微生物肥料的作用机理、现状及展望

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0976

中国农学通报 ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (33): 68-75.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0976

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤 • 上一篇下一篇

微生物肥料的作用机理、现状及展望

周萌(), 张嘉俊, 罗洋()

上饶师范学院生命科学学院/上饶农业技术创新研究院，江西上饶 334001

收稿日期:2023-02-23 修回日期:2023-10-09 出版日期:2023-11-25 发布日期:2023-11-22
通讯作者: 罗洋，男，1990年出生，江西鹰潭人，讲师，博士，主要从事植物与微生物互作研究。通信地址：334001 江西省上饶市信州区志敏大道401号，上饶师范学院，Tel：0793-18298488620，E-mail：yangl1829848@163.com。
作者简介:
周萌，女，1990年出生，河北保定人，实验师，硕士，主要从事植物营养与新型肥料研究。通信地址：334001 江西省上饶市信州区志敏大道401号，上饶师范学院，Tel：0793-18270462079，E-mail：zhoumeng900816@163.com。
基金资助:
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目“三叶青根际细菌的分布特征及功能研究”(GJJ201723); 上饶师范学院校级自选课题(SRKJ202302); 大学生创新创业项目“植物根际细菌修复矿区重金属污染的技术研究”(S202310416023)

The Mechanism, Current Status and Prospects of Microbial Fertilizers

ZHOU Meng(), ZHANG Jiajun, LUO Yang()

School of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University/Shangrao Institute of Agricultural Technology Innovation, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334001

Received:2023-02-23 Revised:2023-10-09 Published-:2023-11-25 Online:2023-11-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微生物肥料作为一类低成本、环保的新型肥料，能有效改良土壤、提高肥力、增加作物产量，同时减少作物因病原体造成的损失，在国家农业绿色发展战略中具有重要作用。本研究从微生物肥料的分类、产品的应用、作用机理等方面，总结归纳了近年来中国微生物肥料的发展现状、菌种的分类和保藏及植物促生菌可溶性和挥发性次级代谢产物的作用机理，分析了微生物肥料行业发展面临的共性问题，最后为推动微生物肥料的发展提出了几点建议。

关键词: 微生物肥料, 植物促生菌, 固氮, 挥发性代谢产物, 农业可持续发展

Abstract:

As a low-cost and environmentally friendly new type of fertilizer, microbial fertilizers can effectively improve soil, increase fertility, increase crop yield, and reduce crop losses caused by pathogens, playing an important role in the national agricultural green development strategy. In this paper, we summarized the development status of microbial fertilizers in China in recent years, the classification and preservation of strains, and the mechanism of soluble and volatile secondary metabolites of plant growth promoting bacteria from the aspects of classification, product application and mechanism of microbial fertilizers, and analyzed the common problems faced by the development of microbial fertilizer industry. Finally, several suggestions for promoting the development of microbial fertilizers were put forward.

Key words: microbial fertilizers, plant growth promoting bacteria, nitrogen fixation, volatile organic compounds, agricultural sustainable development

周萌, 张嘉俊, 罗洋. 微生物肥料的作用机理、现状及展望[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(33): 68-75.

ZHOU Meng, ZHANG Jiajun, LUO Yang. The Mechanism, Current Status and Prospects of Microbial Fertilizers[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(33): 68-75.

图/表 1

参考文献 61

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产品类型		制备规则	菌种
菌剂类	根瘤菌剂	以根瘤菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	花生根瘤菌、大豆根瘤菌、紫云英根瘤菌、埃氏慢生根瘤菌、豌豆根瘤菌等
	固氮菌剂	以自生固氮菌和/或联合固氮菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	慢生根瘤菌、偶氮根瘤菌、雀稗固氮菌、巴西固氮螺菌、圆褐固氮菌、瓦恩兰德固氮菌、阴沟肠杆菌等
	溶磷菌剂	以溶磷微生物为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌、草生欧文氏菌变种、青霉属、柠檬酸杆菌、沙福芽孢杆菌等
	光合菌剂	以光合细菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	沼泽红假单胞菌、嗜酸红假单胞菌、类球红细菌、血红红假单胞菌、类球红细菌等
	硅酸盐细菌	以硅酸盐细菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	胶质芽孢杆菌、土壤芽孢杆菌、嗜酸氧化硫杆菌、邻单胞菌、阪崎肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等
	菌根菌剂	以菌根真菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	球孢囊霉门真菌、伊朗球囊霉、根内根孢囊霉等
	促生菌剂	以植物促生根圈微生物为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	解淀粉芽孢杆菌、短小芽胞杆菌、蕈状芽孢杆菌、荧光假单孢菌、多粘芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌、伯克霍尔德菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌、木霉菌等
	有机物料腐熟菌剂	能加速各种有机物料（包括作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、生活垃圾及城市污泥等）分解、腐熟的微生物接种剂	多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、戊糖片球菌、米根霉、粉状毕赤酵母、米曲霉、酿酒酵母、黑曲霉、白地霉、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜热性侧孢霉、绿色木霉、温特曲霉、帚状曲霉、热紫链霉菌
	生物修复菌剂	能通过微生物的生长代谢活动，使环境中的有害物质浓度减少、毒性降低或无害化的微生物接种剂	枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、米曲霉、黑曲霉、绿色木霉、侧孢短芽孢杆菌、弗氏链霉菌、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、阿氏芽孢杆菌、阿维菌素链霉菌、长枝木霉、淡紫拟青霉
菌肥类	复合微生物肥料	目的微生物经工业化生产增殖后与营养物质复合而成的活菌制品	枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌、侧孢短芽孢杆菌、沼泽红假单胞菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、细黄链霉菌、固氮类芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌、短短芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粉状毕赤酵母、米曲霉、酿酒酵母、长枝木霉、蕈状芽孢杆菌、娄彻氏链霉菌、乳酸可鲁维酵母等
菌肥类	生物有机肥	目的微生物经工业化生产增殖后与主要以动植物残体（如畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆等）为来源并经无害化处理的有机物料复合而成的活菌制品。	枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌、侧孢短芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、细黄链霉菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粉状毕赤酵母、米曲霉、酿酒酵母、光孢青霉、植物乳杆菌、嗜热性侧孢霉、干酪乳杆菌、绿色木霉、金龟子绿僵菌、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌、长枝木霉等

产品类型		制备规则	菌种
菌剂类	根瘤菌剂	以根瘤菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	花生根瘤菌、大豆根瘤菌、紫云英根瘤菌、埃氏慢生根瘤菌、豌豆根瘤菌等
	固氮菌剂	以自生固氮菌和/或联合固氮菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	慢生根瘤菌、偶氮根瘤菌、雀稗固氮菌、巴西固氮螺菌、圆褐固氮菌、瓦恩兰德固氮菌、阴沟肠杆菌等
	溶磷菌剂	以溶磷微生物为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌、草生欧文氏菌变种、青霉属、柠檬酸杆菌、沙福芽孢杆菌等
	光合菌剂	以光合细菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	沼泽红假单胞菌、嗜酸红假单胞菌、类球红细菌、血红红假单胞菌、类球红细菌等
	硅酸盐细菌	以硅酸盐细菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	胶质芽孢杆菌、土壤芽孢杆菌、嗜酸氧化硫杆菌、邻单胞菌、阪崎肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等
	菌根菌剂	以菌根真菌为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	球孢囊霉门真菌、伊朗球囊霉、根内根孢囊霉等
	促生菌剂	以植物促生根圈微生物为生产菌种制成的微生物接种剂	解淀粉芽孢杆菌、短小芽胞杆菌、蕈状芽孢杆菌、荧光假单孢菌、多粘芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌、伯克霍尔德菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌、木霉菌等
	有机物料腐熟菌剂	能加速各种有机物料（包括作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、生活垃圾及城市污泥等）分解、腐熟的微生物接种剂	多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、戊糖片球菌、米根霉、粉状毕赤酵母、米曲霉、酿酒酵母、黑曲霉、白地霉、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜热性侧孢霉、绿色木霉、温特曲霉、帚状曲霉、热紫链霉菌
	生物修复菌剂	能通过微生物的生长代谢活动，使环境中的有害物质浓度减少、毒性降低或无害化的微生物接种剂	枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、米曲霉、黑曲霉、绿色木霉、侧孢短芽孢杆菌、弗氏链霉菌、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、阿氏芽孢杆菌、阿维菌素链霉菌、长枝木霉、淡紫拟青霉
菌肥类	复合微生物肥料	目的微生物经工业化生产增殖后与营养物质复合而成的活菌制品	枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌、侧孢短芽孢杆菌、沼泽红假单胞菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、细黄链霉菌、固氮类芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌、短短芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粉状毕赤酵母、米曲霉、酿酒酵母、长枝木霉、蕈状芽孢杆菌、娄彻氏链霉菌、乳酸可鲁维酵母等
菌肥类	生物有机肥	目的微生物经工业化生产增殖后与主要以动植物残体（如畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆等）为来源并经无害化处理的有机物料复合而成的活菌制品。	枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌、侧孢短芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、细黄链霉菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粉状毕赤酵母、米曲霉、酿酒酵母、光孢青霉、植物乳杆菌、嗜热性侧孢霉、干酪乳杆菌、绿色木霉、金龟子绿僵菌、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌、长枝木霉等

微生物肥料的作用机理、现状及展望

The Mechanism, Current Status and Prospects of Microbial Fertilizers

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