植物PPR蛋白家族研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1577

摘要/Abstract

摘要： PPR(pentatricopeptide repeat)是一种三角状五肽重复结构域，具有该结构域的蛋白质家族是植物最大的蛋白家族之一，其在植物生长发育过程中发挥着广泛而且至关重要的作用。大部分PPR蛋白N端具有线粒体或叶绿体定位序列，是研究植物核质互作的理想模型。本文从结构特征、亚细胞定位、组织结构和表达特点等方面总结了PPR蛋白的主要特征，归纳了其在叶绿体和线粒体RNA加工、细胞质雄性不育恢复、胚胎发育等作用机理方面的研究进展，分析了其家族进化关系，并对研究中存在的问题及可能的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 引种, 引种

Abstract: Proteins containing the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs constitute one of the biggest protein families in plants, which play broad and essential roles in plant development. The N-terminus of most PPR proteins possess mitochondria or chloroplast targeting sequence, making them ideal models for studies in nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions. In this article, the structural feature, subcellular localization, organization and expression characteristic of PPR proteins were summarized. The mechanisms of PPR proteins in mitochondria or chloroplast RNA processing, restoring fertility of CMS and regulating embryo development were reviewed. The evolution of the protein family was analyzed. And the prospect of problems existed and probable research orientations was proposed.

丁安明屈旭李凌孙玉合. 植物PPR蛋白家族研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(9): 218-224.

参考文献

[1] Lurin C, Andres C, Aubourg S, et al. Genome- wide analysis of arabidopsis pentatricopeptide repeat proteins reveals their essential role in organelle biogenesis[J].The Plant Cell,2004,16:2089-2103.
[2] Small I, Peeters N. The PPR motif-a TPR-related motif prevalent in plant organellar proteins[J].Trends Biochem Sci,2000,25:46-47.
[3] Saha D, Prasda A M, Srinivasan R. Pemtatricopeptide repeat proteins and their emerging roles in plants[J].Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2007,45:521-543.
[4] Schmitz-Inneweber C, Small I. Pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, a soket set for organelle gene expression[J].Trends in Plant Science, 2008,12:663-670.
[5] Das A K, Cohen P W, Barford D. The structure of the tetratricopeptide repeats of protein phosphatase 5: implications for TPR- mediated protein- protein interactions[J].EMBO J.,1998,17: 1192-1199.
[6] Barkan A, Walker M, Nolasco M, et al. A nuclear mutation in maize blocks the processing and translation of several chloroplast mRNAs and provides evidence for the differential translation of alternative mRNA forms[J].EMBO J.,1994,13:3170-3181.
[7] Lahmy S, Barneche F, Derancourt J, et al. A chloroplastic RNAbinding protein is a new member of the PPR family[J].FEBS Lett., 2000,480:255-260.
[8] Nakamurat T, chuster G, Sugiura M, et al. Chloroplast RNAbinding and pentatricopeptide repeat proteins[J].Biochem. Soc. Trans.,2004,32:571-574.
[9] Schmitz-Inneweber C, WIillams-Carrier R E, Willams-Voelker P M, et al. Apentatricopeptide repeat protein facilitates the trans-splicing of the maize chloroplast rps12 pre- mRNA[J].Plant Cell,2006,18: 2650-2663.
[10] Li X Q, Jean M, Landry B S, et al. Restorer genes for different forms of brassica cytoplasmic male sterility map to a single nuclear locus that modifies transcripts of several mitochondrial genes[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95:10032-10037.
[11] Richter T E, Ronald P C. The evolution of disease resistance genes [J].Plant Mol Biol,2000,42:195-204.
[12] Fyjii S, Small I. The evolution of RNA editing and pentatricopeptide repeat genes[J].New Phytologist,2011,191:37-47.
[13] Salanoubat M, Genin S, Artguenave F, et al. Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum[J].Nature,2002,415:497- 502.
[14] Bentolia S, Alfonso A A, Hanson M R. A pentatricopeptide repeatcontaining gene restores fertility to cytoplasmic male- sterile plants[J].Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,2002,99:10887-10892.
[15] Gothandam K M, Kim E S, Cha H, et al. OsPPR1, a pentatricopeptide repeat protein of rice is essential for the chloroplast biogenesis[J],Plant Mol. Biol.,2005,58:421-433.
[16] Maanthey G M, Mcewen J E. The product of the nuclear gene PET309 is required for translation of mature mRNA and stability or production of intron- containing RNAs derived from the mitochondrial COX1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].EMBO J.,1995,14:4031-4043.
[17] Delongevialle A F, Hendrickson L, Taylor N L, et al. The pentatricopeptide repeat gene OTP51 with two LAGLIDADG motifs is required for the cissplicing of plastid ycf3 intron 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Plant J.,2008,56:157-168.
[18] Fisk D G, Walker M B, Barkan A. Molecular cloning of the maize gene crp1 reveals similarity between regulators of mitochondrial and chloroplast gene expression[J].EMBO J.,1999,18:2621-2630.
[19] Meierhoff K, Felder S, Nakamura T, et al. HCF152, an Arabidopsis RNA binding pentatricopeptide repeat protein involved in the processing of chloroplast psbB- psbT- psbH- petB- petD RNAs[J]. Plant Cell,2003,15:1480-1495.
[20] Yamazakia I H, Tasaka M, Shikanai T. PPR motifs of the nucleusencoded factor, PGR3, function in the selective and distinct steps of chloroplast gene expression in Arabidopsis[J].Plant J.,2004,38:152- 163.
[21] Okuda K, Nakamura T, Sugita M, et al. A pentatricopeptide repeat protein is a site recognition factor in chloroplast RNA editing[J].J. Biol. Chem.,2006,281:37661-37667.
[22] Okuda K, Myounga F, Motohashi R, et al. Conserved domain structure of pentatricopeptide repeat proteins involved in chloroplast RNA editing[J].Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,2007,104: 8178-8183.
[23] Shikanai T. RNA editing in plant organelles: machinery, physiological function and evolution[J].Cell. Mol. Life Sci.,2006,63: 698-708.
[24] Hammani K, Okuda K, Tanz S K, et al. A study of new arabidopsis chloroplast RNA editing mutants reveals general features of editing factors and their target sites[J].Plant Cell,2009,21:3686-3699.
[25] Bentolila S, Chatergner-Boutin A L, Hanson M R. Ecotype allelic variation in C- to- U editing extent of a mitochondrial transcript identifies RNA-editing quantitative trait loci in Arabidopsis[J].Plant Physiol.,2005,139:2006-2016.
[26] De Longevialle A F, Meyer E H, Andres C, et al. The pentatricopeptide repeat gene OTP43 is required for trans-splicing of the mitochondrial nad1 intron 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Plant Cell,2007,19:3256-3265.
[27] Kim S R, Yang J I, Moon S, et al. Rice OGR1 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat- DYW protein and is essential for RNA editing in mitochondria[J].Plant Journal,2009,59:738-749.
[28] Takenaka M, Verbitskiy D, Zehrmann A, et al. Reverse genetic screening identifies five E- class PPR proteins involved in RNA editing in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2010,285:27122-27129.
[29] Cui X, Wise R P, Schable P S. The Rf2 nuclear restorer gene of malesterile T-cytoplasm maize[J].Science,1996,31:1334-1336.
[30] Akagi H, Nakamura A, Yokozeki- Misono Y, et al. Positional cloning of the rice Rf- 1 gene, a restorer of BT- type cytoplasmic male sterility that encodes a mitochondria-targeting PPR protein[J]. Theor Appl Genet,2004,108:1449-1457.
[31] Huang W C, Hu J, Yu C C, et al. Two non- allelic nuclear genes restore fertility in a gametophytic pattern and enhance abiotic stress tolerance in the hybrid rice plant[J].Theor Appl Genet,2012,124: 799-807.
[32] Desloire S, Gherbi H, Laloui W, et al. Identification of the fertility restoration locus, Rfo, in radish, as a member of the pentatricopeptide-repeat protein family[J].EMBO Rep.,2003,6:588- 594.
[33] Wang Z W, Zhang Y J, Xiang C P, et al. A new fertility restorer locus linked closely to the Rfo locus for cytoplasmic male sterility in radish[J].Theor Appl Genet,2008,117:313-320.
[34] Yasumoto K, Terachi T, Yamagidhi H. A novel Rf gene controlling fertility restoration of Ogura male sterility by RNA processing of orf138 found in Japanese wild radish and its STS markers[J]. Genome,2009,52:495-504.
[35] Klein R R, Klein P E, Mullet J E, et al. Fertility restorer locus Rf1of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein not present in the colinear region of rice chromosome 12[J]. Theor Appl Genet,2005,111:994-1012.
[36] Jordan D R, Mace S E, Henzell R G, et al. Molecular mapping and candidate gene identification of the Rf2 gene for pollen fertility restoration in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] [J].Theor Appl Genet,2010,120:1279-1287.
[37] Yeong D J, Young- Min K, Mi- Na P, et al. Development and evaluation of broadly applicable markers for restore- of- fertility in pepper[J].Mol Breeding,2010,25:187-201.
[38] Dong D K, Li Z, Yuan F J, et al. Inheritance and fine mapping of a restorer- of- fertility (Rf) gene for the cytoplasmic male sterility in soybean[J].Plant Sci.,2012,188-189:36-40.
[39] Fujii S, Toriyama K. Suppressed expression of RETROGRADEREGULATED MALE STERILITY restores pollen fertility in cytoplasmic male sterile rice plants[J].PNAS,2009,106:9513-9518.
[40] Itabashi E, Imata N, Fujii S, et al. The fertility restorer gene, Rf2, for Lead Rice- type cytoplasmic male sterility of rice encodes a mitochondrial glycine- rich protein[J].The Plant Journal,2011,65: 359-367.
[41] Liu F, Cui X, Horner H T, et al. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is required for male fertility in maize[J]. Plant Cell,2001,13:1063-1078.
[42] Koizuka N, Imai R, Fujimoto H, et al. Genetic characterization of a pentatricopeptide repeat protein gene, orf687, that restores fertility in the cytoplasmic male- sterile Kosena radish[J].Plant J.,2003,34: 407-415.
[43] Wang Z, Zou Y, Li X, et al. Cytoplasmic male sterility of rice with boro II cytoplasm is caused by a cytotoxic peptide and is restored by two related PPR motif genes via distinct modes of mRNA silencing[J].Plant Cell,2006,18:676-687.
[44] Cushing D A, Forsthoefel N R, Gestaut D R, et al. Arabidopsis emb175 and other ppr knockout mutants reveal essential roles for pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins in plant embryogenesis[J]. Planta,2005,221:424-436.
[45] Ding Y H, Liu N Y, Tang Z S, et al. Arabidopsis GLUTAMINERICH PROTEIN23 is essential for early embryogenesis and encodes a novel nuclear PPR motif protein that interacts with RNA polymerase II subunit III[J].Plant Cell,2006,18:815-830.
[46] Kocabek T, Repkava J, Dudova M, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel semi-lethal Arabidopsis thaliana mutant of gene for pentatricopeptide (PPR) repeat- containing protein[J]. Genetica,2006,128:395-407.
[47] Oguchi T, Sage- Ono K, Kamada H, et al. Genomic structure of a novel Arabidopsis clock-controlled gene, AtC401, which encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein[J].Gene,2004,330:29-37.
[48] Williams P M, Barkan A. A choloroplast- localized PPR protein required for plastid ribosome accumulation[J].Plant J.,2003,36:675- 686.
[49] Prasad A M, Sivanandan C, Resminath R, et al. Cloning and characterization of a pentatricopeptide protein encoding gene (LOJ) that is specifically expressed in lateral organ junctions in Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Gene,2005,353:67-79.
[50] Hannaert V, Savedra E, Duffeux F, et al. Plant-like traits associated with metabolism of Trypanosoma parasites[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2003,100:1067-1071.
[51] O’ toole N, Hattori M, Andres C, et al. On the expression of the pentatricopeptide repeat gene family in plants[J].Societyof Molecular Biology and Ecolution,2008,25:1120-1128.
[52] Lecharny A, Boudet N, Gy I, et al. Introns in, introns out in plant gene families: a genomic approach of the dynamics of gene structure [J].J. Struct. Funct. Genomics,2003,3:111-116.
[53] Anderson T M, Hutchison D, Vernon D M. A possible role for RNAmediated gene duplication in the evolution of a huge plant superfamily[C]. Meetings of American Society of Plant Biology, Orlando,FL,July,2004.