不同促根壮苗技术对东北低洼地玉米生长和产量的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0291

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东北地区低洼地春季地温较低，容易导致玉米出苗质量差、生长缓慢，保护性耕作模式下该现象更为明显，研发促根壮苗技术是实现玉米增产的重要途径。植物促生细菌、微生物磷肥及微量元素具有促进根系生长和减轻低温胁迫的作用。本研究旨在探讨上述技术在促进低洼地玉米生长和产量中的作用。研究于2023和2024年在吉林省西部的梨树县刘家馆子镇常家店村进行，采用随机区组设计，设5个处理，分别是：（1）农民常规（对照）；（2）根际施用微生物磷肥；（3）根际施用促生细菌菌剂A28；（4）根际施用促生细菌菌剂P24；（5）地上部喷洒腐植酸微量元素叶面肥。在玉米全生育期采集植株样品，测定根系和地上部生物量、叶面积指数、产量及其构成要素。结果表明：与对照相比，供试技术均显著改善玉米苗期生长，在苗期（第6叶展开期）增加叶面积指数25.9%~141.2%、增加根系生物量15.7%~82.4%、增加地上部生物量10.7%~84.6%，同时还显著延缓后期叶片及根系衰老，增加了玉米的百粒重以及穗粒数，最终显著提高玉米产量4.9%~18.7%。增产效果表现为：促生细菌菌剂>微生物磷肥>微量元素叶面肥，其中促生细菌菌剂A28的增产效果最佳且稳定，平均增产16.2%。研究表明，根际微生物调控技术可以有效减轻土壤低温对玉米苗期生长的胁迫，显著提高玉米产量，在东北低洼区域具有广泛的应用价值。

关键词: 条耕, 促根壮苗, 玉米产量, 低洼地, 根系调控, 叶面肥

Abstract:

The ground temperature in spring in the low-lying areas of Northeast China is low, which easily leads to poor seedling quality and slow growth of maize. Under the conservation tillage mode, this phenomenon is more obvious. The development of root-promoting and seedling-strengthening technology may be an important way to increase maize yield. Plant growth-promoting bacteria and trace elements can promote root growth and reduce low temperature stress. This study aimed to explore the role of the technologies in promoting the growth and yield of maize in low-lying land. The study was conducted in Changjiadian Village, Liujiaguanzi Town, Lishu County, Jilin Province in 2023 and 2024. Five treatments were set up, which were (1) farmers’ routine; (2) rhizosphere application of microbial phosphate fertilizer; (3) rhizosphere application of growth-promoting bacterial agent A28; (4) rhizosphere application of growth-promoting bacteria agent P24; (5) spraying humic acid trace element foliar fertilizer on plant shoot. Plant samples were collected during the whole growth period of maize, and root and aboveground biomass, leaf area index, yield and its components were measured. The results showed that the root-promoting and seedling-strengthening techniques could improve the growth of maize seedlings. At the seedling stage (the sixth leaf expansion stage), the leaf area index increased by 25.9%-141.2%, the root biomass increased by 15.7%-82.4%, and the aboveground biomass increased by 10.7%-84.6%. At the same time, it also significantly delayed the senescence of leaves and roots in the later stage, increased the 100-grain weight and grain number per ear of maize, and finally significantly increased the yield of maize by 4.9%-18.7%. The effect of increasing yield was shown as growth-promoting bacterial agent > microbial phosphate fertilizer > trace element foliar fertilizer. Among them, the growth-promoting bacterial agent A28 had the best yield-increasing effect and stability, with an average yield increase of 16.2%. This paper believed that the rhizosphere microbial regulation technology could effectively reduce the stress of soil low temperature on the growth of maize seedlings, and ultimately increase the yield of maize, which had a wide application value in the low-lying areas of Northeast China.

Key words: strip tillage, root-promoting and seedling-strengthening, corn yield, low-lying land, root regulation, foliar fertilizer

高铭阳, 沙野, 胡文朗, 黄怡, 张净然, 隋新华, 米国华. 不同促根壮苗技术对东北低洼地玉米生长和产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(29): 7-14.

GAO Mingyang, SHA Ye, HU Wenlang, HUANG Yi, ZHANG Jingran, SUI Xinhua, MI Guohua. Effects of Different Root-promoting and Seedling-strengthening Technologies on Maize Growth and Yield in Low-lying Areas of Northeast China[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(29): 7-14.

图/表 6

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土层深度/cm	pH	有机质/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	速效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)
0~5	6.53	13.26	0.83	10.60	113.25
5~10	6.53	12.36	0.80	10.68	94.00
10~20	6.33	10.17	0.71	8.93	64.13
20~30	8.03	9.15	0.66	0.84	41.63
30~40	8.21	7.07	0.53	0.27	35.63

土层深度/cm	pH	有机质/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	速效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)
0~5	6.53	13.26	0.83	10.60	113.25
5~10	6.53	12.36	0.80	10.68	94.00
10~20	6.33	10.17	0.71	8.93	64.13
20~30	8.03	9.15	0.66	0.84	41.63
30~40	8.21	7.07	0.53	0.27	35.63

年份	处理	产量/ (t/hm²)	穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²)	百粒重/ g	穗粒数/ (粒/穗)
2023	农户常规	10.64 b	5.46 a	32.21 b	604.94 cd
	微生物磷肥	12.63 a	5.26 a	34.88 a	689.20 a
	菌剂A28	12.41 a	5.27 a	35.64 a	661.09 ab
	菌剂P24	12.25 a	5.51 a	35.24 a	629.35 bc
	叶面肥	11.16 ab	5.67 a	34.01 ab	579.35 d
2024	农户常规	10.90 d	5.83 a	32.08 b	583.91 b
	微生物磷肥	11.53 c	5.46 b	33.31 ab	634.04 a
	菌剂A28	12.60 a	5.59 ab	35.22 a	640.33 a
	菌剂P24	11.98 b	5.67 ab	34.97 a	604.76 ab
	叶面肥	12.59 a	5.77 ab	35.14 a	621.29 ab

年份	处理	产量/ (t/hm²)	穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²)	百粒重/ g	穗粒数/ (粒/穗)
2023	农户常规	10.64 b	5.46 a	32.21 b	604.94 cd
	微生物磷肥	12.63 a	5.26 a	34.88 a	689.20 a
	菌剂A28	12.41 a	5.27 a	35.64 a	661.09 ab
	菌剂P24	12.25 a	5.51 a	35.24 a	629.35 bc
	叶面肥	11.16 ab	5.67 a	34.01 ab	579.35 d
2024	农户常规	10.90 d	5.83 a	32.08 b	583.91 b
	微生物磷肥	11.53 c	5.46 b	33.31 ab	634.04 a
	菌剂A28	12.60 a	5.59 ab	35.22 a	640.33 a
	菌剂P24	11.98 b	5.67 ab	34.97 a	604.76 ab
	叶面肥	12.59 a	5.77 ab	35.14 a	621.29 ab