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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (22): 94-102.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0685

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

肥料用量和养分配比对蔬菜生长及土壤肥力的影响

梁紫薇1(), 黄少珍2(), 曾瑞锟1, 祁百福2, 王荣辉1, 姚建武1, 陈勇1, 王弯弯1,3, 宁建凤1()   

  1. 1 广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室/广东省养分资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室，广州 510640
    2 深圳市农业科技促进中心，广东深圳 518055
    3 河北工程大学水利水电学院，河北邯郸 056038
  • 收稿日期:2023-09-21 修回日期:2024-06-21 出版日期:2024-07-28 发布日期:2024-07-28
  • 通讯作者:
    黄少珍，女，1993年出生，广东清远人，农艺师，研究方向：耕地质量监测与农业技术推广。通信地址：518055 深圳市南山区西丽茶光路1085号，E-mail：。
    宁建凤，女，1978年出生，河北邯郸人，研究员，博士，研究方向：农田养分循环与面源污染防控。通信地址：510640 广州市天河区金颖路66号，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    梁紫薇，女，1994年出生，广东茂名人，硕士，研究方向：农田氮磷养分循环。通信地址：510640 广州市天河区金颖路66号，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    广东省农业科学院低碳中心与碳中和研究中心项目“蔬菜、水稻种植过程碳排放规律及减排技术研究”(XTXM202204); 深圳市农业科技促进中心项目“新建耕地质量保护与提升示范区”(20220500006TGBC); 广东省科技计划项目“广东梅州水土流失机理与防控系统野外科学观测研究站”(2021B1212050019); 国家自然科学基金项目“赤红壤常年菜地磷库特征及供磷机制研究”(31701996)

Effects of Fertilizer Input and Nutrient Ratio on Vegetable Growth and Soil Fertility

LIANG Ziwei1(), HUANG Shaozhen2(), ZENG Ruikun1, QI Baifu2, WANG Ronghui1, YAO Jianwu1, CHEN Yong1, WANG Wanwan1,3, NING Jianfeng1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Guangzhou 510640
    2 Shenzhen Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055
    3 College of Water Resources and Hydropower, Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei 056038
  • Received:2023-09-21 Revised:2024-06-21 Published:2024-07-28 Online:2024-07-28

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摘要：

选择深圳市郊区常年连作菜地，采用田间小区试验方法，设置对照、常规施肥、减量施肥10%、优化施肥（减量施肥50%，氮磷钾优化配比）等不同处理，研究不同肥料用量和养分配比条件下减施化肥对蔬菜生长及土壤肥力的影响。试验以叶菜为供试蔬菜，连续种植2茬。结果表明，与不施肥处理相比，施肥显著增加蔬菜产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量，肥料增产贡献率为32.3%~37.7%，且化肥减施与常规施肥处理之间肥料贡献率无显著差异。常规施肥模式下蔬菜氮、磷、钾养分利用率分别为13.98%、5.39%、31.95%，优化施肥相比常规施肥显著提高蔬菜磷肥和钾肥利用率1.87倍、26.3%。施肥对土壤pH、有机质含量无明显影响，常规施肥、减量施肥10%提高土壤碱解氮含量12.27%~27.83%、有效磷含量26.49%~44.24%、速效钾含量13.17%~35.30%。与常规施肥相比，优化施肥显著降低土壤有效磷含量19.96%~23.65%、速效钾含量22.29%~23.23%。各处理土壤综合肥力指数为1.34~1.43，均属于II级水平，连续2茬短期施肥管理对土壤肥力指数无显著影响。总体上，常年连作菜地系统优化施肥即化肥减施50%并优化氮磷钾养分投入比例，可在蔬菜产量不降低的情况下维持土壤肥力水平，降低土壤有效磷累积导致的面源污染风险。

关键词: 养分配比, 肥力系数, 土壤肥力, 肥料贡献率, 常年连作, 菜地, 化肥减施, 养分利用率, 面源污染

Abstract:

A plot experiment with four treatments including control, conventional fertilization, reduced fertilization by 10%, optimized fertilization (OF, reduced fertilization by 50%, optimized ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) was conducted in a perennial continuous planting vegetable field nearby Shenzhen City. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on vegetable growth and soil fertility. The experiment used leafy vegetables as the test vegetables and planted them continuously for 2 crops. The results showed that fertilization significantly increased the absorption of N, P, and K nutrients and yields of vegetables. The contribution rate of fertilizer to the increase in leaf vegetable yield ranged from 32.3% to 37.7%, and there was no significant difference in the contribution rate of fertilizer between different fertilizer treatments. Under the conventional fertilization mode, the fertilizer use efficiency of N, P and K nutrients in vegetables was 13.98%, 5.39%, and 31.95%, respectively. And optimized fertilization significantly improved the fertilizer efficiency of P and K fertilizers in vegetables by 1.87 times and 26.3%. Fertilization had no significant effect on soil pH and organic matter concentration. Conventional fertilization and reduced fertilization by 10% significantly increased soil available nitrogen by 12.27%-27.83%, available phosphorus by 26.49%-44.24%, and available potassium by 13.17%-35.30%. Compared with conventional fertilization, optimized fertilization significantly reduced the available phosphorus content of the soil by 19.96%-23.65%, and the available potassium content by 22.29%-23.23%. The comprehensive soil fertility index of each treatment ranges from 1.34 to 1.43, all of which belong to the level of II. No significant differences were observed for soil fertility index between different fertilization treatments under two consecutive short-term experiments. Overall, optimizing the fertilization amount in the perennial continuous vegetable field system, that is, reducing fertilizer application by 50% and optimizing the proportion of N, P and K nutrients input, can maintain soil fertility levels while ensuring that vegetable yield, and reduce the risk of non-point source pollution caused by the accumulation of available phosphorus in the soil.

Key words: nutrient ratio, index of fertility, soil fertility, fertilizer contribution rate, continuous cropping, vegetable field, fertilizer reduction, nutrient utilization rate, non-point source pollution