Tobacco Cultivation and Production

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Dynamic Changes of Moisture and Substance in Middle Tobacco Leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’During Curing Process of Steady Temperature and Humidity Drop

LI Bo, JIANG Zhimin, CHENG Changhe, PENG Dong, XU Jiadan, WANG Qing, CHEN Xinjie, SHOU Zhiguo, ZONG Yi, ZHOU Haikuan, DENG Xiaohua

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (10): 146-151. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0497

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In order to clarify the dynamic changes of moisture and substance in tobacco leaves during the heat pump intensive curing barn using different curing processes, the middle leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’ were used as experimental materials to study the dynamic changes and similarities of moisture, pigments, starch, and reducing sugar content during the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process and the four step curing processes in the heat pump intensive curing. The results showed that: (1) the moisture content of tobacco leaves in the early period of yellowing of the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process was higher than that of four step curing process. (2) The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of tobacco leaves in the early period of yellowing were higher than the four-step curing process, but lower than the four step curing process in the middle and late period of curing. (3) The contents of carotenoid and starch in tobacco leaves of the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process were lower than those of four step curing process, but the content of reducing sugar was higher than that of four step curing process. (4) The similarity of different substances in the two curing processes was ranked as follows: moisture> chlorophyll a> starch> chlorophyll b> reducing sugar> carotenoid. The dynamic changes of substances in the curing process can be divided into three categories. The first type includes moisture, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and starch, and the differences between the two curing processes mainly occur in the yellowing period. The second type is reducing sugar, and the difference between the two curing processes mainly occurs in the color-fixing period and the stem-drying period. The third type is carotenoid, two kinds of curing process have great differences during the whole curing process.

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Effects of Air-curing Environment and Methods on Moisture Variation and Quality of Cigar Leaves

WANG Zhenghao, XING Zhuoran, CAI Baocai, ZHONG Junwen, MA Lijuan, HUANG Ke, YIN Guangting, DUAN Weidong, SHI Xiangdong, LI Jianhua

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (10): 152-157. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0423

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To explore the effects of air-curing room environment and methods on the moisture content and quality of cigar leaves during the airing process, ‘Habanos-2000’ cigar variety was selected as the experimental material, and two airing methods, normal airing and airing with stem, were set up. Airing was conducted in both a simple air-curing room with significant temperature and humidity differences and a reformed air- curing room. The grey relational analysis method was employed to study the influence of air-curing room environment and airing methods on moisture content, free water, bound water content, and moisture migration rate during the drying process of cigar leaves. By comparing the chemical composition of fermented leaves in each treatment, the suitable air-curing room pattern and drying method for the airing process of cigar leaves in Xuchang region were determined. The results showed that airing temperature had a significant effect on the moisture content of cigar leaves, while airing humidity had a significant effect on the bound water content and moisture migration rate of leaves. Specifically, the temperature in the simple air-curing room had the greatest impact on the moisture content of leaves under normal airing conditions, and the humidity in the reformed air-curing room had the greatest impact on the bound water content under normal airing conditions and the moisture migration rate under airing with stem conditions. Additionally, the cigar leaves airing with stem in the reformed air-curing room had the lowest total sugar, reducing sugar, and nicotine content, while the potassium content, potassium-chlorine ratio, nitrogen-nicotine ratio, and total sugar-reducing sugar ratio were the highest. In conclusion, cigar leaves airing with stem in an air-curing room equipped with temperature and humidity control devices in Xuchang region can provide more sufficient moisture supply for the leaves, thereby improving the quality of the dried leaves.

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Research Progress on Effect of Light Intensity on Production of Cigar Wrapper Leaves Under Shade Cultivation

GUO Wenlong, WANG Huiqing, DING Songshuang, XING Zhuoran, LIU Feng, DENG Cheng, TANG Jie, SHI Xiangdong, DING Jianbing

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (10): 38-44. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0464

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Shading cultivation is one of the main methods for the production of high-quality cigar wrapper leaves. Light intensity is one of the most obvious changeable factors under shading cultivation conditions. This review summarizes the research progress of changes and their mechanisms of tobacco leaves under different light intensity due to different shading conditions. In view of the problems and deficiencies in the current research on the shading production of cigar wrapper leaves, it is pointed out that on the basis of improving the quality evaluation system of cigar wrapper leaves, the effects of shading on the quality of the appearance, physics, chemistry, and sensory aspects of cigar wrapper leaves should be studied in depth. And the shading production system suitable for the varieties and the actual production area should be further explored, realizing the effective supply of domestic cigar wrapper leaves gradually.

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Decomposition of Green Manure (Vicia villosa) and Nutrient Migration Patterns in Tobacco Fields of Lijiang

ZHOU Chuyue, LI Lanzhou, YIN Hao, TAI Xianchang, WANG Jitao, ZHU Yifan, LI Chenying, YU Fei, ZU Chaolong, SHEN Jia, MA Wenguang

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (10): 96-101. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0456

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To explore the potential of chemical nitrogen substitution by ploughing and returning Vicia villosa as the preceding crop of flue-cured tobacco in Lijiang tobacco-growing area of Yunnan Province, this study conducted a systematic analysis through three experiments: (1) measuring the degradation rate of Vicia villosa after ploughing; (2) using the δ¹⁵N isotope labeling technique to precisely quantify the amount of nitrogen transferred from Vicia villosa to tobacco plants; (3) verifying the substitution effect of chemical nitrogen by returning Vicia villosa to the field under field conditions. The research results showed that Vicia villosa could naturally decompose and release nutrients in the soil after ploughing, and the decomposition rate was the fastest within two weeks after ploughing. The appropriate ploughing time should be 90 to 100 days before tobacco transplanting. At this time, more than 50% of Vicia villosa could decompose, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were released by approximately 48.75%, 52.00% and 83.65% respectively. The isotope tracking results showed that among the fertilizer nitrogen absorbed by tobacco, the nitrogen from Vicia villosa accounted for 10.15% of the total fertilizer nitrogen, and the nitrogen utilization rate of green manure in the current season was approximately 3.66%. Therefore, after returning Vicia villosa to the field, the application amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer should be appropriately reduced, and the optimal nitrogen fertilizer dosage was 80% of the conventional dosage. The research indicated that planting Vicia villosa as the preceding crop of flue-cured tobacco and ploughing it over could not only increase the yield and economic value of tobacco leaves but also effectively reduce the usage amount of chemical fertilizers, achieving the goal of reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency.

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Effects of Drought-rehydration on Physiological Indexes and Drought-related Gene Expression of ‘YY021’ Seedlings

LI Lihua, XUE Bingjie, WANG Yale, LI Xuejun, SUN Huan, SUN Jiping

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (8): 57-62. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0436

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‘YY021’ is a hybrid tobacco variety selected for dryland tobacco growing areas. In order to identify the drought tolerance of ‘YY021’, ‘Zhongyan 100’ was used as the control variety, and the drought-rehydration experiment of floating seedling was arranged to investigate wilting index and water content, observe the changes of active oxygen, and measure the content of malonaldehyde, proline and the expression of drought-related gene by qRT-PCR. The results showed that with the prolongation of drought time, the leaf water content of ‘Zhongyan 100’ and ‘YY021’ decreased and the wilting index increased. The content of malonaldehyde increased with the extension of drought time. The expression of osmotin gene decreased first and then increased from 0-7 d of drought. After 7 days of drought, compared with ‘Zhongyan 100’, the leaf moisture content of‘YY021’ increased by 4.31%, the wilting index of ‘YY021’ decreased by 3.97%, and the contents of malondialdehyde decreased by 9.21%, and the contents of proline increased by 84.71%. Compared with ‘Zhongyan 100’, ‘YY021’ had lower levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and the higher osmotin gene expression. The ERD gene responded more rapidly. The drought tolerance of ‘YY021’ was better than that of ‘Zhongyan 100’. Under drought stress, the damage of reactive oxygen species to membrane of ‘YY021’ was reduced by accumulating osmotic adjustment substance proline. ERD and osmotin genes may be candidate genes for drought tolerance of ‘YY021’.

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Analysis of Changes in Carbon Footprint of Farmland Before and After Tobacco Planting in Huang-Huai Tobacco Growing Region

ZHANG Yang, DU Yuhai, DONG Xiaowei, LIU Yang, LIU Liwei, YAN Huifeng, KONG Decai

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (8): 90-97. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0563

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To investigate the carbon emission characteristics of tobacco-dominant agricultural fields in the Huang-Huai region, this study took the rural complex as the basic research unit, and analyzed the changes in the carbon footprint of farmland ecosystem before and after tobacco planting. The main carbon emission links were identified, which could provide theoretical basis for the realization of green and low-carbon management in tobacco-dominated farmland areas. This study selected an agricultural complex in Shandong, which had transformed to a tobacco-dominant model since 2019. Through a questionnaire survey of raw material input, agricultural management measures, yield and other factors in the planting process of different local planting systems, the carbon footprint and composition of farmland production in 2018 and 2020 were calculated using the life cycle method. In 2020, the economic benefit per unit area reached 41548 yuan/hm², which was 3.2 times of that in 2018. Carbon emission per unit area in 2020 was 185.45 t/(hm²·a), with an increase of 108% compared with 2018, and carbon sink per unit area was 548.9 t/(hm²·a), with a decrease of 30% compared with 2018. Carbon footprint per unit area and carbon footprint per unit yield decreased by 48% and 40%, carbon production efficiency and carbon ecological efficiency decreased by 58% and 75%, and carbon economic efficiency increased by 103%. The carbon emission per unit area of flue-cured tobacco planting system was 119.40 t/(hm²·a), 64% of the regional average, and the carbon sink was 98.8 t/(hm²·a), 18% of the regional average. Flue-cured tobacco cultivation was a weak carbon active cropping system. After the farmland system was changed to flue-cured tobacco as the main planting system, the carbon sink of the whole region decreased, carbon emissions increased, and carbon footprint decreased significantly.

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Planting Adaptability of New Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties ‘Yunyan 116’ and ‘Yunyan 300’ in Hechi Tobacco Region of Guangxi

LIU Jiao, HU Xing, HUANG Xiaoxia, LIU Wenge, HE Mingxiong, LU Changyou, LUO Yigui

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (7): 22-28. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0408

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In order to study the adaptability of the tobacco varieties ‘Yunyan 116’ and ‘Yunyan 300’ in the Hechi tobacco area of Guangxi, and to clarify the suitable varieties for high-quality flue-cured tobacco cultivation in the Hechi area, two experimental sites in Tianhe Town of Luocheng County, and Liuzhai Town of Nandan County in Hechi City were selected to carry out the experiments. Taking the main variety in Hechi tobacco area ‘K326’ as the control, the adaptability analysis of ‘Yunyan 116’ and ‘Yunan 300’ tobacco varieties was carried out, and the comprehensive investigation and analysis of agronomic traits, economic traits, natural morbidity rate in the field, and chemical composition and sensory and appearance quality evaluation of the flue-cured tobacco were performed. Compared with ‘K326’, the field growth potential, production value, proportion of medium- and top-grade cigarettes, and the sensory and appearance quality of tobacco leaf of ‘Yunyan 116’ in the two experimental sites were better than that of the control, and the rate of field natural morbidity was low; whereas, agronomic and economic traits, and the evaluation of the sensory quality of tobacco leaf of ‘Yunyan 300’ in the Liuzhai site were comparable to that of ‘K326’, but the incidence rates of black tibial disease and green blight in the Tianhe site were significantly higher than that of the control, and the overall performance was slightly worse than that of ‘K326’, showing slightly poorer adaptability; moreover, Mantel analysis showed that climatic spot disease had a significant effect on agronomic traits in both pilot sites. The comprehensive evaluation index showed that ‘Yunyan 116’ had the highest evaluation index, and strong ecological adaptability to the environment, which was a broadly adapted variety for large-scale popularization of planting in Hechi tobacco region.

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Trace-elements in Tobacco-planting Soil in Fujian Province

XU Zhihao, JIA Kai, XIE Rongrong, ZHU Chenyu, WANG Yuemin, ZENG Wenlong, LIN jianqi, XU Chensheng, TANG Lina, ZHENG Chaoyuan, LI Wenqing

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (6): 100-108. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0562

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Soil serves as the primary repository of trace elements required for tobacco growth, making it crucial to investigate the plentiful-lack index and the factors influencing the abundance of these trace-elements in soil used for tobacco cultivation. Therefore, this study utilized the findings from two soil surveys conducted in 2005 and 2018 within Fujian Province’s tobacco-planting soil, employing geostatistical analysis methods to examine the spatial and temporal variability characteristics and the driving factors affecting the trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn). The study revealed that over the 14 years period from 2005 to 2018, there was a noticeable fluctuation in the trace element content of soil, yet all remained at either high or extremely high levels. Upon further analysis, it was found that the available iron content in Fujian Province’s tobacco-planting soil in 2018 predominantly ranged from 200-350 mg/kg (83.90%), with distribution mainly influenced by non-structural factors; the available manganese content predominantly fell within the range of 10-25 mg/kg (90.14%), primarily influenced by structural factors; the available copper content was primarily concentrated in the range of 1.5-3 mg/kg (80.44%), influenced by a combination of structural and non-structural factors; the available zinc content predominantly ranged from 1.5-4 mg/kg (91.88%), exhibiting a spatial auto-correlation pattern similar to that of the soil available copper; correlation and stepwise regression analyses revealed that soil pH and organic matter directly influenced the content of soil trace elements, whereas soil exchangeable magnesium had an indirect effect on these elements through its impact on pH. In the tobacco-planting regions of Fujian Province, trace-element deficiency such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn was essentially non-existent, with overall contents being high. Amidst the acidic soil conditions prevalent in Fujian Province, fertilizers such as magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium magnesium phosphate could be utilized as alternatives to magnesium sulfate for managing soil trace elements.

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Effects of Acidic Substances on pH of Slightly Alkaline Soil and Yield and Quality of Tobacco Leaves

YU Yaoying, ZHANG Lei, LIU Yong, HUANG Xiaoqin, HE Jixian, WANG Dong, ZHANG Qili, GU Huizhan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (4): 10-18. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0104

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To solve the problem of low potassium content in tobacco leaves caused by high soil pH and rich calcium ion content in slightly alkaline soil, the pot and field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different dosage and combination of oxalic acid, citric acid and sulfur powder on soil pH value, available potassium, available calcium content, chemical indexes and yield of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that: (1) all acidic substances and their combinations could reduce soil pH within a certain range. In terms of improving soil available potassium content and tobacco yield and quality, citric acid and ztric acid + sulfur had significant effects. It had been preliminarily established as an acidic substance suitable for improving slightly alkaline soil. (2) After the application of acidic substances, it could effectively reduce the pH and exchangeable calcium ion content of rhizosphere soil, and improve the content of available potassium in soil. The T₄ (citric acid 4 g/plant + sulphur powder 11 g/plant) and T₂ (citric acid 15 g/plant) had better treatment effects. (3) After the application of acid substances, the yield of tobacco leaves was significantly increased, ranked as followed: T₄>T₃>T₅>T₂>T₁>T₀, and there were significant difference between T₃, T₄, T₅ and T₀, with an increase of 65-260 kg/hm² compared to T₀. (4) After the application of acid substances, the internal quality of tobacco leaves was effectively improved. The comprehensive index of chemical composition was 0.66-0.87, which was 8.19%-60.78% higher than that without the application of acidic substances. (5) Compared with not applying acidic substances, the potassium content of middle and upper leaves increased by 24.3% and 20.3% respectively. Citric acid 4 g/plant + sulfur powder 11 g/plant and citric acid 15 g/plant were suitable formulas for improving slightly alkaline soil. They can effectively reduce soil pH and exchangeable calcium content, increase tobacco yield and potassium content, and improve the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves.

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Effects of Boron and Silicon on Control Efficacy of Potato Virus Y Disease and Antioxidant Defense Activities of Flue-cured Tobacco

CHEN Fen, LI Kai, ZHANG Xuemei, LI Yinglong, DUAN Kefan, CAO Hengmao, GAO Xin, ZHANG Jinghua, HUANG Min, DONG Yu

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (4): 108-113. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0329

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In order to provide reference for rational fertilization and green disease prevention and control in flue-cured tobacco, the effects of boron and silicon nutrient elements on the diseases prevention and control and the physiological mechanism were discussed. The field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different boron and silicon application levels on the incidence of potato virus Y (PVY) disease and defense enzyme activity of flue-cured tobacco named ‘Yunyan 100’. The results showed that the application of boron and silicon reduced the incidence and disease index of PVY in flue-cured tobacco. Compared with the treatment of spraying water (CK), the incidence and disease index of PVY under 9.0 kg/hm²boron+ 6.0 kg/hm²silicon treatment decreased by 32.5% and 22%, respectively. Meanwhile, reasonable application of boron and silicon fertilizer significantly improved the defense enzymes activities of tobacco leaves, and the phenylalanine degradation enzyme activity and proline content were significantly increased by 121.4%-426.5% and 30.0%-74.3%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the incidence of PVY was significantly negatively correlated with proline content, while phenylalanine degradation enzyme activity was significantly positively correlated with proline content. The combined application of 9.0 kg/hm²boron+ 6.0 kg/hm²silicon could reduce the occurrence of diseases and induce the increase of defense enzyme activity.

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Analysis of Key Influencing Factors of Upper Tobacco Leaves Quality in Stalk-Cutting and Curing

LIU Fengfeng, BI Qingwen, ZHANG Guochao, HE Jiewang, SUN Fushan, DAI Yingpeng

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (4): 126-133. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0545

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To clarify the impact of stalk-cutting harvest on the quality of upper tobacco leaves after curing, this study utilized ‘Yunyan 87’ as the test material. Various multivariate data analysis methods, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), variable importance in projection (VIP), and Pearson correlation analysis, were employed to investigate the differences in appearance quality, physical properties, chemical composition, and sensory quality between stem-leaf and leaf-by-leaf cured tobacco from six towns in Hubei Province. The results indicated that after excluding outlier indicators, the PLS-DA model showed R²_X=0.578, R²_Y=0.997, Q²_PLS-DA=0.96, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness. A validation through 200 iterations of response sorting yielded R²_intercept and Q²_intercept values of 0.903 and -0.0125, respectively, indicating a good model fit. A total of 27 variables with significant differences were selected based on VIP values greater than 1.0, including reducing sugars, total sugars, sensory quality, and various amino acid contents. Among these, six variables—total sugars, reducing sugars, total sensory weight score, aroma quality, off-flavors, and irritation—exhibited positive effects, while the remaining 21 variables showed negative effects. In summary, the stalk-cutting and curing is beneficial for increasing the content of total sugars, reducing sugars, and certain sensory factors in the upper leaves, but it is detrimental to the increase of total nitrogen and amino acid contents.

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Analysis of Baking Characteristics of Flue-cured Tobacco Variety ‘NC297’ Introduced from American

LIU Zidan, HU Binbin, CHEN Yuchang, ZHANG Jinglin, FEI Lina, LIN Jinquan, CHEN Yi, HE Chenggang, JIANG Yonglei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (4): 134-143. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0402

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In order to clarify the baking characteristics of the US-introduced tobacco variety ‘NC297’, the traits of color characterization, yellowing and browning, water loss, chlorophyll degradation, and polyphenol oxidase activity of different parts of the tobacco leaves in the dark-box test were investigated by using the intensive baking room and dark-box test method with ‘NC297’ as the material. The results showed that: (1) in the dark-box test, the yellowing degree of the middle and lower leaves was close to 100% at 96 h, while the upper leaves were not completely yellowed until more than 120 h, indicating that the baking ease of the middle and lower leaves of ‘NC297’ was moderate, but the baking ease of the upper leaves was poor. (2) During the baking process, the polyphenol oxidase activity of the upper fresh tobacco leaves of ‘NC297’ was 0.46 ∆OD_{398 nm}/(g·min), significantly higher than that of the middle and lower leaves of ‘NC297’ which was 0.22 ∆OD_{398 nm}/(g·min), indicating that the middle and lower leaves of ‘NC297’ were more resistant to baking, and the upper leaves were moderately resistant to baking. However, the browning degree of the lower leaves was close to 30% at 144 h, which indicated that the browning degree of the lower leaves among different parts of the tobacco was relatively poor. (3) In terms of chemical composition, with the increase of baking time, total sugar, reducing sugar and total amino acid content gradually increased, while total nitrogen, protein and starch content gradually decreased. To summarize, ‘NC297’ has medium baking ease in the middle and lower leaves, poor baking ease in the upper leaves, the order of baking resistance is middle leaves> upper leaves> lower leaves, and the chemical compositions of the flue-cured leaves are more coordinated, and the quality is significantly improved.

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Comparative Analysis of Quality of Tobacco Leaves in Different Altitude Tobacco Growing Areas of Panzhihua

YE Tianhui, YANG Xue, JIANG Chaoqiang, YANG Jianchun, YAN Fangfang, YANG Xingyou, ZU Chaolong, YAN Yifeng

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (4): 144-148. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0238

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In order to determine the suitable altitude for planting high-quality flue-cured tobacco in Panzhihua, the chemical composition, appearance quality and sensory quality of tobacco leaves at different altitudes (1800-2400 m) were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the sensory quality of tobacco leaves at different altitude showed a trend of 1800 m≈ 2100 m> 2400 m. The aroma quantity, aroma temperament, impurity and aftertaste of tobacco leaves were better at 1800 m than that at 2400 m. The appearance quality of C3F and B2F tobacco leaves decreased with the increase of altitude. The appearance quality of B2F tobacco leaves at 1800 m and 2100 m was significantly better than that at 2400 m. When the altitude was more than 2100 m, the nicotine content in the upper leaves was higher and the potassium content was lower, and the chemical composition coordination of tobacco leaves became worse. In conclusion, the altitude of 1800-2100 m is the appropriate altitude for planting high-quality tobacco leaves in Panzhihua, and the tobacco leaves have better appearance quality, chemical composition coordination, and higher aroma quantity and aroma temperament.

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Preliminary Study on Effect of Tobacco Stalk Biochar in Passivation of Soil Cadmium

HE Defei, CHEN Weisheng, LIANG Jiecong, HUANG Xurong, LU Congxu, LIU Zhongzhen, HUANG Yufen

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (2): 83-90. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0384

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It is valuable to compare the effects of different amounts of tobacco stalk biochar on Cd bioactivity in acidic soil, which may contribute to the safe planting of polluted farmland, and provide theoretical support for the resource utilization of a large amount of tobacco stalk waste as well. In this study, a series of tobacco stalk biochar (0, 5, 15 and 30 g/kg, denoted as B0, B5, B15 and B30, respectively) were applied to typical Cd-polluted acidic soil collected from the local region, and then C. coronarium and C. endivia were planted continuously in pots. The results showed that the biochar amendment significantly improved the soil physiochemical characters. All the parameters such as pH, TOC, CEC, available P and K in the biochar-amended soil were significantly higher than those of the control soil (P<0.05). Biochar addition promoted the transition from acid-soluble (Cd_acid) to the reducible Cd fraction (Cd_red) in the soil. The proportion of Cd_acid in the total was decreased from 64.03%-71.91% to 52.94%-56.51%, which indicated the large reduction of Cd bioavailability. Cd content in both above- and below-ground tissues of C. coronarium and C. endivia were significantly decreased by 53.47%-91.71% and 56.32%-87.95%, respectively. The biological cumulative factor (BCF) values for both crops were also significantly decreased by 54.47%-89.54%. The transfer factor (TF) values of C. coronarium in all treatments were highly similarity, no significant difference was observed. However, TF of C. endivia increased by 2.94%-86.76% compared to those in control. In addition, the larger rate of biochar amendment induced the greater changes in those parameters. The crop of C. coronarium is more sensitive to biochar addition than C. endivia. With the addition of 30 g/kg biochar (B30), Cd content in edible parts of both C. coronarium and C. endivia were decreased to 0.11 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg respectively, which were lower than the national limit for food. It was concluded that adding suitable rate of tobacco stalk biochar (5-15 g/kg) could not only improve soil properties like pH, organic C and CEC, but also promote the transformation of acid-extractable Cd to reducible Cd, and reduce the Cd bioavailability. Biochar addition reduced the Cd content in both C. coronarium and C. endivia, and strongly enhanced vegetable biomass production. C. coronarium was more sensitive to the biochar addition than that of C. endivia.

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Research on Tobacco Plant Population Grade Classification Model Based on Comprehensive Factor Loading Score Method

LAN Zhouhuan, YANG Meilin, TONG Dewen, SHI Sansan, LIN Boya, CHEN Tianchang, WANG Xu, JIANG Haidong

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (1): 75-80. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0148

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To address the issue of low efficiency in existing intelligent tobacco grading models, this study focused on digital images of tobacco plant populations. Taking 31 phenotypic parameters from four main categories, including RGB color model skewness parameters, Lab color model parameters, HSV color model parameters, and leaf texture parameters, as input variables, a tobacco plant population grade classification model F₁ based on the Bayesian classification algorithm was constructed. Furthermore, a core parameter-based classification model F₂, utilizing the comprehensive factor loading score method, was proposed and verified. The overall accuracy of model F₂ reached 82.24%, representing a 12.82% improvement compared to model F₁, and the accuracy of all five grade judgments exceeded 70%. This study provides an applied theoretical basis for the development of an efficient and practical intelligent tobacco purchasing system.

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Design and Verification of Heat Load of Cigar Leaf Drying Room

YANG Tao, YANG Mingdeng, YANG Yateng, ZHANG Ronghui, ZHAO Gaokun, KONG Guanghui, WU Yuping, GAN Bin, ZHANG Yonggang

Journal of Agriculture 2025, 15 (1): 81-85. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0251

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The research aims to design a heat load that meets the requirements of cigar tobacco leaf drying process, screen suitable heat loads for the capacity of the drying room, and lay the foundation for the construction of cigar tobacco leaf drying rooms and the development of products with independent intellectual property rights. Building Simulation Analysis Software (DEST) was used to simulate and predict the thermal load of the enclosure structure of the drying room during the drying season. Based on the predicted results, the corresponding power was selected to verify the cigar and tobacco leaf drying. The validation results of air drying showed that the total heat load of the air drying room was the sum of the heat loss of the maintenance structure of the air drying room and the heat loss of the air drying room's dehumidification. The maximum value of the total heat load was 13.39 kW. The average heat load per kilogram of fresh tobacco leaves is 13.39 w / kg, which can be used for the heat load of cigar drying room under the condition of tobacco loading.

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Optimization of Fermentation Process for Yunnan Produced Cigar Tobacco Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

ZHOU Xiao, XU Zhengrong, LU Xin, YANG Gang, DONG Junzhong, WANG Yue, WANG Bingbing, LI Tian, LIU Yan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (1): 141-147. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0476

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The paper aims to study the influence of process parameter changes during the bioenzyme-assisted fermentation of cigar tobacco leaves produced in Yunnan on their sensory quality and neutral aroma components. The ‘Yunxue 36’ cigar tobacco leaves were selected as the research object. According to the Box-Behnken Design principle, with different enzyme combinations, fermentation time, and fermentation temperature as influencing factors and sensory quality as the response value, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the fermentation process conditions of cigar tobacco leaves produced in Yunnan, and the corresponding prediction mathematical model was established. The simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) method was used to extract volatile components, and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to analyze their component composition. The results showed that the regression equation model fitted well with the experiment, and the fermentation time had a greater impact on the sensory quality of tobacco leaves. Combining model optimization with practical operation, when the enzyme ratio was cellulase 0.7 mg/g + neutral protease 0.3 mg/g, the fermentation time was 15 days, and the fermentation temperature was 35℃, the sensory score of tobacco leaves was 84.333, which was relatively close to the sample of the best sensory quality test treatment. A total of 37 neutral aroma components were detected in 17 treated samples. Except for neophytadiene and other categories, the content of neutral aroma components in all treated samples was: carotenoid degradation products> phenylalanine conversion products> cembrane degradation products> non-enzymatic browning reaction products. The best test treatment for tobacco leaf sensory quality was an enzyme ratio of cellulase 0.7 mg/g+ neutral protease 0.3 mg/g, a fermentation time of 15 days, and a fermentation temperature of 40℃, which was mainly manifested in the improvement of the texture of the smoke, the enhancement of the richness of the aroma, and the improvement of the off-flavor, irritation, and aftertaste. The contents of the turkeyenone and the chlorophyll degradation product neophytadiene were the highest. This study used bioenzyme preparations to assist in exploring the fermentation process of cigar tobacco leaves produced in Yunnan, and found the optimal fermentation conditions of a specific enzyme preparation composition, which could provide a theoretical basis for the production practice of cigar tobacco.

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Relationship Between Appearance Quality and Physicochemical Indexes of Main Variety of Cigar Wrapper Leaves in Hubei Province

ZHANG Ting, LI Jinhai, XIAO Shaohong, WANG Kang, LIU Jun, LIAO Xiaoling, CHEN Hui, YU Fei, PENG Longjun, YE Jiaojiao, MA Tong

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2025, 41 (1): 148-153. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0467

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In order to clarify the key physical and chemical indicators that affect the appearance quality of the main varieties ‘CX26’ and ‘CX80’ wrapper leaves in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2023, key physical and chemical indicators were measured. Through statistical analysis, key physical and chemical indicators, including chromatic aberration, thickness difference, elongation at break, nicotine, total sugar, total nitrogen, and appearance quality indicators of wrapper such as integrity, uniformity, body, vein, and oil were determined. The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences in chromatic aberration, total sugar, chlorine, nicotine, and appearance quality scores among different varieties of wrapper leaves. Descriptive statistical results showed that compared with ‘CX80’, ‘CX26’had lower chromatic aberration, thickness difference, total sugar content, higher elongation at break, nicotine content, chlorine content, potassium content, and the same total nitrogen content, with a higher sensory evaluation score. Elongation at break, total sugar, and chlorine were significantly and positively correlated with the appearance quality score, chromatic aberration and thickness difference were significantly and negatively correlated with the appearance quality score. The results of stepwise regression and path analysis showed that the key physical indicators affecting the appearance quality of the ‘CX26’ wrapper were elongation at break and chromatic aberration, while elongation at break, chromatic aberration, and thickness difference were key indicators for variety ‘CX80’. Established regression prediction model can be used to quickly and accurately determine the appearance quality of tobacco leaves. Therefore, to improve the appearance quality of Hubei tobacco wrapper leaves, attention should be given to the elongation at break, chromatic aberration, and thickness difference of tobacco which may affect elasticity and color of tobacco leaves.

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Effects of Chlorination on Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco and Yield and Quality of Tobacco Leaves in Chlorine-poor Red Soil

YIN Honghui, HU Zongling, YU Xiaofen, ZHAO Xingneng, LI Pengfei, HU Jiayun, Mao Yanting, ZHANG Lixia, QIU Xueli

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (35): 76-81. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0498

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To investigate the effects of different chlorine application amounts on the growth and yield quality of flue-cured tobacco in chlorine-poor soil in Wenshan tobacco-growing area of Yunnan Province, five treatments (CK, conventional fertilization; T₁, added potassium chloride 30.0 kg/hm²; T₂, added potassium chloride 60.0 kg/hm²; T₃, added potassium chloride 90.0 kg/hm²; T₄, added potassium chloride 120.0 kg/hm²) were conducted. The physical and chemical properties of chlorine-poor soil, the agronomic and economic properties of tobacco plants, the appearance quality of tobacco leaves and the chemical composition of tobacco leaves under different chlorine application were analyzed to provide some theoretical basis for the improvement of chlorine-poor soil and the improvement of tobacco quality in this area. The results showed that compared with contrast (CK), chlorine application effectively increased the content of available P, available K and water-soluble chloride in chlorine-deficient soil, while it also caused a decrease in pH to varying degrees. The levels of available K and water-soluble chloride content in T₁ to T₄ increased from 36.7% to 64.1%, and 68.5% to 229.6%, respectively; the growth and development of tobacco plants in low-chlorine soil, as well as the opening of tobacco leaves, could be effectively promoted. Additionally, the growth of tobacco plants showed a slightly stronger effect of T₂ treatment than that of CK treatment; the economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco in chlorine-poor soil were effectively enhanced. The overall economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco decreased with the increase of chlorine application, but still outperformed CK treatment. Among the treatments, T₁ treatment exhibited the best economic properties, followed by T₂ treatment; the application of potassium chlorine-poor soil had enhanced the quality of tobacco leaves, increased the availability of chemical components, and elevated the chlorine content in tobacco leaves. The optimal comprehensive impact of applying 30-60 kg/hm² of potassium chloride on the cultivation of flue-cured tobacco in chlorine-poor soil in Wenshan was observed. However, the potential environmental impact of long-term application should be further evaluated.

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Influence of Altitude on Quality and Microbial Community Structure of Yunnan Produced Cigar Tobacco Leaves

ZHOU Xiao, HE Fuying, YU Ziyun, LU Xin, DONG Junzhong, WANG Yue, WANG Bingbing, LI Tian, LIU Yan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (34): 8-14. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0429

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To investigate the impact of planting altitude on the quality and microbial community structure of Yunnan produced cigar, the sensory quality, neutral aroma components, and microbial community structure of the main cigar variety ‘Yunxue No.39’ cultivated at four different altitudes in Yuxi City were examined. The results showed that the sensory quality scores of ‘Yunxue No.39’ decreased in the order of Ganzhuang (medium- low altitude), Lijiang (low altitude), Wadie (medium- high altitude), and Yinyuan (high altitude). The samples from medium-low altitude areas had sufficient aroma quantity, rich aroma types, less offensive odor, weak irritation, and good aftertaste. A total of 31 major neutral aroma components were detected, and the content of these components from high to low was carotenoid degradation products, chlorophyll degradation products, phenylalanine conversion products, and cembrane degradation products, with a large variation in the content of each monomer component. There were differences in the structural composition and relative abundance of the surface bacterial communities of cigar tobacco leaves at different altitudes. The Ganzhuang samples at medium-low altitude had the largest total number of OTUs, the largest number of unique OTUs, and the richest bacterial community diversity. The unidentified-chloroplast and Chryseobacterium were the key genera contributing to the differences in the bacterial community structure of tobacco leaves. The metabolic pathways of the samples at different planting altitudes were mainly signal transduction and cell processes, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, genetic information processing, and carbohydrate metabolism, but the abundances of these metabolic pathways differed at different altitudes. This study indicated that different altitudes had significant impact on the quality of cigar tobacco leaves and the structure of microbial colonies.

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