Plant Protection
Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens St?l, BPH) is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice, and the utilization of resistant cultivar has been recognized as one of effective measures for BPH management. In this paper, biotypes and resistant genes of rice brown planthopper (BPH) were reviewed. Breeding status of resistance to BPH of state are introduced in detail, and suggestions were made on research about resistant breeding in the future.
Tobacco black shank is one of the most serious diseases of tobacco. People mainly adopt integrated management to the disease like, breeding for resistance varieties, agro-protection, chemical control, biological control and plant induced resistance in production of tobacco. Biological control is the best way against the disease for tobacco. The strain ZY-19-2 was isolated and screened from rhizosphere of tobacco, which demonstrated high inhibitory to tobacco black shank. In order to appraise its value, we identified the strain and studied its activity of Chitinase in different culture conditions. The results indicated that the stain ZY-19-2 was Paecilomyces lilacinus, which showed strongly inhibition action to parasitica Phytophthroa Dast var. nicotianae and the highest activity of Chitinase was 0.216 U/mL using 1.2% chitin as carbons source in the medium and the initial pH of fermentation fluid was 6.0, with 1% peptone as nitrogen, 0.1% Tween-80 as a surfactant, fermentation time being 60 h, rotation speed of 120 min. The strain ZY-19-2 was optimized in culture different conditions, which established foundation on producing highly effective Chitinase and chitooligosaccarides and controlling tobacco black shank.
The author took three kinds of fruit flies for materials, discussed the extraction of genomic DNA with high quality, studied on the effect of template DNA concentration, primer concentration, the amount of Taq DNA polymerase, dNTP concentration, annealing temperature and time on ISSR-PCR amplified results, established fruit flies’ general and stable ISSR-PCR reaction system. The result showed that the author obtained the fruit flies’ genomic DNA with high quality, established fruit flies’ general and stable ISSR-PCR reaction system that adapt to fruit flies: 2.5 μL 10×PCR Buffer, 50ng template DNA, 0.25 μmol/L primer, 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, 200 μmol/L dNTP and add ddH2O to 25 μL, made clear the ISSR-PCR amplification program: pre-denaturalized at 94℃ for 5 min, denaturalized at 94℃ for 30 s, annealed at 52.4℃ for 45 s, extended at 72℃ for 90 s, 36 cycles, at last extended at 72℃ for 7 min, then conserved at 4℃. The establishment of optimized system made up for the shortage of fruit flies’ traditional morphology observation, and laid a foundation for fast and accurate identification, population heterogeneity and analysis of genetic diversity.
This paper aims to study the optimum dosage and control effect of 3 insecticides, spinetoram suspension concentrate, Empedobacter brevis suspension concentrate and emamectin benzoate water dispersible granule against cherry drosophila, and to provide a scientific basis for the production and application. The field trial was conducted by routine spraying. 60 g/L of spinetoram suspension concentrate (24, 30 and 40 mg/L), 5% of emamectin benzoate water dispersible granule (5.00, 6.25 and 8.33 mg/L) and 10 billion spores/mL of Empedobacter brevis suspension concentrate (1.00×10 7, 1.11×107 and 1.25×107 spores/mL) could effectively control cherry drosophila, the field efficacy was 89.02%-95.53%, 86.99%-91.87% and 87.40%-92.28%, respectively. Based on the experiment results and the ecological safety, the 3 insecticides are ideal agents to control cherry drosophila, it is recommended that 60 g/L of spinetoram SC at 30-40 mg/L, 5% of emamectin benzoate WG at 6.25-8.33 mg/L and 10 billion spores/mL of empedobacter brevis SC at 1.11×107-1.25×107spores/mL are sprayed alternately in the period of cherry fruit expansion and fruit color change to delay the onset of resistance.
By the experiments of using systemic herbicides acetochlor and quizalofop-p-ethyl to control the weeds in peanut fields. The results showed that the two herbicides were safe with peanut. The 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl 450 g/hm2 and acetochlor 1500 g/hm2 had weeding effect.
In order to explore the control effect and technique of trapping pests by sex pheromone and improve the application of pheromone technology in the broccoli field as well as their effects in a large scale, lures, special gyplur and traps were combined to lure pests based on the surveillance of population dynamic of Spodoptera litura Fabricius, Spodoptera exigua Hübner and Plutella xylostella L. The results showed that population number fluctuation Spodoptera litura F., Spodoptera exigua H. and Plutella xylostella L. in the production periods in Linhai area of Taizhou showed ‘W’ shape, growth time of seedling (between June and August), rosette stages and bud growth time (late September to late December), harvest stage of late broccoli (after early March). In the period of seeding, Spodoptera exigua H. and Spodoptera litura F. did some harm to broccoli; At the rosette stages and bud growth time, Spodoptera exigua H. and Putella xylostella L together brought harm; In late harvest time, Plutella xylostella L. did harm to the little nosegay bouquet on the branch. The study of killing Spodoptera litura F., Spodoptera exigua H. and Plutella xylostella L. based on different combination of gyplure showed that, the combination A and combination E was he best way to kill the pests, more than 84 pests were generally killed every 667 m2 and the kinds of pest could be controlled. Taking gyplure produced in Ningbo as an example, the combination form should be pattern S, Spodoptera exigua H. also pattern S and Plutella xylostella L. blue pattern and in the field the combination should be displayed a formation of a quincunx, the in-between distance was 10-20 m. The treatment was the hang height for noctuids was 50 m (for young noctuids, 20 m), lure changes every 30-40 days. Large-scaled application of this combination had good effects on killing pests.In the period of seeding, asparagus caterpillar and spodoptera litura do some harm to broccoli; At the Rosette stages and bud growth time, asparagus caterpillar and putella xylostella L together brings harm; In late harvest time,plutella xylostella L does harm to the little nosegay bouquet on the branch. The study of killing spodoptera litura（Fabricius）, asparagus caterpillar and plutella xylostella L. based on different combination of gyplure shows that, the Combination A and Combination B is he best way to kill the pests, more than 180 pests are generally killed every 667m2 and the kinds of pest can be controlled. Taking gyplure produced in Ningbo as the example, the combination form should be Pattern B,laphygma exigua also Pattern B and plutella xylostella L. Blue Pattern and in the field the combination should be displayed a formation of a quincunx, the in-between distance is between 10 meters and 20 meters. The treatment is the hang height for noctuids is 50 meters( for young noctuids, 20meters) , lure changes every 30 0r 40 days. Large-scaled application of this combination has good effects on killing pests.
In order to gain the knowledge of genetic diversity of wheat varieties with resistance to wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana), on the basis of field insect plot appraisal, 47 wheat varieties/lines were involved by 19 SSR markers to explore their genetic diversity. The 19 SSR markers were screened and a total of 104 allelic variants were detected in 47 wheat varieties. Three to eight alleles per marker were detected, with an average of 5.47. The means of alleles of high resistant, moderate resistant, sensitive and high sensitive varieties were 4.11, 4.68, 3.95 and 3.84, respectively. The PIC (polymorphism information content) for each polymorphic primer was varied from 0.35 to 0.86 with an average of 0.74. The PICs of high resistant, moderate, sensitive and high sensitive varieties had an average of 0.64 (0.31~0.81), 0.69 (0.38~0.88), 0.67 (0.40~0.80) and 0.67 (0.20~0.89), respectively. The genetic distance (GD) of 47 varieties was ranged from 0.40 to 0.95, with an average of 0.71. The GDs of high resistant, moderate resistant and high sensitive varieties were varied from 0.40 to 0.95, from 0.46 to 0.90 and from 0.41 to 0.90, with an average of 0.66, 0.69 and 0.68. Based on cluster analysis results, the 47 varieties were clustered into six groups. Resistant variety Jinmai 65 was a group by oneself, indicating that there was a farther genetic relationship between Jinmai 65 and other varieties, and so the Jinmai 65 might be used as resistant parent and might be popularized in production.
To understand the control effects of creating new pesticide of Dufulin against SRBSDV and the ideal control methods, the field trials were completed in rice through field spray about the pesticides of 30% Dufulin WP, 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC, 10% Ethofenprox MG, 8% Ninnan mycin AS and its combination. The results showed that, at original field tillering stage, at a dosage of 375 mL/hm2 and 900 g/hm2, the control effects of the combination about 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC WP and 30% Dufulin WP were better, i.e. 66.67%, and the control effects of 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC, 10% Ethofenprox MG, 30% Dufulin WP and 8% Ninnan mycin AS were 50.51%, 33.33%, 33.33% and 17.12%, respectively. At harvest stage, the control effects of the combination about 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC WP and 30% Dufulin WP also were better, i.e. 73.24%, and the control effects of the others treatment goups were 46.48%, 45.07%, 43.66% and 42.25%, respectively. Meanwhile, the crop yield showed that, being comparable with CK-treatment group, the increasing yield about combination about 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC WP and 30% Dufulin WP were better, i.e. 66.67%, and its of others treatment group were 249.75%, 230.7%, 208.65% and 104.7%, respectively. Therefore the combination of 25% pymetrozine?thiamethoxam SC and 30% Dufulin WP can control SRBSDV.
Oxadiazon?acetochlor 42% EC was sprayed on soil with pre-emerge peanut to study its control effect, optimum dosage, control techniques on annual weeds and safety to peanut by field trails. The results showed that oxadiazon?acetochlor 42% EC had excellent control effect on annual weeds and no injuries of peanut seedling in peanut fields. The stem control effect of annual weeds reached 91.7%-93.2% after 20 days and 85.7%-87.7% after 40 days at the optimum dosage of 810-1080 g a.i. and water 600 L per hectare. The fresh weight effect of this treatment was 82.1%-84.4% after 40 days.
To screen effective and safe herbicides suitable for using in broad bean field, widely cultivated variety ‘Chenghu No.15’ in Sichuan was used as experiment material and 7 kinds of herbicides including 2 kinds of pre-emergence herbicides and 5 kinds of post-emergence herbicides were selected, and artificial weeding and the water spray were adopted as the 2 controls. Field experiments were conducted to investigate weed species, the effects of herbicides on weeds, root nodule growth, agronomic characters and yield of broad bean. The results showed that: (1) there were 42 species in 13 families of weeds in broad bean field, the main families were Compositae, Gramineae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae and Cruciferae; (2) 33% pendimethalin, 960 g/L spropisochlor and 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl+ 48% bentazone could effectively control weeds, the level of control effect was three; (3) using herbicide and artificial weeding could affect the growth of broad bean nodules, the fresh weight and dry weight of nodules could be promoted by using , 15% precipitachlor and 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl+ 48% bentazone; (4) 33% pendimethalin significantly increased the grain number of per plant, the effective branch, pod number and grain number of per plant were significantly increased by 960 g/L spropisochlor and 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl+ 48% bentazone; the use of 15% precipitachlor could significantly improve the plant height of broad bean; the three treatments of 33% pendimethalin, 5% quizalofop-p-ethyl and 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl+ 48% bentazone showed significant production increase effect. Considering comprehensively the herbicide control effect, nodule growth, agronomic characters and yield, under the experimental conditions aiming at controlling weeds in autumn broad bean field, the application of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post-emergence herbicide 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl+ 48% fenvalerate are recommended.
Plant Protection
