Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.25 Published:05 September 2024

  Effect of Decomposed Chicken Manure Replacing Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rice Yield, Nitrogen Utilization Rate and Soil Physicochemical Properties XUN Xianyu, XIA Yangyang, ZHONG Yuehua, MENG Aihong, HE Lingling, ZHANG Junqiang, MA Hongbo, WANG Xiaoyun 2024, 40 (25):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0131 Abstract + ( 66 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1165KB )   ( 32 ) The effects of decomposed chicken manure on the yield and quality of rice and soil physicochemical properties were studied for the poor soil structure of the foot-entangled soil in Dongtai. According to the principle of equal nitrogen substitution, seven treatments were set up, including no fertilization treatment, conventional treatment, and chicken manure replacing nitrogen fertilizer by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. The results showed that compared with conventional treatment, chicken manure replacing nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased soil total nitrogen (0.86%-3.45%) and organic matter content (0.57%-9.53%), but decreased bulk density (0.73%-4.41%). Chicken manure replacing nitrogen fertilizer improved the yield and quality of rice, of which 20% nitrogen fertilizer substitution significantly increased rice yield by 19.44% (P<0.05) and the nitrogen utilization rate by 16.58% (P<0.05). Based on the economic benefits, chicken manure replacing 20% nitrogen fertilizer had the highest economic benefits, increasing rice yield and quality and improving soil structure. It is a relatively optimal proportion of chicken manure replacing nitrogen fertilizer and is worth promoting and applying.

  The Genotypes Identification and Physiological Mechanisms of Potassium Efficiency in Potato: A Review GAO Jingjie, JIA Liguo, FAN Mingshou, LIU Guangjing, LIU Kun 2024, 40 (25):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0690 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 13 ) Potassium is one of the essential mineral nutrients for potato growth and development, and is crucial for potato growth and tuber formation. The low efficiency of potassium absorption and utilization is one of the important limiting factors in potato production in China, and screening the potato genotypes with high potassium efficiency is the best way to enhance the potassium utilization and deal with low potassium stress in potato. In this paper, the methods and indexes for screening of high potassium efficiency varieties of various crops in China and abroad were summarized from four aspects: the definition and assessment of potassium efficiency, the identification and evaluation of crop genotypes with high potassium efficiency, the physiological basis of high potassium absorption and the physiological basis of high potassium utilization. Combining with the characteristics of potato potassium requirement, the feasible methods and influencing factors for screening potato genotypes with high potassium efficiency were put forward, and the future research direction for improving potato potassium efficiency was prospected so as to provide a reference for the high yield and high potassium utilization of potato.

  Response Mechanism of Cotton Varieties in Bayingol Area to Chemical Topping Agents DU Shanshan, LUO Jing, YAO Qingqing, HE Zhongsheng, WANG Dongli, SUN Huijian 2024, 40 (25):  11-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0196 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1474KB )   ( 13 ) In order to clarify the sensitive response of different main cotton varieties to chemical topping agents in Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, four local main cotton varieties were selected as the research objects to study and analyze the effects of DPC (25% slow-release emulsion in water) treatment with chemical topping agents on plant height, LAI, aboveground biomass accumulation, yield and quality of different cotton varieties. The results showed that 30 days after topping, the plant height of different cotton varieties was significantly higher than that of artificial topping by 4.09%-7.54% (P<0.05), among which ‘Ba 43541’ increased the least. LAI of different cotton varieties under two topping methods ranged from 2.96 to 4.03. Compared with before topping, LAI of cotton variety ‘Ba 43541’ increased the most under chemical topping method. The changes of leaves, stems, buds and total dry matter mass of different cotton varieties under two topping methods were different, but the changes of dry matter mass under two topping methods were not significant (P>0.05). Compared with manual topping, chemical topping had little effect on fiber length, uniformity, specific strength, micronaire value and elongation of different cotton varieties, and the difference was significant. Compared with manual topping, the yield of seed cotton of different cotton varieties increased by 0.35%-2.49% under chemical topping, among which the yield of cotton variety ‘Ba 43541’ was the highest, with 163.15 kg/hm2, followed by ‘Xinluzhong 71’, ‘Xinluzhong 78’ and ‘Xinluzhong 81’. ‘Ba 43541’, the main cotton variety in Bayingol, is the most sensitive to chemical topping agent, and has the best effect of chemical capping, and has the potential to increase production.

  Review on Application of Biochar in Sugarcane Cultivation GUI Yiyun, LI Haibi, WEI Jinju, ZHU Kai, ZHOU Hui, LIU Xihui 2024, 40 (25):  18-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0770 Abstract + ( 33 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1135KB )   ( 6 ) This paper reviewed the application and effects of biochar in sugarcane cultivation. The application types and methods of biochar on sugarcane were summarized, and the effects of biochar application on sugarcane growth, soil physical and chemical properties, and microbial community structure were discussed. The effects of biochar on soil carbon sequestration, carbon emission reduction, and sugarcane disease prevention and control were analyzed. In addition, the paper proposed that in-depth research on the long-term interaction effects and mechanisms of biochar and sugarcane soil, the activities of beneficial microorganisms, and the changes of key populations should be carried out in the future, and the discussion on the resource utilization of sugarcane leaves should be strengthened, so as to further promote the application of biochar in sugarcane cultivation.

  Impact of Optimized Potassium-Magnesium Fertilizer on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism and Hormone Levels in Later Growth Stage of Tobacco ZHU Chenyu, XIE Rongrong, WANG Yuemin, XU Zhihao, KE Yuqin, ZHENG Chaoyuan, LI Wenqing 2024, 40 (25):  24-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0788 Abstract + ( 36 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1355KB )   ( 4 ) In order to investigate the optimal potassium-magnesium ratio for improving tobacco leaf quality, a field randomized block experiment was conducted. The study set a control group with conventional farmer fertilization (T1, N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.68:3, with K2O application rate of 315 kg/hm2), as well as treatments with optimized potassium fertilizer (T2, N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.68:2, with K2O application rate of 210 kg/hm2), optimized potassium fertilizer+ MgO at 19.5 kg/hm2 (T3), and optimized potassium fertilizer+ MgO at 39.0 kg/hm2 (T4). The effects of these treatments on the growth, reactive oxygen metabolism, and hormone levels in the later growth stage of tobacco were investigated. The results showed that, compared to the control group, T3 treatment exhibited the best growth performance in terms of leaf development. The potassium-magnesium ratio was reduced by reducing the amount of potash fertilizer application and increasing the amount of magnesium fertilizer application, and increasing magnesium fertilizer application significantly increased the biomass during the bunching and final harvesting stages. It also significantly increased the content of soluble proteins in the plant tissues, as well as the activities of enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and POD. The enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were highest in the T3 treatment. Lowering the potassium-magnesium ratio significantly reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide, LOX enzyme activity, and hormones such as IAA, ABA, and IAAO in the tobacco leaves, with the lowest ABA hormone level observed in the T3 treatment. On the other hand, it increased the levels of GA3 and CTK hormones. In conclusion, applying a potassium-magnesium ratio of N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.68:2 and supplementing with 19.5 kg/hm2 of magnesium fertilizer during the later growth stage of tobacco resulted in improved growth and enhanced characteristics for tobacco curing.

  Study on Suitable Left Leaves Number of Harvesting Upper Tobacco Leaves with Stems HUANG Jian, SUN Fushan, WANG Jun, TANG Min, MA Zhanfeng, DAI Yingpeng 2024, 40 (25):  30-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0145 Abstract + ( 36 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1236KB )   ( 8 ) To improve the usability of upper tobacco leaves, it is necessary to explore the suitable roasting method and number of left leaves of upper tobacco. Using ‘Yunyan 87’ as the test material, the effects of two harvesting methods, namely upper tobacco with stem and leaf by leaf harvesting, with 3 leaves (BJ3, BZ3), 4 leaves (BJ4, BZ4), 5 leaves (BJ5, BZ5), and 6 leaves (BJ6, BZ6), on the economic characteristics and leaf quality of cured tobacco were studied. Research showed that the proportion, average price, appearance quality, coordination of main chemical components, and sensory quality of cured tobacco harvested with stems were generally better than those harvested leaf by leaf. The proportion and average price of top grade tobacco were highest in BJ4, followed by BJ5, and a significant difference was observed in the harvesting of upper tobacco with stems; those of BZ4 was the highest in leaf by leaf harvesting, followed by BZ5, and BJ4 increased by 9.11 percentage points and 0.80 yuan/kg respectively compared with BZ4, BJ5 increased by 5.10 percentage points and 0.14 yuan/kg respectively compared with BZ5. The total score of appearance quality was highest in BJ5, followed by BJ4. BZ5 was the highest in leaf by leaf harvesting. The main chemical components included reducing sugars, total sugar content, and sugar to alkali ratio, which were more suitable for BJ4 in harvesting with stems, followed by BJ5, and BZ5 were more suitable for harvesting leaf by leaf. The total score of sensory evaluation for smoking quality of BJ5 in harvesting with stems was the highest, which was 76.40 points, and those of BZ5 in leaf by leaf harvesting was the highest, which was 74.90 points. The grade structure and intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves harvested with stems from 4-5 upper tobacco leaves are better than those harvested leaf by leaf.

  Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites in Brassica parachinensis Based on Broadly Targeted Metabolomics ZHU Jitong, XU Yingchao, XUE Shudan, MENG Qitao, XIE Dasen, JIANG Biao, GUO Juxian, ZHONG Yujuan 2024, 40 (25):  36-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0675 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2130KB )   ( 6 ) There is a lack of systematic and comprehensive analysis of the metabolites that affect the flavor and nutritional quality of Brassica parachinensis. In this study, a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with multiple reaction detection mode was used to systematically resolve the metabolites in four different types of B. parachinensis from the Guangdong region. A total of 519 metabolites, 210 (40.46%) primary metabolites, 288 (55.49%) secondary metabolites, and 21 ( 4.05%) belonged to other categories were detected in B. parachinensis. This study concluded that D-glucose, sucrose, proline, serine, threonine and histidine were the main contributors to the sweetness, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine were the main contributors to the umami, and malic acid and citric acid mainly affected the sourness, bitterness and umami of B. parachinensis. In addition, we also found that the B. parachinensis contained a variety of secondary metabolites with high medicinal value, such as trigonelline, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. In this study, a comprehensive targeted metabolomic analysis method was utilized to systematically investigate the metabolic products of B. parachinensis, providing important theoretical references for improving its nutritional quality and taste flavor.

  Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Differences Between Female and Male Plants of Vernicia montana at Flowering Stage LAN Jinxuan, HUANG Xiaolu, LI Baocai, LIANG Wenhui 2024, 40 (25):  48-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0709 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 4 ) In order to reveal the differences between female and male plants of Vernicia montana, the leaves of V. montana at flowering stage were selected as samples, and ethanol extraction, anthrone colorimetric method, folin reagent assay, nitrogen blue tetrazole method, guaiacol method, and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays were used to determine the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, total phenol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and endogenous hormones in the leaves of female and male plants at flowering stage. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, soluble sugar and total phenol in the leaves of the female plants were higher than those of the male plants, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The peroxidase (POD) activity, ZR content and IAA content in male leaves were significantly higher than those in female leaves plants (P<0.05), which were closely related to the sex of V. montana.

  Impact of Compound Antibiotics on Lettuce Seed Germination and Soil Enzyme Activity GUO Jiayi, YU Yilei, LI Wenyan, LV Cuicui, LIU Chaojie 2024, 40 (25):  52-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0832 Abstract + ( 29 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1506KB )   ( 3 ) To investigate the effects of antibiotics and changes in irrigation water source on lettuce, soil and their changes in time on the 3rd and 7th day of incubation, seed germination and stress tests were designed with the addition of 11 common antibiotics at compound contamination levels (0, 2.2, 5.5 and 11 mg/kg) and two different irrigation water sources, and samples were collected twice during germination. The results showed that most of the lettuce seed germination indices (e.g., seed germination potential, germination percentage, fresh weight, and seedling length) were not significantly different in the treatment group compared to the control group. Root length of lettuce seeds was significantly inhibited when the concentration of addition of antibiotics was 11 mg/kg and the source of irrigation water was reclaimed water. During the sampling period (3rd and 7th day of incubation), the addition of antibiotics and the change in irrigation water source did not disturb the normal functioning of the antioxidant system of lettuce seeds. Soil urease and soil alkaline phosphatase activities increased in most of the treatment groups from the 3rd to the 7th day of incubation, and there was a significant difference between some treatment groups and the control group. Soil enzyme activities were more sensitive to the addition of antibiotics than plant germination indexes and plant enzyme activities.

  Effects of Rain Shelter Cultivation on Growth, Hormones and Yield of Line Pepper in Sichuan Basin ZHANG Zejin, LIANG Ying, TANG Li 2024, 40 (25):  59-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0798 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1944KB )   ( 9 ) To investigate the effects of sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation on the growth, hormones, and yield of chili pepper ‘Sichuan 20’ in the Sichuan basin, and clarify the influencing mechanism, we set up sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation treatment and field control treatment, measured the height of chili pepper plants and the content of endogenous hormones in the apical tissues of chili pepper plants in the two treatments, and conducted transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR validation of related genes. The results showed that there was no significant difference in chili pepper plant height in the early period of sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation, and the plant height in the middle and late periods of sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation was 1.13 and 1.5 times that of the field control treatment, respectively. The yield per plant in the sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation treatment was 74.9% of that in the field control treatment. After sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation, the content of gibberellin was 1.29 times that of the field control treatment, and the content of jasmonic acid was 63.3% of that of the field control treatment. GO analysis showed that the two treatments were significantly enriched in biological functions related to stress response and defense response and were significantly enriched in molecular functions related to adenosine nucleotide binding, adenosine diphosphate binding, and guanosine diphosphate binding. KEGG pathway analysis showed that compared with the sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation treatment, the field control treatment of chili pepper in the sesquiterpene biosynthesis metabolic pathway had four genes related to gibberellin degradation, CaGA2ox1.1(Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 1, T459_20483), CaGA2ox1.2 (Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 1, T459_24753), CaGA2ox8(Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 8, T459_05864), CaGRP3(Gibberellin-regulated protein 3, T459_06266). After the installation of facilities for rain protection cultivation in the Sichuan basin, the expression level of the gene for degradation of gibberellin at the top of the chili pepper decreased, while the content of gibberellin increased, causing the excessive growth of chili pepper, ultimately leading to a lower yield of chili pepper in the facilities for rain protection cultivation than in the field cultivation.

  Study on Effect of Exogenous Inositol on Cold Tolerance of Mini-watermelon CUI Tengfei, LI Ting, QU Mingshan, WANG Hongxu, WANG Yumei, CHEN Taosheng, WANG Baoju 2024, 40 (25):  66-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0706 Abstract + ( 36 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1255KB )   ( 5 ) In order to explore the effect of exogenous inositol on improving the cold tolerance of mini-watermelon, inositol treatment was carried out at the seedling stage and growth stage of mini-watermelon. The growth indexes such as leaf area and SPAD value of leaves at seedling stage and the quality indexes after fruit ripening were measured. The results showed that the application of inositol had a certain promoting effect on the growth of shoot, root, leaf and fruit of mini-watermelon. Among them, the leaf area, leaf SPAD value, root length, root tip number, bifurcation number and crossover number of seedlings were significantly increased by 48.99%, 5.70%, 25.62%, 54.74%, 30.62% and 48.63%, respectively, compared with the control of clear water. The single fruit weight, heart sugar, total sugar and ascorbic acid content were increased by 12.86%, 13.15%, 11.01% and 18.67%, respectively, compared with the control. In summary, external application of inositol can improve the cold resistance of mini-watermelon to a certain extent, reduce damage, promote its growth and improve quality.

  Effects of Types of Mulch and Planting Density on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Astragalus memeranaceus LI Chong, WEI Tingbang 2024, 40 (25):  72-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0195 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1237KB )   ( 5 ) The effects of different types of mulch and planting density on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and astragaloside content and yield of Astragalus memeranaceus were studied in this research. Using the cultivar A. memeranaceus var. mongholicus as research material, a split plot field experiment was carried out in the oasis irrigation area of Gansu Province in 2021-2022. Four types of mulch (namely fast degradation film, slow degradation film, ordinary film and no film, respectively as T1, T2, T3, T4) were set as the main plots, and four planting densities (namely 2.1×105, 2.4×105, 2.7×105, 3.0×105 plant/hm2, respectively as D1, D2, D3, D4) were set as the split plots. The Photosynthetic, chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), astragaloside content and yield were determined by the photosynthetic instrument and sampling methods of experimental plot at flowering and harvesting stages of A. memeranaceus, respectively. Under the slow degradation film treatment (T2) and the planting density (D2) treatment in growth stages of A. memeranaceus, the photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll relative content, dry matter accumulation and astragaloside content and yield were the highest. Compared with the T2D1, T2D3 and T2D4 treatments, the photosynthetic rate of T2D2 treatment increased by 30.81%, 36.91% and 48.67%; the chlorophyll relative content of T2D2 treatment increased by 34.26%, 17.39% and 34.23%; the underground yield of T2D2 treatment increased by 34.78%, 15.22% and 19.18%; the astragaloside content of T2D2 treatment increased by 53.99%, 31.26% and 55.62%. Compared with T1D2, T3D2 and T4D2 treatments, the astragaloside content of T2D2 treatment increased by 54.27%, 32.90% and 78.03%, respectively. The optimal planting mode of slow degradation film (T2) and density of 2.4×105 plant/hm2 (D2) at growth stage of A. memeranaceus can improve the photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, yield and astragaloside content.

  Research Progress in Microcystins by Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace YE Hongyan, ZHAO Zihan, LIU Chunhui, YUE Shizhong, WANG Ruiping 2024, 40 (25):  81-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0725 Abstract + ( 33 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2765KB )   ( 2 ) A bibliometric analysis on the research dynamics of microcystins (MCs) was conducted by using CiteSpace software, and obtained the research advances, hot topics and the evolution of knowledge topics in this field, providing reference for further research. From the perspective of the annual number of publications, the study of MCs had received a large number of continuous attentions from scholars. Most of the papers were published in the journals of environmental chemistry, biology and ecology, among which Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica was the most published journal. Keywords analysis showed that MCs research involved a comprehensive content, including toxicity, detection, degradation and spatial and temporal distribution, among which the biodegradation and toxic effects of MCs were the research hotspots. The effect of MCs on organ and gene expression of grass carp was the frontier of research. The research related to MCs can be divided into three stages. From 1993 to 1999, the research was in the initial stage, mainly focusing on the isolation and purification of MCs, the toxic effect on liver and the concentration of MCs in drinking water. From 2000 to 2011, this field had become a hot research area and showed a number of research directions. From 2012 to 2021 the detection of MCs content and its toxic effects were deeply studied. It is an important development direction of MCs biodegradation to construct engineered bacteria with highly efficient expression of MCs degradation genes or to establish microbial communities with good stability and high degradation efficiency using genetic engineering technology. To study the toxic effects of MCs, it is necessary to explore the ecotoxicological effects and mechanism of MCs combined with environmental related concentrations.

  Research Progress on Resistance and Resistance Management of Myzus persicae XU Zhen, YE Lefu, CHI Yang, GAN Yangguang, FU Xue 2024, 40 (25):  89-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0657 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1234KB )   ( 7 ) This paper reviews the cases of peach aphid (Myzus persicae) resistance to various insecticides reported in the literature in recent years, analyses the possible mechanisms of peach aphid resistance, and evaluates the main patterns of resistance development in peach aphid, including interactive resistance, and predicts the development trend of resistance based on these patterns. Practical solutions to the growing problem of peach aphid resistance are summarized, including the alternation of insecticides with different mechanisms of action, the introduction of biological control methods, and the strengthening of resistance monitoring and so on, which are intended to provide new ideas for the management of agroforestry pests to meet the challenges posed by peach aphid resistance, thereby improving productivity and promoting the sustainable development of the natural environment. At the end of the article, several active areas of insect resistance research are outlined.

  Identification of Pestalotiopsis microspora Causing Fruit Spot on Guava and Laboratory Screening of Fungicides CUI Yiping, CHEN Huiqian, SONG Xiaobing, PENG Aitian, HUANG feng, LING Jinfeng 2024, 40 (25):  96-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0676 Abstract + ( 40 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1720KB )   ( 4 ) In order to clarify the pathogen causing guava fruit spot disease and to control the disease, the pathogens from guava leaves and fruit with typical symptoms were collected for isolation and purification. Based on tissue isolation method, phylogenetic analysis, morphological characters and Koch’s postulates, the pathogen was identified as Pestalotiopsis microspora. Inhibitory activities of six fungicides to P. microspora Guava A, Guava B and Guava C were determined using mycelial growth method. The result indicated 450 g/L prochloraz EW had the best inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth, with an EC50 values of 0.0019 μg/mL; the following was 60% pyraclostrobin·fluxapyroxad SC, 75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole WG and 325 g/L difenoconazole·azoxystrobin SC, with EC50 values of 0.1479 μg/mL, 0.1697 μg/mL and 0.1739 μg/mL. The result provides a reference for the control of fruit spot disease on guava in field.

  Influence Mechanisms of Pine Needle Extracts on Tea Plant Growth and Pest Control ZHANG Man, LI Jianlong, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Yiyong, NONG Hongqiu, CUI Yingying, LIU Jiayu, TANG Jinchi 2024, 40 (25):  103-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0605 Abstract + ( 40 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2109KB )   ( 3 ) In order to explore the effect of pine needle extracts on tea plant growth and pest control, tea trees treated with and without pine needle extracts were used as experiment materials, and the combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis was conducted to analyze the internal mechanism. The results showed that pine needle extracts could promote the growth of tea plants, with the increasing germination density, the relative content of chlorophyll in tea plant leaves, and the yield of tea without reducing the quality of tea. In this process, the expression of AP2/ERF transcription factors was suppressed, and ethylene signaling pathway played an important role of negative regulator. Besides, pine needle extracts treatments did not affect the community structure of arthropods of tea plants, and displayed a certain control effect on mites and tea green leafhoppers. The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome showed that the improvement of insect resistance of tea plant might be due to the activation of polyphenol and phospholipid metabolic pathways of tea plants, and the contents of corresponding metabolites were significantly increased. Thus, the antioxidant and free radical scavenging ability of tea plants were improved, so as to enhance the stress resistance of tea plants. In general, the results can provide a basis for the development and utilization of natural plant stress inducers.

  Inheritance Law of White Clover Flower Color and Its Response to Light and Temperature ZHANG Heshan, WU Xinjiang, TIAN Hong, XIONG Junbo, LU Jiaoyun, LIU Yang 2024, 40 (25):  113-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0642 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1427KB )   ( 5 ) The objective of this study is to clarify the inheritance law of flower color of red-flowered white clover mutant, and to explore the response of flower color expression to light and temperature. The red-flowered white clover mutant and white-flowered variety were used as parents to conduct hybridization, backcross, selfing and test cross experiments, and the flower color segregation law of all the hybridized progenies was studied. The chromatic difference of petals of the red-flowered white clover mutant among different temperature and light treatments was analyzed. The flower color of the F1 generation plants of the cross between the red-flowered mutant and the white-flowered varieties were all white, and those from self-crossed progeny (S1) of the mutant were all red. The flower color segregation of the F2 generation and the backcrossed generation (BC1) conformed to the Mendelian law of inheritance, and the ratios of the red flowers to the white flowers were 49:699 and 96:279 in F1 and BC1, respectively, which were basically in accordance with the expected segregation ratios of 1:15 and 1:3, respectively. Compared to the warm-temperature treatment (28℃ for 8 h and 34℃ for 16 h), the petal brightness value (L value) from the low-temperature treatment (12℃ for 8 h and 18℃ for 16 h) significantly decreased, and the redness (a value) numerically increased but not statistically significant. The petal redness significantly increased and the petal brightness decreased when the environment temperature changed from the warm-temperature environment to the low-temperature environment. The flower color of the red-flowered white clover mutant changed from red to white under shading for 2 days, and then the white flower recovered to red after restoring light for approximately 1 day. The flower color traits of the red-flowered white clover mutant were controlled by double recessive genes, and light was the key factor on regulating the expression of the flower color.

  Evaluation of Visiting Behavior and Pollination Effect of Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera ligustica on Licorice SU Jia, BAO Fang, WANG Guiping, SONG Zhongxing, TANG Zhishu, WEI Yujie, SONG Yingying, YANG Jiale, ZANG Guangpeng, TAN Yao, YU Yi 2024, 40 (25):  118-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0636 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1450KB )   ( 18 ) In order to screen suitable pollinators for Glycyrrhiza uralensis and improve the seed yield of G. uralensis, the flower-visiting behavior and pollination effects of Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera ligustica were compared. In the licorice field, during the flowering period of licorice, the inflorescences that were about to bloom under different pollination treatments were tagged and then the mature seeds of different treatments were harvested, and the number of pods per mature inflorescence, the number of seeds per pod, and the weight of 1000 grains, and other licorice yield-related traits were counted by conventional seed examination after pollination. The results showed that there were significant differences between A. mellifera ligustica and B. terrestris in flower visits to licorice. B. terrestris opened the keel flap more easily, and the single visit time [(2.98±0.05) s] was faster than that of A. mellifera ligustica [(8.19±0.21) s], and the frequency of visits to flowers [(12.98±0.29) flowers/min] was significantly higher than that of A. mellifera ligustica [(9.21±0.15) flowers/min]. Its peak emerging period (10:00) and peak homing period (14:00) were the same as those of A. mellifera ligustica. The number of colonies of A. mellifera ligustica was significantly higher than that of B. terrestris, but the seed setting rate of B. terrestris (52.92%) was higher than that of A. mellifera ligustica (43.33%), both of which were significantly higher than that of self-pollination (13.75%) and wind-borne pollination (22.19%). The pod numbers of single inflorescence pollinated by B. terrestris and A. mellifera ligustica were 20.67 and 19.41, respectively, which were 34.6 and 32.5 times higher than self-pollination, and 25.2 and 22.6 times higher than wind-borne pollination, respectively. The seed number of single inflorescence pollinated by B. terrestris and A. mellifera ligustica were 91.46 and 74.75, respectively, which were 33.0 times and 26.8 times higher than self-pollination, 28.5 times and 23.1 times higher than wind-borne pollination. The effective release distance of B. terrestris was about 210 m, which was significantly greater than that of A. mellifera ligustica (90 m). In conclusion, B. terrestris and A. mellifera ligustica are excellent pollinators for licorice, and B. terrestris shows better pollination effect on licorice, which can effectively solve the problem for insufficient vector insects in large-scale licorice seed production.

  Ultraviolet-Visible Spectra and Contents of Fruit Anthocyanins of Cyclocodon lancifolius in Maguan County of Yunnan Province GU Huaishan, ZHONG Zhengyang, YANG Di, ZHAO Kailing, ZHANG Wanqiao, DENG Guojun, HUANG Xingfen, WANG Xian, ZHAO Qiangbiao, LU Ling, LI Shijiang, ZHAO Changling, YANG Zhongyi 2024, 40 (25):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0698 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1408KB )   ( 3 ) This research aimed to clarify the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and contents of the fruit anthocyanins of the Cyclocodon lancifolius strains in Maguan County, Yunnan Province, providing a basis for the breeding, development, utilization and marketing of the fruits of the C. lancifolius in the county, and even in Yunnan Province. The C. lancifolius strains, i.e., ‘Wenheiguo No.1’- ‘Wenheiguo No.8’, in the county were employed as the test materials. The UV-vis spectra of the fruit anthocyanins were determined based on the continuous scanning in the range of 200-700 nm, and the total anthocyanin contents (TACs) of the fruits including the peels and flesh were evaluated by using spectrophotometry. The results showed that, in the UV-vis spectra of 1% concentrated hydrochloric acid-methanol extracts of the fruit anthocyanins of the eight C. lancifolius strains, one specific absorption band emerged in the visible and ultraviolet light regions, respectively, and the maximum absorption peak wavelength in the visible light region was 537.0 nm. ‘Wenheiguo No.2’ had the highest TACs for both the peels and the whole fruits, i.e., about (3.546±0.424) A537.0/(g·FW) and (1.758±0.070) A537.0/(g·FW), respectively, ‘Wenheiguo No.5’ held the highest TAC ratio of the peels to the whole fruits, i.e., about 2.237±0.096, ‘Wenheiguo No.6’ possessed the highest TAC ratio of the peels to the flesh, i.e., about 14.911±1.729, and the flesh TAC and the TAC ratio of the flesh to the whole fruits of ‘Wenheiguo No.7’ were both the highest, i.e., about (0.809±0.010) A537.0/(g·FW) and 1.284±0.056, respectively. In addition, the differences of all TAC-related indexes among the eight strains reached extremely significant.

  Characteristics and Correlations of Chemical Components and Sensory Quality of Tobacco ‘KRK26’ and Soil Nutrients of Tobacco-growing Area in Dali YANG Yan, ZHAO Weijin, XIE Yiyan, MA Junjie, PENG Ren, YANG Dehai, ZHENG Shifang, SUN Yonghua, LI Xiaoting, LI Xiancai 2024, 40 (25):  132-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0748 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1176KB )   ( 11 ) In order to provide a theoretical basis for improving ‘KRK26’ tobacco leaves quality through fertilization, the Dali ‘KRK26’ tobacco was selected to measure the contents of basic components in tobacco and soil, the quality characteristics of ‘KRK26’ and soil nutrient characteristics were evaluated, and the relationship was analyzed by using correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the content of reducing sugar and chloride of ‘KRK26’ was suitable, the aroma quality was delicate, the aroma was rich, the aftertaste was slightly sweet, and the flammability was good in tobacco leaves of Dali tobacco planting area. However, the content of total sugar and nicotine was slightly higher, the content of total nitrogen and potassium was slightly lower, and there was slightly irritating, dry and green impurities. The sensory quality score of ‘KRK26’ tobacco leaves in Dali was higher, but the content of total nitrogen was lower and nicotine was higher in 4 counties, meanwhile the content of total sugar of tobacco leaves was higher in Yangbi, Yunlong and Yongping, and the content of potassium was lower in Yongping. The contents of total phosphorus, available potassium and available boron in tobacco growing areas were deficient, and the contents of exchangeable magnesium in Yongping and Yunlong and the contents of organic matter and alkali hydrolysis nitrogen in Yangbi were deficient. At the same time, the total sugar of tobacco leaves was significantly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable calcium, and total nitrogen was significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium. The aroma quality and aroma quantity of tobacco leaves were significantly positively correlated and negatively correlated with soil available potassium and organic matter, respectively. The irritation was significantly correlated with available phosphorus and total potassium. The miscellaneous gas and ash color were significantly positively correlated with trace elements in soil. Furthermore, the influence of soil organic matter on aroma was greater than the total phosphorus, and the effect of soil total potassium on irritation was greater than the total phosphorus, and both were direct negative effects. Therefore, the soil nutrients contributed greatly to the quality of ‘KRK26’ tobacco leaves were available phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, organic matter, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium. It is suggested to increase the application of phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and suitable magnesium fertilizer on the basis of appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to zinc fertilizer, boron fertilizer and reduce the application of calcium fertilizer, so as to improve the chemical composition coordination and smoking quality of ‘KRK26’ tobacco leaves.

  Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Wheat Leaf Based on NURBS Surface XU Miao, MA Na 2024, 40 (25):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0653 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1479KB )   ( 4 ) Aiming at the problem of three-dimensional visualization of wheat leaves which is difficult to realize, the three-dimensional reconstruction of wheat leaves was carried out by NURBS surface algorithm. Specific data such as wheat leaf length, leaf width, stem and leaf angle, leaf sheath length, and leaf sheath diameter were measured. The main vein control point information of the leaves and leaf sheaths was calculated using the main vein control point algorithm. All the control point information was calculated based on leaf width, leaf sheath diameter, and other information. The three-dimensional model of wheat leaves was constructed using OpenGL in visual studio. The wheat leaf model obtained by the research algorithm has a high similarity with real wheat leaves, which better reflects the curvature of the leaves and truly reflects the morphological information of crop leaves. The three-dimensional reconstruction based on NURBS surface has flexible control, convenient use, and simple calculation, which has good application and reference value in the three-dimensional modeling of crops.

  Regional Monitoring of Soil Moisture Content in Winter Wheat Field Based on Multi-source Remote Sensing Data and Optimal Model Selection WU Dongli, LIU Cong, GUO Chaofan, DING Mingming, WU Su, QUE Yanhong, JIANG Mingliang, LI Yan 2024, 40 (25):  147-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0687 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1931KB )   ( 3 ) Real-time and accurate monitoring of soil moisture content is the foundation of agricultural water management. Exploring the optimal model for soil moisture inversion in winter wheat is of great significance for improving agricultural water efficiency and sustainable development. This study took the soil moisture content in the winter wheat planting area of Jun County, Hebi City, Henan Province as the research object. Using unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing data, satellite remote sensing data and field sampling data, three methods of temperature vegetation drought index model, water cloud model and improved water cloud model were used to perform comparative analysis of soil water content inversion and optimal model selection. The results showed that the inversion accuracy at a depth of 10 cm was higher than that in 20 cm in all three methods, and R2 was greater than 0.4. The use of an improved water cloud model method resulted in R2 of 0.7055 and RMSE of 0.0209 at a depth of 10 cm, R2 of 0.5069 and RMSE of 0.0271 at a depth of 20 cm, which was superior to the inversion effect of water cloud model and temperature vegetation drought index. This indicated that using the improved water cloud model method for wheat field soil water inversion was appropriate and had high inversion accuracy.

  Quantitative Assessment of Winter Wheat Planting Abundance in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Based on Multi-source Satellite Data WANG Jinjie, CHEN Hao, PANG Bo, ZHOU Hang, SHEN Wei, YAN Yaqiong, XU Min 2024, 40 (25):  155-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0760 Abstract + ( 33 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 5715KB )   ( 2 ) To overcome the challenge posed by the mutual restriction between the limited coverage capacity of high-resolution images, which hinders their promotion and application on large spatial scales, and the relatively low extraction accuracy of medium-resolution images in quantitatively assessing winter wheat planting abundance and measuring planting areas over extensive regions, this study conducted experiments in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Six evenly distributed Sentinel-2 tiles covering a vast spatial area served as the experimental region. The winter wheat planting area, derived from Sentinel-2 data, was converted into planting abundance with a spatial resolution of 250 meters. Subsequently, planting abundance data and time-series MODIS NDVI were combined to train a random forest regression model, aiming to achieve quantitative assessments of winter wheat planting abundance and measurements of planting areas on a large scale. In contrast to traditional methods relying on MODIS NDVI time-series data for extracting winter wheat planting areas, which necessitate additional mixed image decomposition to ascertain planting abundance, this study utilized the random forest regression approach to directly ascertain the planting abundance of each pixel, thereby eliminating the mixed image decomposition step. The trained random forest classification model exhibited an F1 score exceeding 0.9983 across different tiles. The random forest regression model tended to stabilize when the training set sample size comprised over 2% of the total sample size. The model proved most suitable for use at a 50% sample size, yielding an R2 value of 0.8140. At a 90% sample size, the regression model achieved a maximum R2 of 0.8162. The random forest regression models predicted winter wheat planting abundance and area with accuracies exceeding 91% and 99% of Sentinel-2’s accuracy, respectively. This meets the operational accuracy requirements for large-scale quantitative evaluations of winter wheat planting abundance and area measurements.