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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2015, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 62-67.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2448

所属专题： 玉米

• 农学 农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

灌溉方式和播期对玉米水分动态与水分利用效率的影响

李 英1,2,赵福年1,丁文魁1,2,任丽雯1,2,王鹤龄1   

  1. (1中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所,兰州 730020；2武威市气象局农业气象试验站,甘肃武威 733000）
  • 收稿日期:2014-09-10 修回日期:2015-02-04 接受日期:2014-09-29 出版日期:2015-03-20 发布日期:2015-03-20
  • 通讯作者: 李英
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然基金“半干旱区作物干旱致灾过程特征及其若干阈值研究”(41275118)；科技部行业（气象）专项“农田土壤水分利用效率对气候变化的响应及适应技术”(GYHY201106029)；甘肃省气象局气象科研项目“基于作物系数法的春小麦干旱指标体系建立”(2012-15)；中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所科研项目“黄土高原农田蒸散空间变异特征及其环境影响共同资助”(KYS2012BSKY01)。

Effect of Irrigation Modes and Sowing Date on Maize Water Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency

Li Ying1,2, Zhao Funian1, Ding Wenkui1,2, Ren Liwen1,2, Wang Heling1   

  1. (1Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020;2Agro-Meteorlogical Administration, Wuwei Gansu 733000)
  • Received:2014-09-10 Revised:2015-02-04 Accepted:2014-09-29 Online:2015-03-20 Published:2015-03-20

摘要： 为明确不同灌溉方式、不同播期下产量与水分利用效率和耗水量的关系，通过设置滴灌、喷灌、漫灌3种灌水处理和3期分期播种的对比试验，在浇底水前、播种、收获和每旬未每区用土钻法取1 m深土样，用烘干称重法测定土壤含水率，用对比分析的方法研究同一品种在滴灌、喷灌、漫溉条件下和不同播期玉米需水耗水规律。结果表明，滴灌的土壤水分分布及变化对玉米生长最有利，喷灌次之，漫灌最差。滴灌实产最高，耗水量最小，水分利用效率最高，产量次高耗水最少的第三期玉米用水效率最高。滴灌在保证玉米需水的前提下储水能力最强，是干旱缺水地区的高效灌水方式。晚播、晚熟玉米品种有更好、更大的生产潜力和可推广性，就水热匹配来看晚播、晚熟玉米品种也是提高水分利用效率的一种途径。滴灌平均实产较喷灌增加1.69%，较漫灌增加6.53%，耗水量较喷灌减少2.9%，较漫灌减少16.1%，水分利用效率较喷灌增大4.7%，较漫灌增大26.9%，第三期平均实产较第一期增加2.76%，较第二期减少2.81%，耗水量较第一期减少18.2%，较第二期减少18.3%，水分利用效率较第一期增大25.6%，较第二期增大19%。

关键词: 玉米, 玉米, 种植密度, 灌浆速率, 脱水速率

Abstract: By setting 3 irrigation treatments, including drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation, and 3 sowing dates, the comparative analysis method was used to research water consumption of the same variety and find out the relationship between yield and water use efficiency under the condition of different irrigation methods and sowing dates. Taking 1 m soil samples before sowing, at sowing and at harvest, and using the drilling method every ten days, the water content of soil was determined with drying and weighing method. The results showed that, the distribution and changes of soil moisture which were the best for the growth of maize was under the drip irrigation, followed by the sprinkler irrigation. Under drip irrigation, the yield and the water use efficiency were the highest, the water consumption reached the minimum, followed by the third sowing date. The drip irrigation’s storage capacity was the strongest under the premise of guaranteeing the water demand and this irrigation method was also an efficient method in arid regions. The maize variety of late-sowing and late-mature had better and greater production and extension potentials, and also was a method to improve the water use efficiency from the point of water and heat matching. The average yield under drip irrigation was 1.69% higher than that under sprinkler irrigation and 6.53% higher than that under flood irrigation. The water consumption under drip irrigation was 2.9% less than that under sprinkler irrigation and 16.1% less than that under flood irrigation. The water use efficiency under drip irrigation was 4.7% higher than that under sprinkler irrigation and 26.9% higher than that under flood irrigation. The average yield of the third sowing date was 2.76% higher than that of the first sowing date and 2.81% less than that of the second sowing date. The water consumption of the third sowing date was 18.2% less than that of the first sowing date and 18.3% less than that of the second sowing date. The water use efficiency of the third sowing date was 25.6% higher than that of the first sowing date and 19% higher than that of the second sowing date.