting for 91.85% cumulative variance contribution. A weighted comprehensive evaluation (D-value) using membership functions identified ten superior cultivars, including ‘Jingu 45’, ranked by D-value. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant associations (P<0.01) between the D-value and five key traits, including plant height, panicle diameter, single panicle weight, panicle grain weight, and threshing percentage. These findings highlight the rich genetic diversity of Yulin’s millet germplasm. The top-ranked cultivars exhibit potential for regional promotion and breeding applications, while the five core traits serve as critical indicators for germplasm evaluation.

The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of peanut varieties by comprehensively evaluating the plant traits, yield, nutrient content and resistance traits of different peanut varieties (lines). Eight different peanut varieties (lines) were selected as materials for the study, and key traits and resistance performance were analyzed in depth and combined with correlation analyses to assess the genetic differences among different varieties and the correlations among their traits. The results of the study showed that the coefficients of variation for oleic acid to linoleic acid ratio, linoleic acid content, oleic acid content, 100-pods weight, and number of full pods per plant were high at 21.87%, 11.08%, 10.51%, 11.07%, and 9.95%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed highly significant positive correlations between pod yield and seed kernel yield, main stem height and lateral branch length, while highly significant negative correlations were observed between total number of branches and number of fruiting branches. In addition, number of branches, number of fruiting branches and number of full pods were key factors affecting yield potential. Therefore, improved strategies to increase peanut yield should focus on increasing the number of branches, fruiting branches, and the number of full pods. The comprehensive analysis results showed that 'Shanghua 21' variety was the best performer in terms of yield, resistance to inversion and disease, and it was an ideal choice for popularization of planting within Henan Province. The findings of this study provide an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the genetic improvement and yield enhancement of peanut varieties.

To understand the effects of nitrogen application, planting density and sowing method on the agronomic traits and yield of 'BaiYan No. 2' oat, the L₈(4×2²) orthogonal experiment was conducted with three factors, nitrogen application rate, density, and sowing method. The application rate factor had four levels, while density and sowing method each had two levels. The results showed that the heading date of 'BaiYan No. 2' oats was advanced with the increase of N application rate and delayed with the increase of planting density. Plant height, number of nodes, panicle length and panicle weight all increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The results showed that the sowing mode was the main factor affecting the yield of 'Bai Yan No. 2' oat, followed by nitrogen application rate and planting density. The yield of combination A₂B₁C₁ was the highest, reaching 4083.54 kg/hm², followed by combination A₁B₁C₁, the yield was 3880.19 kg/hm². The yield of 'Bai Yan No. 2' oats was not significantly affected by different nitrogen application rates, planting densities and planting methods, but the yield of the combination of nitrogen application of 52.5 kg/hm² and 37.5 kg/hm², planting density of 2.85 million seedling/hm² and strip seeding was first and second, so the best combination was A₂B₁C₁ or A₁B₁C₁. This study provided scientific basis for high-yield and high-quality oat planting technology of 'Bai Yan No. 2’.

In order to explore the relationship between sugarcane fiber components and sugarcane stem mechanics, 24 sugarcane germplasms derived from reciprocal crosses of Saccharum robustum were used as materials. The contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, respectively. Meanwhile, the stalk-breaking force near the ground end was measured using a stalk strength tester, followed by variance analysis and correlation analysis. The results of variance analysis revealed significant differences in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents among the 24 sugarcane germplasms, as well as significant variations in the stalk-breaking force near the ground end. The contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin ranged from 27.50%-43.51%, 13.14%-23.62% and 12.38%-25.02%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the stalk-breaking force exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with cellulose and hemicellulose contents, while showing a positive correlation with both acid-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble lignin contents. The mechanical properties of the tested germplasms stalks near the ground end were primarily determined by the cellulose and hemicellulose contents. Screening S. robustum germplasms with high fiber components could provide an excellent germplasm foundation for developing breakthrough sugarcane varieties with enhanced lodging resistance and pest resistance.

This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of complementary parental lines in millet breeding and accelerate the breeding of new millet varieties. A total of 18 millet germplasm resources collected from various regions were investigated to explore the variation patterns of genetic diversity in phenotypic traits and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of these germplasm resources. The 18 millet germplasm resources showed abundant genetic diversity. For the phenotypic traits related to yield, including main panicle length, panicle diameter, single panicle weight, grain weight per panicle, and 1000-grain weight, the coefficients of variation were all greater than 35%.The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) values ranged from 2.3570 to 2.7073 with an average of 2.5793. By calculating the comprehensive value of principal component F, the F-comprehensive values of each resource ranged from 0.1630 to 2.2201. Notably, the F-comprehensive values of the locally collected resources were generally higher than those from other provinces, which may be attributed to regional adaptability. Cluster analysis successfully classified the 18 millet germplasm resources into two groups. The distribution of these groups was basically consistent with their geographical origins, and the phenotypic traits within the groups exhibited complementary advantages. The phenotypic traits of the 18 local millet germplasm resources demonstrated rich genetic diversity. Through principal component analysis, three materials with excellent comprehensive performance, namely ‘Xixiu Local Millet No. 1’, ‘Local Glutinous Millet’, and ‘Xixiu Local Millet No. 2’, were screened out. The results showed that the genetic diversity of 18 germplasm resources was rich, and the classification of groups was consistent with the geographical origin, which could provide material support for optimizing the genetic diversity of local germplasm resources.

Cornus spp. has high ornamental value and is mostly used for landscaping for its various bract colors, and changeable leaf colors. In order to sort out research trend of Cornus spp. in the future, based on CiteSpace software, bibliometrics method was used in this study to visually analyze the target literature on the study of Cornus spp. from 1993 to 2004 in Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Network (CNKI), and build a knowledge map. The results showed that WOS and CNKI collected 216 and 50 articles on the study of Cornus spp. from 1993 to 2004, respectively. Through the analysis of the literature collected by WOS core library, it could be seen that the top 3 countries in terms of publication volume were the United States, China and Japan. Main research institutions were United States Department of Agriculture, University of Tennessee Knoxville, University of Tennessee System, Tennessee State University, UT Institute of Agriculture and other units. The top 10 keywords mainly appeared in the fields of flowering dogwood, dogwood anthracnose, mortality, growth, identification, forest, patterns, climate change, diversity. Domestic and foreign researchers had not enough study on diseases and pests, varieties identification as well as cultivation and utilization of Cornus spp.. It is necessary to strengthen the research on the exploration and utilization of excellent varieties with strong disease resistance, high ornamental value and strong resistance.

This study explored the structural variations and diversity of soil rhizosphere microbial communities in dryland loam walnut orchards, aiming to establish a theoretical basis for improving high-quality walnut production. The research was conducted at the walnut experimental orchard of the Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, through long-term positioning experiments utilizing various fertilization regimes. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, along with one-way ANOVA, was employed to assess the community structures of soil rhizosphere bacteria and fungi under different fertilization treatments, including CK (no fertilization with natural grass cover), MG (sheep manure with artificial grass cover), and M (sheep manure with natural grass cover). The results revealed that organic fertilizer application significantly enhanced soil nutrient content, with the combination of sheep manure and natural grass cover exhibiting the most substantial effect. Furthermore, the application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil enzyme activity, particularly when sheep manure was combined with artificial grass cover, thereby effectively accelerating soil nutrient cycling. Moreover, the integration of organic fertilization with grass cover had been shown to enhance bacterial and fungal populations and community structures, thereby increasing the abundance of microorganisms involved in nitrogen and carbon cycles and facilitating nutrient cycling and transformation. In the context of dryland conditions in Shanxi, the promotion of organic fertilization and inter-row grass cover in loam walnut orchards could significantly improve the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities, enhance soil nutrient availability, and optimize soil ecological conditions.

To effectively address the escalating heavy metal contamination in water bodies and soils, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, based on biomineralization, has recently garnered significant attention for remediating heavy metal pollution. Compared to conventional removal methods, MICP aims to induce calcium carbonate precipitation through microbial activity, offering cost-effectiveness and robust stability. This approach not only immobilizes heavy metals but also enhances the quality of contaminated matrices, demonstrating promising application prospects. This paper reviews recent advances in MICP and its applications in environmental engineering, encompassing mineral precipitation mechanisms, metabolic pathways, influencing factors, and progress in heavy metal remediation. Furthermore, it discusses the potential for large-scale implementation and three suggestions are put forward. Firstly, the internal and external factors of MICP process should be optimized to determine the optimal process conditions for microbial growth and mineral formation; the second is to further improve the treatment method of NH₄⁺ produced in the urea hydrolysis process of MICP to reduce the negative impact on the environment; the third is to optimize the process and automation steps to reduce the cost of MICP technology and realize the large-scale application of MICP. The research is expected to provide theoretical insights to advance MICP technology in environmental restoration and biomaterial synthesis.

This study investigated the ecological adaptability of different efficiency-enhanced DAP fertilizers in soil of Xinjiang, aiming to identify novel DAP fertilizers with lower nutrient content that promote the growth of maize in Xinjiang. The research provided a reference for the selection and application of DAP fertilizers for maize in Xinjiang, while also offered a basis for cutting-edge research on low-nutrient, high-efficiency fertilizers in the region. Using 64% DAP without additives (high-nutrient fertilizer) as the control, comparisons were made with low-nutrient fertilizers, including 57% DAP with additive (formula A), 57% DAP with additive (formula B), 57% DAP with additive (formula C), 57% DAP with additive (formula D), 57% DAP with additive (formula E), and 57% DAP with additive (formula F). The growth morphology, physiological indicators and biomass of maize under different treatments were measured, and statistical methods such as regression analysis were applied to evaluate the results. The results showed that the addition of efficiency-enhancing additives promoted root development in maize plants and improved physiological indicators such as chlorophyll content and plant height. Low-nutrient DAP fertilizers with additives showed a tendency to outperform high-nutrient DAP fertilizers in promoting maize growth. The effects varied among different additive formulations, with formula A, formula E, and formula F demonstrating the most significant promotion effects on maize growth.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of tillage practices on soil properties, aggregate stability and soil quality, providing references for improving soil fertility and yield in drip-irrigated maize fields in Xinjiang. A field positioning experiment was conducted in Areoletuohai Ranch, Bole City, Xinjiang from 2022-2023 with the maize variety ‘Jinli1702’ as the test material. Four tillage treatments were set up, including conventional tillage with plastic film (CT), conventional tillage without plastic film (BT), no-tillage (NT) and shallow tillage (ST). The changes in soil properties, aggregate fractions and maize yield were analyzed to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on soil quality and maize yield. The results showed that compared with CT, both NT and ST significantly increased >2 mm aggregate contents, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and R_0.25 (P<0.05), indicating improved soil aggregate stability. Under the CT, soil temperature and moisture content were significantly higher than that in the NT and ST. Soil bulk density ranged from 1.35 to 1.70 g/cm³, with NT and ST showing significantly higher levels of available phosphorus, total nitrogen and organic carbon compared to CT. The soil quality index (SQI) in NT and ST increased by 19.82% and 15.29%, respectively, compared to CT. Maize yield under NT and ST was significantly higher than under CT and BT, reaching 20.67 t/hm² and 19.84 t/hm², respectively. But, there were no differences in ear grain number across four treatments, while the thousand-grain weight of NT was significantly higher than that of the others (P<0.05). Mantel analysis revealed significant positive correlations between yield and aggregate stability indices (MWD, GMD, D and R_0.25), soil properties, and SQI. Structural equation modeling showed that tillage practices affected soil quality by altering soil aggregate stability and soil properties, thereby indirectly influencing maize yield. The results showed that the yield of NT and ST increased by 9.13 % and 4.75 % compared with conventional tillage in drip irrigation maize farmland in Xinjiang, which had a significant effect on soil structure stability, soil quality and maize yield.

In order to study the impact of climate change on the growth of spring corn in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu, the continuous 30-year climate factors and corn biological observation data from Xifeng in 1994-2023 were used to analyze facts of climate warming and humidification in eastern Gansu and their impact on corn by using linear regression, polynomial function, climate trend rate and other methods. The results showed that, over the past 30 years, the heat and precipitation during the growth period of spring corn in eastern Gansu had shown an increasing trend, while sunshine had shown a decreasing trend. The climate warming and humidification trend in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu was obvious, which had a significant impact on the growth and development of corn. Climate warming affected the growth cycle of corn, the sowing period of corn was delayed, the maturity period was advanced, the growth was shortened, and the planting boundary was expanded northward; climate warming and humidification made the growth height of corn, leaf area index, ear length, hundred grain, plant seed weight, theoretical yield and other indicators showed an increasing trend, and the positive effect of climate warming and humidification on the production of spring corn and agricultural in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu was significant. The yield of corn in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu was negatively correlated with average temperature, effective accumulated temperature and sunshine hours during the growth period, and was extremely significantly positively correlated with the precipitation during the growth period. The lack of water was the main limiting factor for the growth of crops in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu. Moisture affected the whole process of corn yield growth. The yield of corn was mainly affected by the amount and distribution of precipitation. In production, we should fully tap the potential of climate resources, adjust the planting, promote the scientific planting mode, introduce high-yielding and stress-resistant varieties, select the appropriate sowing period, dynamically increase or decrease the area of multiple cropping, water-saving irrigation, improve the disaster prevention and reduction system, control and prevent to improve quality and efficiency, and avoid harm to reduce the negative effects of climate change.

The traditional sowing of cotton in southern Xinjiang needs spring irrigation or winter irrigation for salt suppression to ensure the seedling emergence, but the water consumption is large. The ‘dry sowing and wet emergence’ model has emerged as an innovative approach, enabling precise water management to reduce consumption while effectively regulating soil salt-alkali distribution and ensuring normal cotton growth. Current research on regional adaptability of this mode remains preliminary. This study systematically reviewed existing progress, discussed optimal irrigation volume and frequency under this model, and summarized its regulatory mechanisms on soil salt distribution dynamics, physical structure, moisture dynamics, and cotton growth. Production practices and literature analysis demonstrate that this model maintains soil salinity within suitable ranges for cotton development. Future research directions are proposed, including climate-adaptive planting patterns, the intelligent irrigation monitoring, combined application of soil amendments, and microbial regulation.

Accurate prediction of the first flowering date of roses can provide scientific basis for flower appreciation and tourism management. This paper based on the records of the first flowering date of roses in Pingyin from 1994 to 2023 and the meteorological data of Pingyin County National Meteorological Observatory in the same period, the variation characteristics of the first flowering date were analyzed, and the correlation analysis between the first flowering date and meteorological factors was carried out to establish the regression prediction equation. The results show that the first flowering date of roses is from April 30 to May 1, which has been advanced in recent years. The ordinal number of days of the first flowering date is significantly correlated with the average temperature of April, accumulated temperature and sunshine duration, among which the correlation with accumulated temperature is the most significant. The prediction equations of the first flowering date are established by using the average temperature of April, accumulated temperature and accumulated temperature combined with sunshine duration, respectively. It is found that the accumulated temperature method is more accurate in predicting the first flowering date of roses.

Semanotus bifasciatus is a major pest that damages Platycladus orientalis and other cypress trees. Its strong destructive power towards forest trees can lead to severe ecological and economic losses. Currently, Semanotus bifasciatus is mainly distributed in northern China and classified as a highly hazardous pest. In recent years, with global climate change and ecological environmental variations, the occurrence range and damage severity of Semanotus bifasciatus have shown an increasing trend. This study provides a detailed review of the distribution, occurrence and spread, feeding habits, physiological characteristics, monitoring and early warning technologies of the Semanotus bifasciatus, as well as research progress in control strategies. It also looks forward to future research directions, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the Semanotus bifasciatus and the spread of the trunk-boring pests of Platycladus orientalis in China.

To investigate the synergistic control effect of exogenous substances on Panax notoginseng root rot disease caused by Fusarium solani, this study conducted in vitro plate culture method and outdoor pot experiments using combined application of L-Lysine and Trichoderma harzianum, aiming to clarify the effects of different treatments on F. solani strain, P. notoginseng seedling growth, root rot disease control, and their regulation on rhizosphere microbial diversity. The results showed that: 1 μmol/L L-Lysine exhibited only 13.32% inhibition rate against F. solani, but significantly promoted the mycelial growth (23.05%) and spore production (173.61%) of T. harzianum. In pot experiments, the LTF1 treatment (1 μmol/L L-Lysine+T. harzianum+F. solani) demonstrated the optimal application effect. Compared with CK (F. solani), the survival rate, root fresh weight and root dry weight of P. notoginseng increased by 45.83%, 27.45% and 33.33% respectively, while the root rot incidence decreased by 88.89%. High-throughput sequencing analysis of rhizosphere microbes revealed impacts on both fungal and bacterial diversity, with the most significant reduction observed in fungal community abundance. Ascomycota (87.27%) and Actinobacteriota (24.54%) emerged as dominant phyla, while functional genera including Trichoderma (28.57%), Anaeromyxobacter (2.47%) and Paenibacillus (1.96%) showed significant enrichment, exhibiting negative correlations with root rot incidence. This study provides new ecological management strategies for controlling P. notoginseng root rot disease through combined application of L-Lysine and Trichoderma harzianum.

Plant-derived pesticides are processed natural agents obtained from botanical sources. Reviewing extraction advances of their active ingredients provides valuable references for the development and application of these pesticides. This article focuses on the extraction methods for active ingredients of plant- derived pesticides, systematically summarizing the basic principles, application examples, and extraction effects of both traditional and modern extraction methods through a literature review. Traditional extraction methods, such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction, are simple to operate and low-cost, but they have limited extraction efficiency and are prone to contamination. Rapid extraction methods can improve extraction efficiency, they are still limited by solvent selection and extraction conditions. Modern extraction technologies, such as microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasonic extraction, significantly enhance the efficiency and purity. Supercritical fluid extraction achieves efficient separation and purification, while dynamic countercurrent extraction using tank arrays improves extraction efficiency through optimized process layout. Membrane separation technology and high- speed countercurrent chromatography further purify components. Extraction methods for active ingredients of plantderived pesticides are diverse, with each traditional and modern extraction technique having its own strengths and weaknesses. In the future, extraction methods should be scientifically and reasonably selected and applied based on the characteristics of plant-derived pesticides and production needs.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of epimedium on the reproductive performance of Small Tailed Han sheep and the appropriate addition ratio in the feed. A total of 192 six-month-old Small Tailed Han sheep, half male and half female, were randomly divided into four male groups and four female groups. Each group of 24 sheep was divided into 3 replicates with 8 sheep in each, and housed in separate pens. The control male and female groups were fed a basal diet, while the three male test groups and three female test groups were fed a diet containing 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% epimedium, respectively, for a 75-day feeding trial. The results showed that epimedium could increase the feed consumption of male sheep, promote growth and development and improve the sperm volume, sperm concentration, and reduce the abnormal rate of male sheep to varying degrees, and increase the blood testosterone concentration of male sheep. Among them, the 1.0% epimedium group was significantly different from the control group (P<0.05), and the 1.5% epimedium group was extremely significantly different from the control group (P<0.01). However, the feed consumption and the feed-to-weight ratio increased; epimedium could promote the growth and development of female sheep, reduce feed consumption, but there was no significant statistical difference (P>0.05); epimedium could improve the live lambing rate, lambing rate, FSH and LH concentrations of female sheep to varying degrees. Among them, the 1.5% epimedium group was significantly different from the control group (P<0.05). The experiment showed that adding a certain proportion of epimedium could improve the reproductive performance of both male and female Small Tailed Han sheep, increase the feed consumption of male sheep but not increase the feed consumption of female sheep, and help improve immunity.

In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current status and developmental trends in research on Rana dybowskii, taking 269 literature collected by CNKI core database from 2003 to 2023 as our primary data source, CiteSpace software was employed for analyzing literature quantity, keyword co-occurrence, core authors, and their collaborative networks. The results showed that the number of research papers published on Rana dybowskii had exhibited a tendency towards stability in recent years. Northeast Forestry University and Hejiang Forestry Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province emerged as the most prolific research institutions in China, while Xiao Xianghong and Tong Qing were identified as the most prominent scholars in terms of publication output. The research focuses on artificial cultivation, growth, diseases, and the production of forest frog oil products. Furthermore, investigating the potential long-term impacts of climate change and habitat fragmentation on the population dynamics of Rana dybowskii could emerge as a promising avenue for future research in this field.

To explore the influence of artificial breeding activities on the genetic diversity of natural Procambarus clarkii populations, SNP molecular markers developed via SLAF-Seq sequencing technology were employed to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of seven natural P. clarkii populations in Jiangsu Province. These populations included the main production areas (Weishan Lake, Gaoyou Lake, Hongze Lake, and Luoma Lake) and non-main production areas (Ge Lake, Gucheng Lake, and Yangcheng Lake). In total, 176486 SNPs and 24828 Indels were detected in 210 individuals from these populations. The average Q30 and GC contents were 92.77% and 44.31%, respectively. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) of the seven populations ranged from 0.2070 to 0.2246. The expected heterozygosity (H_e) was between 0.2388 and 0.2854, while the observed heterozygosity (H_o) ranged from 0.3204 to 0.3387, suggesting a certain degree of heterozygote excess in these populations. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (F_st) among populations varied from 0.033 to 0.124, indicating moderate differentiation. The seven populations could be divided into four lineages. The populations from Hongze Lake, Luoma Lake, Gaoyou Lake, and Ge Lake were classified as one group, and the remaining three populations from Weishan Lake, Gucheng Lake, and Yangcheng Lake formed separate groups respectively. This demonstrated clear geographical distribution patterns among the populations. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed that the LD decay distance in the P. clarkii populations was short, with the r² value decreasing to less than 0.1 within a 100-bp physical distance. Further selection sweep analysis revealed 153 strongly selected genomic regions between the main production area and non-main production area populations. These selected genes were significantly enriched in pathways such as the Cell cycle, AMPK signaling pathway, Meiosis, and other gene pathways closely related to the biological functions of P. clarkii. This study elucidated the genetic diversity characteristics of natural populations in both main and non-main production areas of P. clarkii in Jiangsu Province, thus providing a theoretical basis for the development, utilization and conservation of P. clarkii germplasm resources.

Agricultural productive services as a crucial lever for integrating small farmers into modern agriculture, facilitate small farmers in achieving economies of scale. Drawing upon survey data from 247 wheat farmers in Shandong Province in 2023, this paper initially employed the Logit model to analyze the influencing factors of the adoption of productive services. Subsequently, it utilized the ISM model to stratify these factors for discussion, thereby delineating the decision-making pathway of outsourcing agricultural productive services from the transaction cost perspective. The empirical results showed that service cognition, organizational convenience, own agricultural tools, wheat yield, agricultural technology training, social network, number of disasters, joining cooperatives and paying attention to grain prices significantly influenced farmers’ outsourcing behavior. The decision-making drivers could be categorized into two distinct pathways: ‘externally-driven’ and ‘internally-driven’ mechanisms. In light of these findings, the study proposed three strategic recommendations: establishing a hierarchical service provider network with precision service mechanisms, enhancing the dual-drive system integrating digital empowerment and institutional coordination, and implementing systematic transformation of production factors.