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中国农学通报 ›› 2020, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 15-22.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18100083

所属专题: 玉米

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响

傅敏, 丁文超, 胡恒宇(), 韦安培   

  1. 山东省水土保持与环境保护重点实验室,临沂大学资源与环境学院,山东临沂 276000
  • 收稿日期:2018-10-23 修回日期:2019-01-07 出版日期:2020-02-05 发布日期:2020-02-08
  • 通讯作者: 胡恒宇
  • 作者简介:傅敏,女,1998年出生,山东青岛人,本科,主要从事环境工程研究。通信地址:276000 山东省临沂市兰山区兰山街道 临沂大学,E-mail:1371099546@qq.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助“沂蒙山区典型农业流域面源重金属流失特征研究”(41601515)

Effects of Urea Types and Irrigation Management on Water and Fertilizer Conservation in Maize Production

Fu Min, Ding Wenchao, Hu Hengyu(), Wei Anpei   

  1. Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Environmental Conservation in Shandong Province, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi Shandong 276000
  • Received:2018-10-23 Revised:2019-01-07 Online:2020-02-05 Published:2020-02-08
  • Contact: Hu Hengyu

摘要:

水分和氮素管理对提高作物产量具有重要作用。笔者研究尿素类型与灌溉管理对玉米节水保肥的影响以达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。本研究在2016—2017年开展2年完全随机区组设计试验,讨论了尿素类型(普通尿素和控释尿素)及灌溉对玉米土壤和氮素利用的影响。每种尿素类型设置2种氮素水平,分别为75、150 kg N/hm 2,以不施氮肥为对照。水分设置2种灌溉水平,分别为全生育期不灌水和灌浆阶段灌水85 mm。结果表明:在灌溉与施氮水平相同下,0~40 cm土层应用控释尿素处理氮含量较高,但在更深的土壤层低于普通尿素处理;相对于不灌溉,灌溉增加了硝态氮的损失,但施用控释尿素的处理硝态氮损失低于施用普通尿素处理;灌溉条件下施用控释尿素可以提高玉米氮素吸收,并使更多的氮向籽粒中转移;与普通尿素相比,控释尿素提高了氮肥利用率,降低土壤对氮需求的依赖。控释尿素低氮的释放可以减少硝态氮在土壤中的存留时间而迅速被玉米吸收,从而降低硝态氮的损失风险,提高了土壤氮肥利用效率。综上,控释尿素与少量灌溉相结合适用于华北半湿润地区达到玉米高氮肥利用效率和高产田的生产目标。

关键词: 灌溉, 控释尿素, 玉米, 硝态氮, 氮利用效率

Abstract:

Water and nitrogen management plays an important role in improving crop yield. We studied the effect of urea type and irrigation management on water saving and fertilizer preservation in maize to achieve the goal of high nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and high yield in field production. In 2016 to 2017, we carried out a two-year completely randomized block design experiment to discuss the effects of urea type (common urea and controlled release urea) and irrigation on soil and nitrogen utilization of maize. Two nitrogen levels were set for each urea type, 75 and 150 kg N/hm 2 respectively, with no nitrogen application as the control. Water was set at two irrigation levels, namely, no irrigation during the whole growth period and 85 mm irrigation during the grouting period. The results showed that under the same irrigation and nitrogen application level, the nitrogen content of controlled release urea treatment was higher in soil layer of 0-40 cm, but the nitrogen content in deeper soil layer was lower than that in common urea treatment. Compared with no irrigation, irrigation increased nitrate nitrogen loss, but the loss of nitrate nitrogen in the treatment with controlled release urea was lower than that in the treatment with ordinary urea treatment. The application of controlled-release urea under irrigation conditions could improve the nitrogen absorption of maize and make more nitrogen transfer into grain. Compared with common urea, controlled-release urea improved the nitrogen utilization rate and reduced the dependence of soil on nitrogen demand. Controlled release of urea with low nitrogen could reduce the retention time of nitrate nitrogen in soil and absorbed by maize quickly, thus reducing the risk of nitrate nitrogen loss and improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization in soil. To sum up, the combination of controlled-release urea and a small amount of irrigation was suitable for high nitrogen use efficiency of maize and the production target of high yield field in semi-humid areas in north China.

Key words: irrigation, controlled-release urea, maize, nitrate nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency

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