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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (33): 24-31.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0308

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

喷施不同叶面肥对旱地小麦光合作用和产量及品质的调控

程加省1(), 龚尔聪2, 刘列1, 乔祥梅1, 王志伟1, 王志龙1, 黄廷芝1, 程耿1, 胡龄忆1   

  1. 1 云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所/国家小麦改良中心云南分中心，昆明 650200
    2 镇沅县种子站，云南普洱 666500
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11 修回日期:2025-10-16 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-12-01
  • 作者简介:

    程加省，男，1980年出生，云南宣威人，研究员，在读博士，主要从事麦类育种、栽培技术研究。通信地址：650200 云南省昆明市盘龙区北京路2238号，Tel：0871-65633053，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    云南省现代农业产业技术体系麦类体系功能研究室“栽培与肥料研究”(云农办科[2019]243号); “技术创新人才培养对象项目”(202205AD160033); 国家农业重大科技项目“西南小麦优质抗锈病新种源创制与应用”(NK20220607)

Regulation of Photosynthesis, Yield and Quality of Dryland Wheat by Spraying Different Foliar Fertilizer

CHENG Jiasheng1(), GONG Ercong2, LIU Lie1, QIAO Xiangmei1, WANG Zhiwei1, WANG Zhilong1, HUANG Tingzhi1, CHENG Geng1, HU Lingyi1   

  1. 1 Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Wheat Improvement Center Yunnan Branch, Kunming 650200
    2 Zhenyuan County Seed Station, Puer, Yunnan 666500
  • Received:2025-04-11 Revised:2025-10-16 Published:2025-11-25 Online:2025-12-01

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摘要：

本研究旨在探明不同叶面肥喷施对旱地小麦光合特性、产量构成及品质的影响，为区域优质高效小麦种植提供科学依据。于2022年在云南嵩明开展田间试验，以新审定小麦品种‘云麦80’和‘云麦83’为研究材料，设置5种叶面肥处理（磷酸二氢钾、芸苔素内酯、复硝酸钠、增产素及其混合）和清水对照（3次重复），在抽穗初期按使用说明进行叶面喷施。结果表明：不同叶面肥处理下，‘云麦80’净光合速率显著高于‘云麦83’，其中磷酸二氢钾处理效果最佳，较对照提高约15%，而增长素处理效果最差；‘云麦83’叶绿素含量略高于‘云麦80’，但叶面肥处理总体上导致叶绿素含量降低。不考虑品种因素时，喷施叶面肥显著影响结实小穗数、退化小穗数、有效穗数，对穗粒数和产量的直接影响虽未达显著水平，但多数处理均能提高小麦产量，磷酸二氢钾、芸苔素内酯、复硝酸钠、增产素单独喷施，分别增产10.02%、9.56%、9.35%、15.11%，但叶面肥磷酸二氢钾+芸苔素内酯+服硝酸钠+增产素混喷导致减产6.74%。分品种看 ，叶面肥效应存在明显品种差异。对‘云麦80’，磷酸二氢钾、芸苔素内酯、复硝酸钠、增产素和混合处理分别增产19.01%、10.77%、9.66%、23.59%和1.98%；对‘云麦83’，则分别增产1.40%、8.40%、9.06%、6.93%，混合处理则显著减产15.10%。叶面喷肥均降低了小麦蛋白质含量（平均降幅约5%），提高了硬度指数（平均增幅约3%）；但混喷则增加蛋白质含量，降低硬度指数。叶面肥对干基吸水率、稳定时间、湿面筋含量及降落值的影响因品种而异，表现为正负效应共存。综上所述，抽穗期喷施单一叶面肥可通过增强光合作用促进小麦生长发育，增加产量并改良部分品质指标。本研究首次系统比较了多种常用叶面肥在云南旱地小麦上的综合效应，结果强调应根据品种特性选择适宜的叶面肥种类，并避免盲目混用。该研究为冬春干旱条件下云南旱地小麦的精准化叶面施肥管理提供了重要的理论和实践依据，有助于提升区域小麦生产的抗旱性、产量及品质。

关键词: 小麦, 叶面肥, 光合作用, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

In this paper, the effects of different foliar fertilizer on photosynthesis, yield composition and quality of dryland wheat were studied to provide reference for high quality and efficient wheat cultivation. A field experiment was carried out in Songming, Yunnan Province in 2022, using the newly approved wheat varieties ‘Yunmai 80’ and ‘Yunmai 83’ as the research materials. Five foliar fertilizer treatments (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, brassinolide, sodium nitrate, yield-increasing agent and their mixture) and water control (three replicates) were set up, spraying at the early heading stage according to the instructions. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of ‘Yunmai 80’ was higher than that of ‘Yunmai 83’ under different foliar fertilizer treatments, and the difference of net photosynthetic rate between the two varieties was significant to extremely significant. The highest net photosynthetic rate was observed in KH2PO4 treatment, while the lowest was in auxin treatment. The chlorophyll content of ‘Yunmai 83’ was slightly higher than that of ‘Yunmai 80’, and the overall chlorophyll content decreased under the treatment of foliar fertilizer. Without considering the variety factor, foliar fertilizer spraying significantly affected the number of fertile spikelets, degenerate spikelets and effective spikelet, and had little effect on the number of grains per spike and yield. However, all foliar fertilizers increased wheat yield. KH2PO4, brassinolactone, sodium complex nitrate and augmentol increased the yield by 10.02%, 9.56%, 9.35% and 15.11% when applied individually. In contrast, foliar fertilizer KH2PO4 + brassinolactone + sodium nitrate + augmentol mixed spraying led to a yield reduction of 6.74%. For ‘Yunmai 80’, the yield increases were 19.01%, 10.77%, 9.66% and 23.59% for the individual foliar fertilizers, with a 1.98% increase for the mixture. For ‘Yunmai 83’, the yield increases were 1.40%, 8.40%, 9.06% and 6.93% for the individual foliar fertilizers, with a 15.10% yield reduction for the mixture. Foliar spraying generally reduced the protein content and increased the hardness index. However, mixed spraying increased the protein content and decreased the hardness index. The effects on water absorption, stable time, wet gluten content and sedimentation value varied due to differences between varieties, with both positive and negative effects observed for foliar fertilizers. In summary, spraying single foliar fertilizer at heading stage can promote wheat growth and development, increase yield and improve quality indicators by enhancing photosynthesis. In this study, the comprehensive effects of several common foliar fertilizers on Yunnan dryland wheat were systematically compared for the first time. The results emphasized that the appropriate foliar fertilizer should be selected according to the variety characteristics and avoid blind mixing. This study provides an important theoretical and practical basis for the precise foliar fertilization management of dryland wheat in Yunnan under winter and spring drought conditions, which is helpful to improve the drought resistance, yield and quality of regional wheat production.

Key words: wheat, foliar fertilizer, photosynthesis, yield, quality