北京郊区不同肥力水平下玉米的施氮量推荐

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0725

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究了北京郊区不同肥力水平下，不同施氮量对玉米产量、氮利用效率及氮素累积量的影响，通过比较产量和氮利用效率来综合推荐施氮量，减少因化肥过量投入带来的土壤氮环境风险。选取北京郊区高、中、低肥力水平下的农田，设不施氮肥(N0)、优化施肥（OPT，优化施肥量）、低倍氮肥（N50，优化施氮量的50%）、高倍氮肥（N150，优化施氮量的150%）4个处理，分析玉米产量、氮利用效率及收获期地上部的氮素累积量，通过拟合施氮量与产量、施氮量与氮肥回收率的二次曲线，分别比较曲线达到理论最大值时的施氮量、产量、氮肥回收率，综合得出高、中肥力农田的推荐施氮量。结果表明：不同肥力农田的产量在所有处理的大小依次为：高肥力>中肥力>低肥力，土壤基础地力贡献率也呈现类似的变化规律。各处理间以OPT的产量最高，其中，高肥力农田的产量为11865.2 kg/hm²，较N0处理提高了19.3%；中肥力农田的产量可达11458.4 kg/hm²，较N0处理提高了29.6%；而低肥力农田的产量为10163.1 kg/hm²，较N0处理提高了43.0%。通过拟合产量与施氮量的二次曲线关系发现，仅以增加低肥力农田的施氮量来提高产量，不能够达到中、高肥力农田的产量，因此仍需通过改善低肥力农田的基础地力来提高产量。不同肥力农田玉米地上部的氮素累积量在所有处理的大小依次为：高肥力>中肥力>低肥力（中肥力OPT处理除外），各处理间以OPT的氮素累积量和氮肥回收率最高，其中，中肥力农田的氮肥回收率为35.8%，大于低肥力农田(27.0%)和高肥力农田(24.8%)。通过分别比较产量、氮肥回收率达到理论最大值时的施氮量、产量和氮肥回收率可得出：在氮肥回收率差值较小的情况下，中肥力农田可通过增加施氮量来提高产量，推荐施氮量为162.4 kg/hm²；而在产量差值较小的情况下，高肥力农田需要通过控制施氮量来提高氮肥回收率，推荐施氮量为143.3 kg/hm²。

关键词: 肥力水平, 施氮量, 氮肥利用率, 玉米产量

Abstract:

We conducted a field experiment of maize under different soil fertility levels. The effects of different nitrogen application rates on maize yield, recovery efficiency of N and N uptake were studied. By comparing yield, recovery efficiency of N, the recommended nitrogen application rate was integrated to reduce the environmental risks of soil nitrogen caused by excessive fertilizer input. The experiments were under high, medium and low soil fertility levels, and there were four nitrogen (N) treatments, including no fertilizer (N0), recommended fertilization (OPT), low nitrogen application (N50, 50% of N rate based on OPT) and high nitrogen application (N150, 150% of of N rate based on OPT). The maize yields, N uptake, recovery efficiency of N were measured. The nitrogen application rate, yield and recovery efficiency of N were respectively compared when the curves reached the theoretical maximum, the recommended nitrogen application rates of high and medium fertility farmland were obtained comprehensively. The results showed that the maize yields of different soil fertility levels were in the order of high fertility field > medium fertility field > low fertility field. Contribution of inherent soil productivity had the same trend. OPT had the highest yield among all treatments, the yield of high fertility field was 11865.2 kg/hm², which was 19.3% higher than that of N0, the yield of medium fertility field was 11458.4 kg/hm², 29.6% higher than that of N0, and the yield of low fertility field was 10163.1 kg/hm², 43.0% higher than that of N0. By fitting the quadratic curve between yield and N application rate, it was found that increasing N application rate in low fertility field could not achieve the yield of high fertility field. Improving the soil fertility of low fertility field was more necessary. The N uptake under different soil fertility levels was followed: high fertility field > medium fertility field > low fertility field (except OPT treatment under medium fertility field). The recovery efficiency of N, N uptake, OPT was higher than that of other treatments. Among them, recovery efficiency of N of medium fertility field was 35.8%, higher than that of low fertility field (27.0%), and high fertility field (24.8%). By comparing the N application rate, yield, recovery efficiency of N when the theoretical yield and the theoretical recovery efficiency of N reached the maximum, it was concluded that the yield could be increased in medium fertility field by increasing N application rate when differential of recovery efficiency of N was small, the recommended N application rate was 162.4 kg/hm². By small differential of yield, N application rate should be controlled to improve the recovery efficiency of N in high fertility field, the recommended N application rate was 143.3 kg/hm².

Key words: contribution of inherent soil productivity, N application rate, recovery efficiency of N, maize yields

赵凯丽, 李权辉, 刘瑜, 李萍, 陈娟, 颜芳, 闫实, 郭宁. 北京郊区不同肥力水平下玉米的施氮量推荐[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(24): 24-30.

ZHAO Kaili, LI Quanhui, LIU Yu, LI Ping, CHEN Juan, YAN Fang, YAN Shi, GUO Ning. Optimized Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Maize in Beijing under Different Soil Fertility Levels[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(24): 24-30.

图/表 7

参考文献 18

[1]	赵秉强. 施肥制度与土壤可持续利用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.
[2]	张国荣, 李菊梅, 徐明岗, 等. 长期不同施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(2):543-551.
[3]	CUI Z L, ZHANG F S, MI G H, et al. Interaction between genotypic difference and nitrogen management strategy in determining nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize[J]. Plant and soil, 2009, 317(1-2):267-276. doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9807-x URL
[4]	鱼欢, 杨改河, 王之杰. 不同施氮量及基追比例对玉米冠层生理性状和产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(2):266-273.
[5]	李忠芳, 张水清, 李慧, 等. 长期施肥下我国水稻土基础肥力变化趋势[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(6):1394-1402.
[6]	贡付飞, 查燕, 武雪萍, 等. 长期不同施肥措施下潮土冬小麦农田基础肥力演变分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(12):120-129.
[7]	王劲松, 董二伟, 武爱莲, 等. 不同肥力条件下施肥对粒用高粱产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(22):4166-4176. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.020
[8]	韩宝吉, 曾祥明, 卓光毅, 等. 氮肥施用措施对湖北中稻产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(4):842-850.
[9]	张铭, 蒋达, 缪瑞林, 等. 不同土壤肥力条件下施氮量对稻茬小麦氮素吸收利用及产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2010, 30(1):135-140.
[10]	夏圣益. 土壤基础肥力、施肥水平与农作物产量的关系[J]. 上海农业科技, 1998(1):6-8.
[11]	刘海涛, 李保国, 任图生, 等. 不同肥力农田玉米产量构成差异及施肥弥补土壤肥力的可能性[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22(4):897-904.
[12]	BEILLOUIN D, TREPOS R, GAUFFRETEAU A, et al. Delayed and reduced nitrogen fertilization strategies decrease nitrogen losses while still achieving high yields and high grain quality in malting barley[J]. European journal of agronomy, 2018, 101:174-182. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2018.09.001 URL
[13]	张福锁, 陈新平, 陈清, 等. 中国主要作物施肥指南[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2009:10-15.
[14]	张军, 张洪程, 段祥茂, 等. 肥力与施氮量对超级稻产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2011, 37(11):2020-2029. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.02020
[15]	王月福, 姜东, 于振文, 等. 高低土壤肥力下小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率和增产效应[J]. 作物学报, 2003, 29(4):491-495.
[16]	杨秉庚, 蔡思源, 刘宇娟, 等. 土壤供保氮能力决定稻田氮肥增产效果和利用率[J/OL]. 土壤学报:1-14[2022-09-19]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1119.P.20210720.0847.002.html
[17]	邹洪琴, 李德近, 任科宇, 等. 肥力梯度红壤上不同形态氮库对玉米吸氮量的贡献[EB/OL]. 土壤学报:1-11[2022-09-19]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1119.P.20220225.1502.002.html.
[18]	鲁艳红, 廖育林, 聂军, 等. 连续施肥对不同肥力稻田土壤基础肥力和土壤养分变化的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(21):4169-4178. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.21.011

农田肥力水平	全氮/(g/kg)	速效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)	试验地点
高肥力农田	1.12	86.36	115	19.08	密云城子村
中肥力农田	0.79	31.98	116	15.19	密云两河村
低肥力农田	0.53	15.41	112	8.94	延庆车坊村

农田肥力水平	全氮/(g/kg)	速效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)	试验地点
高肥力农田	1.12	86.36	115	19.08	密云城子村
中肥力农田	0.79	31.98	116	15.19	密云两河村
低肥力农田	0.53	15.41	112	8.94	延庆车坊村

农田肥力水平	处理	氮肥回收率/%	氮肥偏生产力/(kg/kg)	氮肥农学效率/(kg/kg)	土壤基础地力贡献率/%
高肥力农田	N50	24.0±6.9a	128.3±10.5a	16.6±3.7a	86.3±3.4a
	OPT	24.8±7.0a	65.9±0.6b	8.6±1.4b	83.8±5.4a
	N150	7.1±4.1b	40.3±1.1c	5.8±1.1b	91.7±7.7a
中肥力农田	N50	24.1±7.7b	107.0±10.5a	22.0±5.9a	84.9±11.7a
	OPT	35.8±4.1a	58.8±3.0b	12.6±5.8a	77.2±7.0a
	N150	10.7±2.5c	35.7±1.6c	7.3±2.2b	84.8±11.1a
低肥力农田	N50	25.2±3.9b	76.1±9.9a	14.3±4.5a	83.4±10.1a
	OPT	37.9±1.6a	45.2±1.3b	13.6±3.3a	69.9±1.8a
	N150	13.1±1.2c	27.3±1.7c	5.4±2.2a	77.0±8.3a

农田肥力水平	处理	氮肥回收率/%	氮肥偏生产力/(kg/kg)	氮肥农学效率/(kg/kg)	土壤基础地力贡献率/%
高肥力农田	N50	24.0±6.9a	128.3±10.5a	16.6±3.7a	86.3±3.4a
	OPT	24.8±7.0a	65.9±0.6b	8.6±1.4b	83.8±5.4a
	N150	7.1±4.1b	40.3±1.1c	5.8±1.1b	91.7±7.7a
中肥力农田	N50	24.1±7.7b	107.0±10.5a	22.0±5.9a	84.9±11.7a
	OPT	35.8±4.1a	58.8±3.0b	12.6±5.8a	77.2±7.0a
	N150	10.7±2.5c	35.7±1.6c	7.3±2.2b	84.8±11.1a
低肥力农田	N50	25.2±3.9b	76.1±9.9a	14.3±4.5a	83.4±10.1a
	OPT	37.9±1.6a	45.2±1.3b	13.6±3.3a	69.9±1.8a
	N150	13.1±1.2c	27.3±1.7c	5.4±2.2a	77.0±8.3a

农田肥力水平	产量达理论最大值			氮肥回收率达理论最大值			差值
农田肥力水平	施氮量/ (kg/hm²)	产量/ (kg/hm²)	氮肥回收率/%	施氮量/ (kg/hm²)	产量/ (kg/hm²)	氮肥回收率/%	施氮量/ (kg/hm²)	产量/ (kg/hm²)	氮肥回收率/%
高肥力农田	156.5	11906.5	21.7	143.3	11892.7	26.9	13.2	13.8	-5.2
中肥力农田	190.0	11264.4	32.1	162.4	11211.7	33.1	27.6	52.7	-1.0
低肥力农田	242.6	9793.0	31.8	189.6	9658.8	34.7	53.0	134.2	-2.9