寒旱区地膜覆盖与施肥对土壤作物的效应分析

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0505

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了明确寒旱区不同地膜覆盖与不同施肥量的土壤和作物效应特点以及地膜覆盖增温和保水作用的相对重要性，采用二因素完全组合随机区组设计大田试验，分析比较了寒旱区宽窄幅普膜和降解膜与施肥的土壤水分、温度与作物生长和产量效应的差异。结果表明，宽、窄降解膜和普膜覆盖均有明显的增温保水作用，施肥也具有一定的增温保水作用。宽、窄降解膜和普膜覆盖玉米各生育时期均比CK明显提前，而施肥处理对玉米生育期无影响，覆盖处理对玉米生长发育的促进作用主要表现在生育前期，而施肥处理主要表现在生育中后期。不同覆盖处理显著增加了玉米产量和水分利用效率，且宽幅膜效果又显著好于窄幅膜，增产的原因主要是百粒重的显著增加，而施肥显著增产的原因是穗粒数和百粒重共同增加的结果。寒旱区限制玉米生长发育的主要因子是低温，地膜覆盖增产作用相对大于施肥，二者互作效应不显著。

关键词: 调控机制, 调控机制

Abstract: In order to understand the effect characteristics of different mulching films and fertilization quantities on soil and crop and the relative importance of plastic film mulching on increasing soil temperature and conserving soil moisture in cold and arid region, a field experiment with randomized block design of two factors was employed to analyze and compare the effect differences of broad and narrow degradable films, broad and narrow ordinary plastic films, and fertilization quantity on soil moisture, soil temperature, maize growth and development, and maize yield. The results showed that broad and narrow degradable films and ordinary plastic films all had significant temperature-increasing and moisture-holding effects. Fertilization had certain temperature-increasing and moisture-holding effects too. The different maize growth stages were all earlier in the treatments mulched with broad and narrow degradable films and ordinary plastic films than that in CK, but fertilization did not affect maize growth stages. The promoting effect of mulching treatments on the maize growth appeared at the early stage of maize growth, but that of fertilization treatments mainly at the middle and later stages of maize growth. Mulching treatments significantly increased maize yield and WUE and broad film mulching treatments were significantly better than narrow film mulching treatments. The reason of mulching treatment increasing maize yield was mainly due to the increase of weight per hundred kernels, but the reason of fertilization treatment increasing maize yield was due to the increases of both kernel number per ear and weight per hundred kernels. The key factor of limiting maize growth and development was low temperature and the yield-increasing effect of film mulching was bigger than that of fertilization in cold and arid region. The interaction effect of film mulching and fertilization was not significant.

卜玉山李伟周秋香闫双堆胡学峰史晓凯马茹茹. 寒旱区地膜覆盖与施肥对土壤作物的效应分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(3): 69-75.

参考文献

[1] 毕继业,王秀芬,朱道林.地膜覆盖对农作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):172-175.
[2] 何文清,严昌荣,刘爽,等.典型棉区地膜应用及污染现状的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(8):1618-1622.
[3] 何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):533-538.
[4] 杜晓明,徐刚,许端平,等.中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(增刊):225-227.
[5] 赵爱琴,李子忠,龚元石.生物降解地膜对玉米生长的影响及其田间降解状况[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(2):74-78.
[6] 买自珍,程炳文,王勇,等.麦草与地膜覆盖对玉米田间生态环境及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(2):66-68.
[7] 张东昱,赵东霞,闫志利,等.油菜不同地表覆盖栽培方式产量与效益的比较研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(6):1313-1318.
[8] 张德奇,廖允成,贾志宽,等.宁南旱区谷子地膜覆盖的土壤水温效应[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(10):2069-2075.
[9] 刘艳红,贾志宽,张睿,等.沟垄二元覆盖对旱地土壤水分及作物水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):152-157.
[10] 李儒,崔荣美,贾志宽,等.不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(16):3312-3322.
[11] 陈辉林,田霄鸿,王晓峰,等.不同栽培模式对渭北旱塬区冬小麦生长期间土壤水分、温度及产量的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(9): 2424-2433.
[12] 薛澄,王朝辉,李富翠,等.渭北旱塬不同施肥与覆盖栽培对冬小麦产量形成及土壤水分利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(21): 4395-4405.
[13] 杜雄,边秀举,张维宏,等.华北农牧交错区饲用玉米覆盖和施氮的效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(6):1206-1213.
[14] 侯晓杰,汪景宽,李世朋.不同施肥处理与地膜覆盖对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):655-661.
[15] 汪景宽,刘顺国,李双异.长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):107-110.
[16] 李丛,汪景宽.长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤有机碳和全氮的影响[J].辽宁农业科学,2005(6):8-10.
[17] 薛菁芳,汪景宽,李双异,等.长期地膜覆盖和施肥条件下玉米生物产量及其构成的变化研究[J].玉米科学,2006,14(5):66-70.
[18] 郭锐,汪景宽,李双异.长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤水溶性有机碳的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(9):2672-2673.
[19] 崔志强,汪景宽,李双异.长期地膜覆盖与不同施肥处理对棕壤活性有机碳的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(19):8171-8173.
[20] 薛菁芳,高艳梅,汪景宽.长期施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(3):55-58.
[21] 王莹,汪景宽,李双异,等.长期地膜覆盖与施肥条件下土壤中磷素的变化[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(17):5211-5212,5245.
[22] 陈丽芳,王莹,汪景宽.长期地膜覆盖与施肥对土壤磷素和玉米吸磷量的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1):76-79.
[23] 李世朋,蔡祖聪,杨浩,等.长期定位施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤肥力和生物学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2489-2498.
[24] 柴雯,王根绪,李元寿,等.长江源区不同植被覆盖下土壤水分对降水的响应[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(2):329-337.
[25] 胡相明,赵艳云,程积民,等.云雾山自然保护区环境因素对土壤水分空间分布的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(7):2964-2971.
[26] 翟治芬,赵元忠,王霞.河西地区不同覆盖条件对春玉米生长影响的初步研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2009,20(1):49-53.
[27] 赵聚宝,钟兆站,薛军红,等.旱地春玉米田微集水保墒技术研究[J].农业工程学报,1996,12(2):28-33.
[28] 钟兆站,赵聚宝,薛军红,等.草纤维膜与塑料地膜覆盖农田的生态效应比较[J].中国农业气象,1996,17(4):28-33.
[29] 卜玉山,苗果园,邵海林,等.对地膜和秸秆覆盖玉米生长发育与产量的分析[J].作物学报,2006,32(7):1090-1093.