分子育种技术在芸薹属作物遗传改良中的应用

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0487

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究系统综述了分子育种技术在芸薹属作物遗传改良领域的应用进展。针对细胞核雄性不育系(GMS)、细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)及自交不亲和系(Self-incompatibility, SI)三大制种体系，重点阐述了基因编辑技术（如CRISPR/Cas9）在定向创制GMS系统（如通过靶向DAD1、BnaMS1、BnaMS2、OPR3等基因构建双突变体或温敏两系体系）、CMS系统（如敲除orf138恢复可育性）及新型SI亲本（如编辑BnS6-Smi2、BoSP11、Exo84c等基因）方面的创新应用。同时介绍了基于orf224/atp6、orf222、orf138等不育基因开发的分子标记技术，实现了甘蓝型油菜Pol、Nap、Ogu等3种细胞质类型的精准鉴定。研究表明，这些技术显著提升了杂种优势利用效率，为培育高产优质抗逆新品种提供了精准创制不育系、高效筛选优良种质的有效途径。未来研究可围绕以下方向展开：（1）深入挖掘CMS相关线粒体基因功能；（2）优化CRISPR/Cas9介导的多基因协同编辑策略；（3）整合多组学数据与人工智能算法实现杂种优势组合预测；（4）开发非转基因自交亲和系创制新技术。本研究为突破传统育种瓶颈、推动芸薹属作物精准育种提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

关键词: 芸薹属, 雄性不育系, 自交不亲和系, 遗传改良, 基因编辑, 分子标记辅助育种

Abstract:

This study reviews the application of molecular breeding technologies for genetically improving Brassica crops. It focuses on three hybrid seed production systems: Genic Male Sterility (GMS), Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS), and Self-Incompatibility (SI). The work details how CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enables targeted development of GMS systems—such as creating double mutants of genes like DAD1, BnaMS1, BnaMS2, and OPR3 or thermosensitive two-line systems. For CMS systems, fertility restoration is achieved by knocking out genes like orf138. Novel SI parental lines are created by editing genes such as BnS6-Smi2, BoSP11, and Exo84c. Molecular markers based on sterility genes (orf224/atp6, orf222, orf138) allow precise identification of three cytoplasmic types (Pol, Nap, Ogu, etc.) in Brassica napus. These technologies significantly enhance heterosis utilization efficiency by enabling precise creation of sterile lines and efficient selection of elite germplasm. This facilitates breeding of new cultivars with high yield, superior quality, and stress resistance. Future research directions include: (1) In-depth exploration of the functions of mitochondrial genes associated with CMS; (2) Optimization of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated strategies for coordinated multi-gene editing; (3) Integration of multi-omics data with artificial intelligence algorithms for hybrid combination prediction; (4) Development of novel techniques for creating transgene-free self-compatible lines. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for overcoming bottlenecks in traditional breeding and advancing precision breeding in Brassica crops.

Key words: Brassica, male sterility line, self-incompatibility line, genetic improvement, gene editing, molecular marker-assisted breeding

吴仕凡, 符京燕, 刘禄宏, 罗添, 王睿. 分子育种技术在芸薹属作物遗传改良中的应用[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(21): 51-57.

WU Shifan, FU Jingyan, LIU Luhong, LUO Tian, WANG Rui. Application of Molecular Breeding Technology in Genetic Improvement of Brassica Crops[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(21): 51-57.

图/表 3

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名称	基因	物种	参考文献
Polima CMS	orf224	甘蓝型油菜、青花菜、白菜	[18]
Nap CMS	orf222	甘蓝型油菜、白菜	[19]
Ogura CMS	orf138	甘蓝型油菜、甘蓝、芥菜型油菜	[20]、[21]、[22]、[23]、[24]、[25]
Kosena CMS	orf125	油菜	[26]
Tour CMS	orf263	芥菜型油菜	[27]
Hua CMS	orf288	芥菜型油菜、白菜、榨菜、包心芥菜	[28]、[29]
Nigra CMS	-	甘蓝	[30]
Oxa CMS	-	芥菜型油菜	[31]
Nsa CMS	orf346	甘蓝型油菜	[32]、[33]
NCa CMS		甘蓝型油菜	[34]
Mor CMS		芥菜型油菜	[35]
Shan 2A		甘蓝型油菜	[36]
SaNa-1A		甘蓝型油菜	[37]
Neau CMS		大白菜	[38]
Bel CMS	orf112	甘蓝	[39]

名称	基因	物种	参考文献
Polima CMS	orf224	甘蓝型油菜、青花菜、白菜	[18]
Nap CMS	orf222	甘蓝型油菜、白菜	[19]
Ogura CMS	orf138	甘蓝型油菜、甘蓝、芥菜型油菜	[20]、[21]、[22]、[23]、[24]、[25]
Kosena CMS	orf125	油菜	[26]
Tour CMS	orf263	芥菜型油菜	[27]
Hua CMS	orf288	芥菜型油菜、白菜、榨菜、包心芥菜	[28]、[29]
Nigra CMS	-	甘蓝	[30]
Oxa CMS	-	芥菜型油菜	[31]
Nsa CMS	orf346	甘蓝型油菜	[32]、[33]
NCa CMS		甘蓝型油菜	[34]
Mor CMS		芥菜型油菜	[35]
Shan 2A		甘蓝型油菜	[36]
SaNa-1A		甘蓝型油菜	[37]
Neau CMS		大白菜	[38]
Bel CMS	orf112	甘蓝	[39]