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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (19): 73-80.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0027

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

施肥对赤水河上游地区玉米、油菜产量和品质及化肥污染排放量的影响研究

刘浩楠1,2(), 杨娟1,2(), 焦蒙3   

  1. 1 云南省高原湿地保护修复与生态服务重点实验室/西南林业大学生态与环境学院（湿地学院），昆明 650224
    2 国家高原湿地研究中心/西南林业大学生态与环境学院（湿地学院），昆明 650224
    3 西南林业大学水土保持学院，昆明 650224
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03 修回日期:2025-04-17 出版日期:2025-07-05 发布日期:2025-07-10
  • 通讯作者:
    杨娟，女，1982年出生，云南昆明人，副研究员，博士，主要从事植物营养与农业面源污染研究。通信地址：650224 云南省昆明市盘龙区白龙寺300号 西南林业大学生态与环境学院（湿地学院），Tel：0871-63864277，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    刘浩楠，男，2000年出生，云南昆明人，硕士研究生，研究方向：平衡施肥与多样性种植。通信地址：650224 云南省昆明市盘龙区白龙寺300号 西南林业大学生态与环境学院（湿地学院），Tel：0871-63864277，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    云南省科技厅重点研发计划项目“赤水河流域绿色治理和发展技术研究及应用示范-赤水河流域山地面源污染防治技术研究”(202203AC100001-03); 国家自然科学基金资助项目“铁基非晶合金与氯消毒联用对畜禽养殖污水中抗生素抗性基因的降解及机理研究”(22166033); 云南省兴滇英才支持计划项目“高原湖滨湿地抗生素抗性基因环境行为及其对微生物生态多样性的影响”(2023年); 云南省农业联合面上项目“高原紫外线对PBAT可降解地膜老化及PAEs的释放、富集规律研究”(202101BD070001-112)

Effects of Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Maize and Rapeseed in Upper Reaches of Chishui River Region and Discharge Amount of Fertilizer Pollution

LIU Haonan1,2(), YANG Juan1,2(), JIAO Meng3   

  1. 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation and Restoration and Ecological Services, College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224
    2 National Plateau Wetland Research Center/ College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224
    3 College of Soil and Water Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224
  • Received:2025-01-03 Revised:2025-04-17 Published:2025-07-05 Online:2025-07-10

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摘要：

探究施肥对玉米和油菜产量、品质、肥料利用效率以及化肥污染排放量的影响，为赤水河上游地区主要栽培作物的肥料施用提供科学指导。通过田间试验，以‘云油杂15’油菜和‘富华22号’玉米为试验材料，设置对照(CK)、磷钾(PK)、氮钾(NK)、氮磷(NP)和氮磷钾配施(NPK)5个处理，以评估各处理对作物成熟期的品质和产量、肥料利用效率以及化肥污染排放量的具体影响。结果表明，与对照(CK)处理相比，氮磷钾配施(NPK)处理显著提高了油菜的产量，增幅达81.73%，而缺素处理下的增产幅度仅为35.42%~52.86%。在品质方面，施肥处理显著增加了油菜脂肪、蛋白质和油酸、芥酸的含量，但对棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量没有显著影响。同样，与CK处理相比，NPK处理下的玉米产量提高了90.00%，而缺素处理下的增产幅度仅为42.74%~79.24%。在品质上，NPK处理下的玉米淀粉、蛋白质含量最高，分别提高了4.94%、60.47%，而缺素处理下的提高幅度较小。此外，研究还发现，在氮磷钾配施条件下，玉米和油菜的氮、磷、钾肥利用效率达到最高。在全素施肥条件下，玉米和油菜种植地的氮磷污染排放量最低，显著低于缺素处理。综上所述，平衡施肥处理不仅能显著提高作物的产量和品质，提高肥料利用效率，还能有效减少农业面源污染。

关键词: 氮磷钾, 玉米, 油菜, 产量, 品质, 化肥污染排放量

Abstract:

The study aims to investigate the effects of fertilization on yield, quality, fertilizer use efficiency in maize (variety ‘Fuhua 22’) and rapeseed (variety ‘Yunyouza 15’) and discharge amount of fertilizer pollution, providing scientific guidance for optimizing fertilizer management of major crops in the upper reaches of the Chishui River. A field experiment with five treatments was implemented, including control (CK), phosphorus-potassium (PK), nitrogen-potassium (NK), nitrogen-phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), to assess their effects on crop yield, quality at maturity, fertilizer use efficiency, and discharge amount of fertilizer pollution. The results showed that the NPK treatment significantly increased rapeseed yield by 81.73% compared to CK, whereas the yield increases under nutrient-deficient treatments (PK, NK, NP) ranged only from 35.42% to 52.86%. In terms of quality, fertilization significantly increased the contents of fat, protein, oleic acid and erucic acid, but had no significant effects on palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid or linolenic acid contents. Similarly, maize yield under NPK treatment increased by 90.00% compared to CK, whereas the yield increases under nutrient-deficient treatments (PK, NK, NP) ranged only from 42.74% to 79.24%. In terms of quality, the NPK treatment exhibited the highest maize starch and protein contents, which increased by 4.94% and 60.47%, whereas nutrient-deficient treatments demonstrated comparatively smaller increments. In addition, the study also found that the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium utilization efficiencies of maize and rapeseed reached their highest levels under NPK fertilization conditions. Under NPK fertilization conditions, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution from maize and rapeseed fields were minimized, being significantly lower than those under nutrient-deficient treatments. In conclusion, balanced fertilization not only significantly enhanced crop yield and quality along with the fertilizer use efficiency, but also effectively mitigated agricultural non-point source pollution.

Key words: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, maize, rapeseed, yield, quality, discharge amount of fertilizer pollution