食品添加剂和污染物中铝的风险评估

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1568

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）第67 次和第74 次会议对食品添加剂和污染物中铝的风险评估报告为主要依据，分析了铝的毒性、来源和暴露情况。指出JECFA推荐铝的健康指导值是暂定每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）为2.0 mg/kg（按体质量计）。详细介绍了JECFA对食品添加剂和污染物中铝的危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述，旨在方便快捷地了解国际组织对铝的风险评估情况，为开展食品中铝的安全性评价研究及相关工作提供参考。

关键词: 膳食纤维, 膳食纤维

Abstract: This paper was to evaluate the health risk of aluminum from food additives and contaminants based on the evaluation reports at the sixty-seventh and seventy-fourth JECFA meeting. The toxicity, source and exposure of aluminum were analyzed. In addition, the committee set a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 2.0 mg/kg body weight for aluminum, including food additive usage. Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization of aluminum from food additives and contaminants from the meetings of JECFA were introduced in detail, which could contribute to a convenient and quick understanding of risk assessment of aluminum in the international organization, and provide a reference for the research on safety evaluation of aluminum in food and the relevant work.

付晓苹,许玉艳,宋怿,孟娣. 食品添加剂和污染物中铝的风险评估[J]. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(30): 310-320.

参考文献

[1] IARC. Occupational exposures during aluminium production[R]. IARC monographs,2012:215-223.
[2] 王林,苏德昭,王永芳,等.中国居民每日摄铝量及面制食品中铝限量卫生标准研究[J]中国食品卫生杂志,1996,8(2):2-6,13,47.
[3] 张俭波.危险性分析技术在我国食品添加剂管理中的应用研究[D].北京:中国疾病预防控制中心,2009:1-15.
[4] 张向明,魏巧爱,王硕.北京市两类面制食品中铝含量监测结果分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2006,16(5):585-586.
[5] 刘弘,秦璐昕,罗宝章,等.上海居民面制品中铝暴露的概率评估[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2011,23(6):497-501.
[6] 吴丽明,张慧敏,黄薇,等.深圳市面制食品中铝含量监测结果[J].职业与健康,2010,26(19):2202-2204.
[7] 周章轩,周珊,吴洪利.食品中铝的监测结果分析与控制措施[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2013,23(5):1286-1288.
[8] 黄兆勇,唐振柱,宋悦华,等.面制食品中铝含量监测及人群暴露量评估[J].实用预防医学,2009,16(6):1764-1765.
[9] 李泽国,延岩.面制食品中铝的测定及监测与污染状况分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2008,18(10):2064-2065.
[10] 香港特别行政区政府食物环境卫生署食物安全中心.风险评估研究第三十五号报告书化学物危害评估食物中铝的含量[R].香港:香港特别行政区政府食物环境卫生署,2009:1-26.
[11] 香港特别行政区政府食物环境卫生署食物安全中心.风险简讯食物中的铝[R].香港:香港特别行政区政府食物环境卫生署,2013:1- 3.
[12] 尚德荣,赵艳芳,宁劲松,等.海藻中铝的化学形态分析[J].水产学报, 2011,35(4):539-542.
[13] 蒋琦,黄琼,张永慧.膳食铝暴露评估研究现状[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2013,25(1):102-106.
[14] Fulton B, Jeffery E H. Absorption and retention of aluminium from drinking water. 1. Effect of citric acid and ascorbic acids on aluminium tissue levels in rabbits[J]. Fundam Appl Toxicol,1990,14: 788-796.
[15] EFSA. Scientific opinion of the panel on Food additives, flavourings, processing aids and food contact materials on a request from European Commission on safety of aluminium from dietary intake[J]. EFSA J,2008,754:1-34.
[16] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: seventy-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives[R]. Geneva: WHO, 2011:7-18.
[17] Priest N D, Newton D, Day J P, et al. Human metabolism of aluminium- 26 and gallium- 67 injected as citrates [J]. Hum Exp Toxicol,1995,14:287-293.
[18] Jouhanneau P, Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, et al. Gastrointestinal absorption, tissue retention, and urinary excretion of dietary aluminum in rats determined by using 26Al[J]. Clin. Chem.,1997, 43:1023-1028.
[19] Talbot R J, Newton D, Priest N D, et al. Inter-subject variability in the metabolism of aluminium following intravenous injection as citrate[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol,1995,14:595-599.
[20] Sutherland J E, Radzanowski G M, Greger J L. Bile is an important route of elimination of ingested aluminum by conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats[J]. Toxicology,1996,109:101-109.
[21] Orihuela D, Meichtry V, Pizarro M. Aluminium- induced impairment of transcellular calcium absorption in the small intestine: calcium uptake and glutathione influence[J]. J Inorg Biochem,2005,99:1879-1886.
[22] Orihuela D, Meichtry V, Pregi N, et al. Short-term oral exposure to aluminium decreases glutathione intestinal levels and changes enzyme activities involved in its metabolism[J]. J Inorg Biochem, 2005,99: 1871-1878.
[23] El Demerdash F M. Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminium[J]. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2004,18:113-121.
[24] Yousef M I. Aluminium- induced changes in hemato- biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities of male rabbits: protective role of ascorbic acid[J]. Toxicology,2004,199:47- 57.
[25] Kumar S. Acute toxicity of aluminium chloride, acephate, and their coexposure in male Wistar rat[J]. Int J Toxicol,2001,20:219-223.
[26] Somova L I, Khan M S. Aluminium intoxication in rats. II. Chronic toxicity: effects on aluminium balance, aluminium plasma and tissue levels and haematology[J]. South African Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 1996,8:102-105.
[27] Somova L I, Missankov A, Khan M S. Chronic aluminum intoxication in rats: dosedependent morphological changes[J]. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1997,19:599-604.
[28] Greger J L, Powers C F. Assessment of exposure to parenteral and oral aluminum with and without citrate using a desferrioxamine test in rats[J].Toxicology,1992,76:119-132.
[29] Ecelbarger C, Greger J L. Dietary citrate and kidney function affect aluminum, zinc and iron utilization in rats[J]. J Nutr,1991,121:1755- 62.
[30] Pettersen J C, Hackett D S, Zwicker G M. Twenty-six week toxicity study with KASAL (basic sodium aluminum phosphate) in beagle dogs[J]. Environ Geochem Health, 1990,12:121-123.
[31] WHO. Environmental Health Criteria 194: Aluminium[R]. Geneva: WHO,1997.
[32] Lankoff A, Banasik A, Duma A, et al. A comet assay study reveals that aluminium induces DNA damage and inhibits the repair of radiation- induced lesions in human peripheral blood lymphocytes [J]. Toxicol Lett, 2006,161:27-36.
[33] Trippi F, Botto N, Scarpato R, Petrozzi L, et al. Spontaneous and induced chromosome damage in somatic cells of sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease patients[J]. Mutagenesis,2001,16:323- 327.
[34] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: sixtyseventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives[R]. Geneva: WHO,2007:33-44.
[35] Golub R W, Kerner B A, Wise W E Jr. Colonoscopic preparationswhich one? A blinded, prospective, randomized trial[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1995, 58:594-597.
[36] Golub M S, Germann S L. Long- term consequences of developmental exposure to aluminum in a suboptimal diet for growth and behavior of Swiss Webster mice[J]. Neurotoxicol Teratol,2001,23:365-372.
[37] Guo C H, Lu Y F, Hsu G S W. The influence of aluminium exposure on male reproduction and offspring in mice[J]. Environ Toxicol Pathol,2005,20:135-141.
[38] Colomina M T, Roig J L, Torrente M, et al. Concurrent exposure to aluminum and stress during pregnancy in rats: effects on postnatal development and behavior of the offspring[J]. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2005,27:565-574.
[39] Domingo J L, Paternain J L, Llobet J M, et al. Effects of oral aluminum administration on perinatal and postnatal development in rats[J]. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol,1987,57:129-132.
[40] Paternain J L, Domingo J L, Llobet J M, et al. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of aluminum nitrate in rats upon oral administration[J]. Teratology,1988,38:253-257.
[41] Agarwal S K, Ayyash L, Gourley C S, et al. Evaluation of the developmental, neuroendocrine and reproductive toxicology of aluminium 1[J]. Food Chem Toxicol,1996,34:49-53.
[42] Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report of the thirty- seventh session of the codex committee on food additives and contaminants [EB/OL]. [2005-04-29](2014-03-19). http://www.codexalimentarius. net/download/report/639/al28_12e.pdf.
[43] Donald J M, Golub M S, Gershwin M E, et al. Neurobehavioral effects in offspring of mice given excess aluminum in diet during gestation and lactation[J]. Neurotoxicol Teratol,1989,11:345-351.
[44] Golub M S, Keen C L. Effects of dietary aluminum on pubertal mice [J]. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 1999,21:595-602.
[45] Struys-Ponsar C, Guillard O, van den Bosch deAguilar P. Effects of aluminum exposure on glutamate metabolism: a possible explanation for its toxicity[J]. Exp Neurol, 2000,163:157-164.
[46] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: thirtieth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [R].Geneva: WHO, 1987.
[47] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: thirty-hird report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [R]. Geneva: WHO, 1989.
[48] WHO. Environmental health criteria 85: lead-environmental aspects [R]. Geneva: WHO, 1989.
[49] WHO. Environmental health criteria 86: mercury- environmental aspects[R]. Geneva: WHO, 1989.
[50] Anke M, Müller M, Müller R, et al. The biological and toxicological importance of aluminium in the environment and food chain of animals and humans//Romancik V, Koprda V. Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium of Industrial Toxicology, May 30–June 1, Bratislava, Slovakia,2001:242-257.
[51] Miller R G, Kopfler F C, Kelty K C, et al. The occurrence of aluminum in drinking water [J]. J Am Water Works Assoc, 1984,76: 84-91.
[52] Yokel R A. Aluminum//2nd ed.Merian E, Anke M, Ihnat M, Stoeppler M, eds.Elements and their compounds in the environment. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag,2004:635-658.
[53] WHO. WHO guidelines for drinking- water quality. Vol. 1 recommendations. Third edition[R]. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
[54] Müller M, Anke M, Illing-Günther H. Aluminium in foodstuffs[J]. Food Chem,1998,61:419-428.
[55] Neelam, Bamji M S, Kaladhar M. Risk of increased aluminium burden in the Indian population: contribution from aluminium cookware[J]. Food Chem,2000,70:57-61.
[56] Ellen G, Egmond E, Van Loon J W, et al. Dietary intakes of some essential and non- essential trace elements, nitrate, nitrite and Nnitrosamines, by Dutch adults: estimated via a 24- hour duplicate portion study[J]. Food Addit Contam,1990,7:207-221.
[57] Jorhem L, Haegglund G. Aluminium in foodstuffs and diets in Sweden[J]. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1992,194:38-42.
[58] Scancar J, Stibilj V, Milacic R. Determination of aluminium in Slovenian foodstuffs and its leachability from aluminium-cookware [J]. Food Chem,2003,85:151-157.
[59] 尚德荣,宋怿,许玉艳,等.食品中铝的风险评估研究进展[J].中国渔业质量与标准,2013,3(1):6-13.
[60] Greger J L. Dietary and other sources of aluminium intake.In: Chadwick D J, Whelan J. Aluminium in biology and medicine (Ciba Foundation Symposium 169) [M]. Chichester, England: John Wiley&Sons, 1992:26-49.
[61] Koo W W K, Kaplan L A, Krug- Wispe S K, et al. Response of preterm infants to aluminium in parenteral nutrition[J]. J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1989,13:516-519.
[62] Yokel R A, McNamara P J. Aluminium toxicokinetics: an updated minireview [J]. Pharmacol Toxicol,2001,88(4):159-167.
[63] Flarend R, Bin T, Elmore D, et al. A preliminary study of the dermal absorption of aluminium from antiperspirants using aluminium-26[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2001,39:163-168.