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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (35): 63-70.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0108

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

肥料用量与粒径大小对无人机施肥效果的影响

张哲1,2(), 杨璐3, 宁鹏1,2()   

  1. 1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院，国家农业绿色发展研究院，北京 100193
    2 河北曲周农业绿色发展国家野外科学观测研究站，河北邯郸 057250
    3 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所/农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室，武汉 430062
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12 修回日期:2025-05-30 出版日期:2025-12-11 发布日期:2025-12-11
  • 通讯作者:
    宁鹏，男，1987年出生，陕西吴起人，副教授，博士，主要从事粮食作物绿色高产高效方面的研究。通信地址：100193 北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号 中国农业大学（西校区），E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    张哲，女，2000年出生，河北邢台人，硕士研究生，主要从事粮食作物绿色高产高效方面的研究。通信地址：100193 北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号 中国农业大学西校区资源与环境学院，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划课题“黄淮海粮田多因子障碍消减与产能提升技术模式集成及应用”(2021YFD1901005)

Effects of Application Rate and Particle Size on Distribution Uniformity of Fertilizer Application Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

ZHANG Zhe1,2(), YANG Lu3, NING Peng1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University/National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Beijing 100193
    2 National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou), Handan, Hebei 057250
    3 Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062
  • Received:2025-02-12 Revised:2025-05-30 Published:2025-12-11 Online:2025-12-11

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摘要：

无人机撒肥技术在提高施肥效率和促进作物增产增效等方面具有良好的应用前景，但关于肥料用量以及粒径大小与无人机飞行参数匹配对撒肥沉积分布规律的影响研究较少。本研究在不同肥料用量、不同粒径、圆盘转速、飞行速度等条件下对离心圆盘式无人机撒肥均匀性进行分析并进行飞行参数优化。结果表明：增加施肥量导致无人机撒肥的颗粒分布均匀性降低，施肥量从75 kg/hm2增加至 225 kg/hm2和375 kg/hm2时，撒施大颗粒尿素的肥料沉积分布变异系数从16.4%增加为31.5%，撒施小颗粒肥料的变异系数最高达37.5%。施肥量为375 kg/hm2，无人机离心盘的圆盘转速由1000 r/min提高至1300 r/min，撒施大颗粒肥料的变异系数从31.5%降低至11.0%，颗粒分布趋于均匀，而撒施小颗粒肥料的变异系数下降至20.5%。大、小颗粒肥料均在飞行速度为5 m/s时沉积颗粒分布的变异系数最小。基于横向变异系数和颗粒最近邻距离分析，增加施肥量降低航线两侧肥料颗粒分布横向均匀性，且大小颗粒之间存在差异，大、小颗粒尿素用量由75 kg/hm2增加至375 kg/hm2时，颗粒分布横向均匀度分别降低15.1%和16.9%；单位收集盒内的颗粒分布均匀度分别降低6%和13%。施肥量为375 kg/hm2时，增加圆盘转速后，大颗粒肥料的横向均匀度增加20.5%，小颗粒肥料增加10.4%；大颗粒肥料的盒内颗粒分布均匀度增加了15%，而小颗粒肥料的分布均匀度没有显著增加。综上，本研究结果表明肥料用量和颗粒大小是影响无人机撒肥均匀度的关键因素，生产实践中推荐使用大颗粒肥料，当施肥量较大时可通过增加圆盘转速等参数改善撒肥颗粒分布的均匀性。

关键词: 无人机施肥, 肥料用量, 肥料粒径, 高效施肥技术

Abstract:

The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for fertilizer application holds great promise in increasing crop yield and nutrient use efficiency. However, the impact of fertilizer application rate and particle size under diverse UAV flying parameters on the uniformity of fertilizer deposition remains elusive. To address this gap, an experiment was conducted with varying fertilization rates and particle size under different disc rotation speeds and flight speeds, aiming to assess the homogeneity of UAV-based fertilization and optimize the relevant technology. The results showed that higher fertilizer application rate reduced the uniformity of fertilizer deposition. For urea with large particle sizes, the coefficient of variation (CV) of fertilizer deposition increased from 16.4% at an application rate of 75 kg/hm2 to 31.5% at 225 and 375 kg/hm2. The highest CV value of 37.5% was observed for urea with small particle sizes. At an application rate of 375 kg/hm2, the CV for large-particle fertilizer deposition decreased from 31.5% to 11.0% as the rotation speed increased from 1000 to 1300 r/min. Meanwhile, the CV for small-particle fertilizer deposition declined to 20.5%. For both large- and small-particle fertilizers, the CV of the deposited particle distribution was minimized at a flight speed of 5 m/s. Further analysis based on the CV and the nearest neighbor distance of particles indicated that increasing the fertilization rate decreased the uniformity of fertilizer particle distribution on both sides of the flight path, with distinct differences between large- and small-particle urea. When the application rate of large- and small-particle urea increased from 75 to 375 kg/hm2, the uniformity of particle distribution beside the flight path decreased by 15.1% and 16.9%, respectively. Within a single collection box, the uniformity of particle distribution decreased by 6% and 13%, respectively. Increasing the disc rotation speed enhanced the uniformity of large-particle fertilizer distribution by 20.5% and that of small-particle fertilizer by 10.4% at an application rate of 375 kg/hm2. The uniformity of particle distribution within the collection box for large-particle fertilizer increased by 15%, and there were limited changes for that of small-particle fertilizer. In conclusion, the study suggests that application rate and particle size are crucial factors influencing the uniformity of UVA-based fertilization. It is recommended to use large-particle fertilizers in practice. Additionally, the uniformity of fertilizer particle distribution can be improved by increasing the rotation speed and optimizing other parameters when applying higher rates of fertilizers.

Key words: UAV fertilizer application, fertilizer application rate, particle size of fertilizer, efficient fertilization technology