影响动物骨架线性增长的微观因素分析

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040099

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 提高动物产肉量和皮张尺度有效方法之一是增大动物的骨架。但动物骨架的生长是一个复杂的生物过程，由多种因素共同调节完成，其中很多调控机制还不清楚。生长板是骨架线性生长的最重要器官，所有影响骨架线性生长的激素、因子都主要是通过影响生长板的生长来实现的。本文综述了骨架增长的途径和影响骨架生长的几种重要的激素和生长因子，并对长骨生长停止和生长板闭合存在时间差这一重要现象进行了分析，推测了导致这一现象的原因和被有效利用的可能性。

关键词: 磷肥, 磷肥, 产量, 农艺性状, 灰色关联度分析, 施磷量

Abstract: One of the effective ways to increase animal meat production and hides is to increase animal skeleton. Growth of animal skeletons is a complex biological process, influenced by a variety of factors. The mechanism underlying these influences is currently unclear. Growth plate is the most important organ of skeleton for linear growth, Almost all the hormones and growth factors that can influence skeleton linear growth exert their effects via acting on the growth plates. This article reviews the way of skeleton growth and several important growth hormones and growth factors that can impact skeleton growth. Time difference between growth arrest of long bone and closure of growth plate was analyzed, and the possible cause for this phenomenon were speculated.

刘喜东,李春义. 影响动物骨架线性增长的微观因素分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2015, 31(35): 13-17.

参考文献

[1] Kawasaki Y, Chuang U, Nakamura K. Recent advance in cartilage metabolism research [J]. Clin Calcium, 2006, 16:1730-5.
[2] Dellegrottaglie S, Sanz J, Rajagopalan S. Molecular determinants of vascular calcification: a bench to bedside view[J]. Curr Mol Med, 2006, 6: 515-24.
[3] Karsenty G, Wagner EF. 2002. Reaching a genetic and molecular understanding of skeletal development. Dev Cell2:389–406.
[4] Hunziker EB, Schenk RK, Cruz-Orive LM. Quantitation of chondrocyte performance in growth-plate cartilage during longitudinal bone growth. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1987, 69(2):162-173.
[5] Robertson WW Jr. Newest knowledge of the growth plate. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990, (253):270-278.
[6] Nilsson O, Marino R, De Luca F, et al. Endocrine regulation of the growth plate. Horm Res.2005, 64(4):157-165.
[7] van der Eerden BC, Karperien M, Wit JM. Systemic and local regulation of the growth plate. Endocr Rev.2003; 24(6):782-801.
[8] Weise M, De-Levi S, Barnes KM, et al. Effects of estrogen on growth plate senescence and epiphyseal fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98(12):6871-6876
[9] Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR, et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl Med. 1994, 331(16):1056-1061.
[10] Irie T, Aizawa T, Kokubun S. The role of sex hormones in the kinetics of chondrocytes in the growth plate. A study in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg Br.2005, 87(9):1278-1284.
[11] Rodd C, Jourdain N, Alini M. Action of estradiol on epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Int.2004, 75(3):214-224.
[12] Perry RJ, Farquharson C, Ahmed SF. The role of sex steroids in controlling pubertal growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2008, 68(1):4-15.
[13] Olsen BR，AM Reginato，W Wang. Bone development［J］. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2000, 16:191-220.
[14]Chihara K, Sugimito T. The action of GH/IGF-1/IGFBP in osteoblasts and osteoclasts [J].Horm Res, 1996, 48(suppl 5):45-49.
[15]Salih MA, Orhii PB, Chen C,et al. Growth hormone and the expression of mRNAs formatrix proteins and oncogenes in bone.[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,1999, 147(1-2):149-159.
[16]Langdahl BL, Kassem M, Moller MK, et al. The effects of IGF-I and IGF-II on proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts and interactions with growth hormone [J]. Eur J Clin Invest, 1998, 28(3):176-183.
[17]Takahashi MO, Takahashi Y, Iida K, et al. Growth hormone stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase [p125(FAK)]and action stress fiber formation in human osteoblas-t like cells, Saos 2.[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1999, 263(1): 100-106.
[18]Olney RC. Regulation of bone mass by growth hormone [J].Med Pediatr Oncol, 2003, 41(3):228-234.
[19] Nilsson O, Chrysis D, Pajulo O, et al. Localization of estrogen receptors-α and βand androgen receptor in the human growth plate at different pubertal stages. J Endocrinol, 2003, 177:319-326
[20] Sims NA, Dupont S, Krust A, et al. Deletion of estrogen receptors reveals a regulatory role for estrogen receptors-beta in bone remodeling in females but not in males. Bone, 2002, 30:18-25.
[21] Egerbacher M, Helmreich M, Rossmanith W, et al. Estrogen receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor-beta are present in the human growth plate in childhood and adolescence, in identical distribution. Horm Res, 2002, 58:99-103.
[22] Rodd C, Jourdain N, Alini M. Action of astradiol on epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes. Clacif Tissue Int.2004, 75:214-224.
[23] Grumbach MM. Estrogen，bone，growth and sex ：a sea change in
conventional wisdom［Z］，2000: 13.
[24] Yang JH，Julia M，Cunha GR，et al. Morphology of mouse external genitalia ：implications for a role of estrogen in sexual dimorphism of the mouse genital tubercle［J］. J Urol，2010，184（4，）：1604- 1609.
[25] McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. .Regulation of skeletal muscle mass inmice by a new TGF-β superfamily member〔J〕.Nature, 1997 , 387:83- 90.
[26] Szabó G, Dallmann G, Müller G, et al. A deletion in the myostatin gene causes the compact (Cmpt) hypermuscular mutation in mice〔J〕.Mammalian Genome, 1998, 9(8):671- 672.
[27] McPherron AC, Lee SJ. Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene〔J〕. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997, 94(23):12457- 12461.
[28] Grobet L, Martin LJ, Poncelet D, et a l.A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle〔J〕.Nature Genetics , 1997, 17 (1):71- 74.
[29] Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith TP, et al. Mutations in myostatin(GDF-8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle〔J〕.Genome Research, 1997 , 7(9):910- 916 .
[30]Grobet L, Poncelet D, Royo LJ, et al. Molecular definition of an allelic series of mutations disrupting the myostatin function and causing double-muscling in cattle〔J〕.Mammalian genome , 1998, 9(3):210- 213.
[31] Rebbapragada A，Benchabane H，Wrana JL，et al． Myostatin signals through a transforming growth factor beta-like signaling pathway to block adipogenesis［J］． Molecular and Cellular Biology，2003，23( 20) : 7230- 7242．
[32] Artaza JN，Bhasin S，Magee TR，et al． Myostatin inhibits myogenesis and promotes adipogenesis in C3H10T(1/2) mesenchymal multipotent cells［J］．Endocrinology，2005，146( 8) : 3547-3557．
[33] Guo W，Flanagan J，Jasuja R，et al． The effects of myostatin on adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow -derived mesenchymal stem cells are mediated through cross-communication between Smad3 and Wnt /beta-catenin signaling pathways［J］．The Journal of Biological Chemistry， 2008， 283( 14) : 9136- 9145．
[34] Nagamine T，Imamura T，Ishidou Y，et al．Immunohistochemical detection of activin A，follistatin，and activin receptors during fracture healing in the rat［J］． Journal of Orthopaedic Research，1998，16(3) : 314-321．
[35] Elkasrawy MN，Hamrick MW． Myostatin(GDF-8) as a key factor linking muscle mass and bone structure［J］． Journal of M usculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions，2010，10( 1) : 56- 63．
[36] Hamrick MW，Mcpherron AC，Lovejoy C O． Bone mineral content and density in the humerus of adult myostatin deficient mice［J］．Calcified Tissue International，2002，71(1): 63-68．
[37] Hamrick MW，Mcpherron AC，Lovejoy CO，et al． Femoral morphology and cross-sectional geometry of adult myostatin-deficient mice［J］． Bone，2000，27( 3) : 343-349．
[38] Hamrick M W． Increased bone mineral density in the femora of GDF8 knockout mice［J］． Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in M olecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology，2003，272( 1) : 388- 391．
[39] A.M. Oberbauer, W.B. Currie, L. Krook and M. L. Thonney. Endocrine and Histologic Correlates of the Dynamics of the Metacarpal Growth Plate in Growing Rams［J］．J ANIM SCI 1989, 67:3124-3135.
[40] Fretz PB, Cymbaluk NF, Pharr JW. Quantitative analysis of long-bone growth in the horse. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1984, 45(8):1602-1609.