镰刀菌毒素分类、检测技术及防控策略研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0979

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (21): 198-206.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0979

• 食品•营养•检测•安全 • 上一篇下一篇

镰刀菌毒素分类、检测技术及防控策略研究进展

李文议¹(), 吴秋虞², 段璐瑶¹, 张海燕¹, 邹成佳¹, 章振羽¹, 李琳¹, 肖润甜¹, 李晓¹, 崔丽娜¹(), 蔡伟莉¹()

¹ 四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所/农业农村部西南作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室，成都 610066
² 西昌市农业农村局，四川西昌 615000

收稿日期:2025-12-10 修回日期:2026-03-01 出版日期:2026-11-10 发布日期:2026-11-10
通讯作者:
蔡伟莉，女，1979年出生，福建南平人，研究员，博士，主要从事作物病害分子检测与分子机理研究。通信地址：610066 四川省成都市锦江区静居寺路20号四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所，Tel：028-84590082，E-mail：caicaide2021@163.com；
崔丽娜，女，1982年出生，四川乐山人，研究员，硕士，主要从事玉米病虫害相关研究。通信地址：610066 四川省成都市锦江区静居寺路20号四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所，E-mail：clnmaize@163.com。
作者简介:
李文议，女，1993年出生，甘肃会宁人，助理研究员，硕士，研究方向：玉米病害分子检测与分子机理研究。通信地址：610066 四川省成都市锦江区静居寺路20号四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所，Tel：028-84590082，E-mail：liwenyi0921@163.com。
基金资助:
四川省科技厅自然科学基金面上项目“GATOR蛋白复合体调控玉米穗腐病致病菌禾谷镰刀菌毒素代谢的分子机制研究”(2025ZNSFSC0173); 四川省农业科学院原始创新项目“人工智能辅助下的玉米穗腐病抗病基因筛选及其分子机制的研究”(YSCX2035-003); 农业农村部国家玉米产业技术体系“西南区域综合防控岗位”(CARS-02)

Research Advances on Classification, Detection, and Control of Fusarium Mycotoxins

LI Wenyi¹(), WU Qiuyu², DUAN Luyao¹, ZHANG Haiyan¹, ZOU Chengjia¹, ZHANG Zhenyu¹, LI Lin¹, XIAO Runtian¹, LI Xiao¹, CUI Lina¹(), CAI Weili¹()

¹ Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610066
² Xichang Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xichang, Sichuan 615000

Received:2025-12-10 Revised:2026-03-01 Published:2026-11-10 Online:2026-11-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

镰刀菌毒素是由镰刀菌属真菌产生的一类次生代谢产物，严重威胁全球粮食及饲料安全，因此系统梳理其种类特征、检测技术及防控措施具有重要意义。本文围绕镰刀菌毒素的主要类别、生物合成途径与毒性作用，归纳了单端孢霉烯族化合物、伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮及新兴真菌毒素的研究进展；总结了色谱法、免疫学方法和生物传感器等毒素检测技术的原理、优势及应用现状；分析了增强寄主抗性、农业防治、化学防治、生物防治和物理去除等防控策略的研究进展与应用特点。进一步指出，当前镰刀菌毒素研究仍存在新兴毒素风险评估不足、多毒素共污染及协同毒性研究薄弱、快速检测方法标准化程度不高以及绿色高效防控技术应用受限等问题。为此，提出今后应加强毒素数据库建设、多毒素联合毒理学研究、快速精准检测技术研发及绿色可持续防控体系构建，以期为镰刀菌毒素污染防控与农产品安全保障提供理论依据和实践参考。

关键词: 镰刀菌毒素, 单端孢霉烯族化合物, 伏马毒素, 玉米赤霉烯酮, 毒素检测技术

Abstract:

Fusarium mycotoxins, a class of secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, pose a serious threat to global food and feed security. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically review their types, characteristics, detection techniques, and control measures. This article summarizes the research progress on major classes, biosynthetic pathways, and toxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins, specifically trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, and emerging mycotoxins. It reviews the principles, advantages, and current applications of toxin detection techniques such as chromatography, immunological methods, and biosensors. Additionally, it analyzes the research progress and application characteristics of various control strategies, including host resistance enhancement, agricultural practices, chemical control, biological control, and physical removal. It further points out that current research on Fusarium mycotoxins still faces challenges such as insufficient risk assessment of emerging toxins, limited studies on co-contamination and synergistic toxicity of multiple toxins, lack of standardization in rapid detection methods, and restricted application of green and efficient control technologies. To address these issues, future efforts should focus on strengthening toxin database construction, advancing multi-toxin joint toxicology research, developing rapid and precise detection technologies, and building green and sustainable control systems, so as to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the prevention and control of Fusarium mycotoxins contamination and the assurance of agricultural product safety.

Key words: Fusarium mycotoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, toxin detection techniques

中图分类号:

李文议, 吴秋虞, 段璐瑶, 张海燕, 邹成佳, 章振羽, 李琳, 肖润甜, 李晓, 崔丽娜, 蔡伟莉. 镰刀菌毒素分类、检测技术及防控策略研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(21): 198-206.

LI Wenyi, WU Qiuyu, DUAN Luyao, ZHANG Haiyan, ZOU Chengjia, ZHANG Zhenyu, LI Lin, XIAO Runtian, LI Xiao, CUI Lina, CAI Weili. Research Advances on Classification, Detection, and Control of Fusarium Mycotoxins[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(21): 198-206.

图/表 3

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毒素类别	真菌毒素	缩写	分子式	摩尔质量	危害部位	参考文献
单端孢霉烯族化合物(Trichothecenes)	T-2毒素	T-2	C₂₄H₃₄O₉	466.52	免疫、胃肠道和造血系统、皮肤和粘膜等	[14,17]
	HT-2毒素	HT-2	C₂₂H₃₂O₈	424.48		[14,15,30]
	蛇形菌素	DAS	C₁₉H₂₆O₇	366.41		[14,15,33]
	脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇	DON	C₁₅H₂₀O₆	296.32		[16,18,34]
	雪腐镰刀菌烯醇	NIV	C₁₅H₂₀O₇	312.32		[16,35]
	巴豆菌素	Crotocin	C₁₉H₂₄O₆	348.39		[19,36]
	白僵菌素	BEA	C₄₅H₅₇N₃O₉	783.96		[20,34]
伏马毒素(Fumonisins)	伏马毒素B1	FB1	C₃₄H₅₉NO₁₅	721.83	肝脏、肾脏、神经、免疫和心血管系统、胚胎等	[23,37]
	伏马毒素B2	FB2	C₃₄H₅₉NO₁₄	705.83		[25,37]
	伏马毒素B3	FB3	C₃₄H₅₉NO₁₄	705.83		[23,37]
玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)	α-玉米赤霉烯醇	α-ZEL	C₁₈H₂₄O₅	320.38	生殖系统、肝脏等	[24,27]
玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)	β-玉米赤霉烯醇	β-ZEL	C₁₈H₂₄O₅	320.38	生殖系统、肝脏等	[24,27]
新兴真菌毒素 (Emerging Mycotoxins)	恩镰孢菌素A	ENN A	C₃₂H₅₄N₃O₉	639.79	遗传毒性、免疫毒性和细胞毒性等	[31,38]
	恩镰孢菌素 A1	ENN A1	C33H₅₇N₃O₉	655.82		[31,38]
	恩镰孢菌素 B	ENN B	C₂₉H₅₁N₃O₉	639.75		[31,38]
	恩镰孢菌素 B1	ENN B1	C₃₀H₅₄N₃O₉	655.78		[31,38]
	串珠镰刀菌素	MON	C₄H₂O₃	98.06		[31,39]

毒素类别	真菌毒素	缩写	分子式	摩尔质量	危害部位	参考文献
单端孢霉烯族化合物(Trichothecenes)	T-2毒素	T-2	C₂₄H₃₄O₉	466.52	免疫、胃肠道和造血系统、皮肤和粘膜等	[14,17]
	HT-2毒素	HT-2	C₂₂H₃₂O₈	424.48		[14,15,30]
	蛇形菌素	DAS	C₁₉H₂₆O₇	366.41		[14,15,33]
	脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇	DON	C₁₅H₂₀O₆	296.32		[16,18,34]
	雪腐镰刀菌烯醇	NIV	C₁₅H₂₀O₇	312.32		[16,35]
	巴豆菌素	Crotocin	C₁₉H₂₄O₆	348.39		[19,36]
	白僵菌素	BEA	C₄₅H₅₇N₃O₉	783.96		[20,34]
伏马毒素(Fumonisins)	伏马毒素B1	FB1	C₃₄H₅₉NO₁₅	721.83	肝脏、肾脏、神经、免疫和心血管系统、胚胎等	[23,37]
	伏马毒素B2	FB2	C₃₄H₅₉NO₁₄	705.83		[25,37]
	伏马毒素B3	FB3	C₃₄H₅₉NO₁₄	705.83		[23,37]
玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)	α-玉米赤霉烯醇	α-ZEL	C₁₈H₂₄O₅	320.38	生殖系统、肝脏等	[24,27]
玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)	β-玉米赤霉烯醇	β-ZEL	C₁₈H₂₄O₅	320.38	生殖系统、肝脏等	[24,27]
新兴真菌毒素 (Emerging Mycotoxins)	恩镰孢菌素A	ENN A	C₃₂H₅₄N₃O₉	639.79	遗传毒性、免疫毒性和细胞毒性等	[31,38]
	恩镰孢菌素 A1	ENN A1	C33H₅₇N₃O₉	655.82		[31,38]
	恩镰孢菌素 B	ENN B	C₂₉H₅₁N₃O₉	639.75		[31,38]
	恩镰孢菌素 B1	ENN B1	C₃₀H₅₄N₃O₉	655.78		[31,38]
	串珠镰刀菌素	MON	C₄H₂O₃	98.06		[31,39]

检测技术	方法	优点	缺点	参考文献
色谱法	高效液相色谱法(HPLC)	分离能力强；应用范围广	自身无法定性，须搭配检测器	[60-62]
	气相色谱法(GC)	分离效率极高	适用范围小，不适用于热不稳定的毒素	[46,61 -62]
	液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)	通用性强，具有强大的定性能力	仪器昂贵维护成本高；操作复杂，需专业人员	[61,63 - 64]
	液相色谱-荧光检测法(LC-FLD)	具有极高的灵敏度	适用范围小，对无荧光毒素不适用	[46,61 -62]
	液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)	抗干扰能力强，顶级的选择性与可靠性	操作和维护最复杂；数据解析复杂；成本高	[50,61 -62]
免疫学	酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)	高通量、批次成本低；灵敏度和特异性高；定量能力强	操作复杂；分析速度慢	[50]
免疫学	侧向流动免疫测定(LFI)	分析速度快，操作简单便捷	定量能力弱，低通量、单个成本固定	[50,56]
生物传感器	酶生物传感器	适用范围广；灵敏度高；分析速度快；操作简单；单个检测成本较低	研发投入成本高	[56-59]
	免疫传感器
	适体传感器

检测技术	方法	优点	缺点	参考文献
色谱法	高效液相色谱法(HPLC)	分离能力强；应用范围广	自身无法定性，须搭配检测器	[60-62]
	气相色谱法(GC)	分离效率极高	适用范围小，不适用于热不稳定的毒素	[46,61 -62]
	液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)	通用性强，具有强大的定性能力	仪器昂贵维护成本高；操作复杂，需专业人员	[61,63 - 64]
	液相色谱-荧光检测法(LC-FLD)	具有极高的灵敏度	适用范围小，对无荧光毒素不适用	[46,61 -62]
	液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)	抗干扰能力强，顶级的选择性与可靠性	操作和维护最复杂；数据解析复杂；成本高	[50,61 -62]
免疫学	酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)	高通量、批次成本低；灵敏度和特异性高；定量能力强	操作复杂；分析速度慢	[50]
免疫学	侧向流动免疫测定(LFI)	分析速度快，操作简单便捷	定量能力弱，低通量、单个成本固定	[50,56]
生物传感器	酶生物传感器	适用范围广；灵敏度高；分析速度快；操作简单；单个检测成本较低	研发投入成本高	[56-59]
	免疫传感器
	适体传感器

镰刀菌毒素分类、检测技术及防控策略研究进展

Research Advances on Classification, Detection, and Control of Fusarium Mycotoxins

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[2]	彭杰. 镰刀菌毒素研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2009, 25(2): 25-27.