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中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (19): 114-122.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0423

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

生态法处理农村生活污水及资源化利用研究进展

陈宇航1,2(), 赵智勇2, 冯菁滢3, 张冬英1(), 胡清泉2()   

  1. 1 云南农业大学理学院, 昆明 650201
    2 云南省畜牧兽医科学院, 昆明 650224
    3 云南农业大学食品科学技术学院, 昆明 650201
  • 收稿日期:2026-05-25 修回日期:2026-08-18 出版日期:2026-10-15 发布日期:2026-10-15
  • 通讯作者:
    胡清泉,女,1981年出生,云南昆明人,副研究员,硕士,主要畜禽养殖环境控制领域。通信地址:650224 云南省昆明市盘龙区金殿青龙山6号 云南省畜牧兽医科学院,E-mail:。
    张冬英,女,1976年出生,湖南常德人,教授,博士,主要从事天然植物活性研究与开发。通信地址:650201 云南省昆明市盘龙区沣源路452号 云南农业大学理学院,E-mail:。
  • 作者简介:

    陈宇航,男,2001年出生,云南昆明人,在读硕士,研究方向:资源利用与植物保护。通信地址:650201 云南省昆明市盘龙区沣源路452号 云南农业大学理学院,E-mail:。

  • 基金资助:
    云南省重大专项“大型畜禽养殖场废弃物无害化处理与高效利用研究与应用”(202302AE090009)

Research Progress on Ecological Methods for Treatment and Resource Reclamation of Rural Domestic Wastewater

CHEN Yuhang1,2(), ZHAO Zhiyong2, FENG Jingying3, ZHANG Dongying1(), HU Qingquan2()   

  1. 1 School of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201
    2 Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650224
    3 School of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201
  • Received:2026-05-25 Revised:2026-08-18 Published:2026-10-15 Online:2026-10-15

摘要:

中国农村污水处理面临分散度高、水量波动大、水质不均、运维能力弱等挑战,传统集中式工艺普遍陷入“建得起、用不起、管不好”的困境。本研究提出“生态法+资源化利用”的创新路径。该路径以土壤-植物-微生物协同净化体系的生态处理技术为核心,具有低投资、低能耗、易运维、可资源化等优势。本研究系统梳理农村生活污水的典型水质水量特征与当前治理现状,重点阐述人工湿地、稳定塘、土地处理系统及生态沟渠等主要生态处理技术的净化机理与研究进展,归纳“预处理+生态单元”等典型组合工艺,总结了多元化的资源化利用模式。研究表明,生态法与资源化利用的深度融合,可显著降低建设与运维成本。尽管低温低效、基质堵塞、运维缺失、标准错位等瓶颈依然存在,但已有大量研究致力于攻克这些难题。综上,生态法处理与资源化利用的深度融合,是破解农村污水治理困境的核心路径,该理念可为中国农村水环境治理提供理论参考与技术支撑。未来应推进低碳强化、智慧运维、区域适配与标准完善,构建“成本低、易管护、可持续”的农村污水治理路径。

关键词: 生态处理, 农村生活污水, 污水资源化, 碳足迹

Abstract:

Rural wastewater in China is characterized by high dispersion, significant fluctuations in flow volume, inconsistent water quality, and weak operation and maintenance capabilities. Traditional centralized treatment processes commonly face the dilemma of being “affordable to build, unaffordable to operate, and difficult to manage”. To address this current challenge, this paper proposes an approach combining “ecological methods with resource reclamation”. Ecological treatment technologies rely on a soil-plant-microorganism synergistic purification system and offer advantages, such as low investment, low energy consumption, ease of operation and maintenance, and the potential for resource reclamation. This paper systematically reviews the characteristics of rural domestic wastewater in terms of water quality and quantity, as well as the current state of treatment. It focuses on the purification mechanisms and research progress of constructed wetlands, stabilization ponds, land treatment systems, and ecological ditches. It summarizes typical combined processes of “pre-treatment + ecological units” and outlines resource reclamation models. The results indicate that the deep integration of ecological methods with resource reclamation can significantly reduce construction and operational costs. Although bottlenecks such as low efficiency at low temperatures, substrate clogging, inadequate operation and maintenance, and misalignment of standards still exist, numerous studies have begun to address these challenges. In conclusion, the deep integration of ecological treatment with resource reclamation is the core pathway to resolve the challenges of rural wastewater treatment and can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for rural water environment management in China. Future efforts should focus on promoting low-carbon enhancement, smart operation and maintenance, regional adaptation, and standard refinement to establish a rural wastewater treatment pathway that is “low-cost, easy to manage, and sustainable”.

Key words: ecological treatment, rural domestic wastewater, wastewater reclamation, carbon footprint

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