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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (2): 124-132.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0101

所属专题： 玉米

• 工程·机械·水利·装备 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同类型玉米收割机对籽粒收获质量的影响评价

李平芳1(), 王海涛1, 王建峰1, 郭晓云1, 丁伟利1, 张正霞1, 徐汝阳1, 夏来坤2()   

  1. 1郸城县农机化技术推广服务站,河南郸城 477150
    2河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所/河南省玉米绿色精准生产国际联合实验室,河南郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2021-01-27 修回日期:2021-07-15 出版日期:2022-01-15 发布日期:2022-02-25
  • 通讯作者: 夏来坤
  • 作者简介:李平芳,男,1967年出生,河南郸城人,副研究员,本科,主要从事农业技术推广工作。通信地址：477150 河南省周口市郸城县支农路北段15号 郸城县农业机械管理局,E-mail： 2350056230@qq.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划“粮食丰产增效科技创新”重点专项(2016YFD0300300)

Assessment of Maize Harvester Types on Grain Harvest Quality

LI Pingfang1(), WANG Haitao1, WANG Jianfeng1, GUO Xiaoyun1, DING Weili1, ZHANG Zhengxia1, XU Ruyang1, XIA Laikun2()   

  1. 1Dancheng County Agricultural Mechanization Technology Extension Service Station, Dancheng, Henan 477150
    2Cereal Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Henan International Joint Laboratory of Green Precision Production in Maize, Zhengzhou 450002
  • Received:2021-01-27 Revised:2021-07-15 Online:2022-01-15 Published:2022-02-25
  • Contact: XIA Laikun

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摘要：

选择3种不同类型的玉米籽粒收割机和7个不同基因型玉米品种,开展玉米籽粒机收收获质量影响因素研究,探索不同类型收割机对不同基因型玉米籽粒收获质量的影响,以期为玉米籽粒收获收割机的选择和玉米籽粒机收技术的推广提供依据。根据试验取得的数据,不同基因型玉米品种的主要特征中穗位高、密度、穗粒数、单产分别对玉米籽粒破碎率、损失率、杂质率产生显著影响,收获前含水率对破碎率产生极显著影响,对损失率、杂质率影响不显著。3种类型收割机作业的收获前含水率与破碎率呈极显著正相关,与损失率、杂质率均呈不显著正相关,破碎率存在极显著差异,损失率存在显著差异,杂质率差异不显著。收获前含水率是影响破碎率的主要因素,并不显著影响损失率和杂质率,破碎率、损失率、杂质率三者没有显著的相互影响和关联性。通过回归分析,收获前含水率分别与破碎率、损失率、杂质率存在线性相关,不同类型的玉米收割机籽粒破碎率都随收获前含水率的增加而增大,损失率和杂质率不都是随收获前含水率的增加而增大,不同类型收割机作业质量的差异主要体现在收获前含水率对破碎率的影响上。收获前含水率在不高于国标(GB/T 21962—2008)要求的25%的情况下,3种类型的收割机的破碎率、损失率、杂质率都能达到5%、5%、3%的国家标准;在国标要求破碎率不大于5%时,福田4LZ-8E、谷王4LZ-7B、雷沃4LZ-8E2适宜的收获前含水率分别不应高于26.51%、26.95%、36.41%,平均值为29.96%,在此含水率水平下,损失率、杂质率也不会高于国家标准,即在收获前含水率不高于30%情况下,收割机作业质量都能保证达到国家标准。机手在作业之前,要综合考虑玉米的长势、含水率大小、地形情况等因素,调试收割机各主要部件达到合理指标,选择合适的收割速度或喂入量,才能达到最佳的收割质量。

关键词: 玉米, 自走式收割机, 破碎率, 损失率, 杂质率, 籽粒收获, 收获质量

Abstract:

Three different types of maize grain harvesters and maize varieties of seven different genotypes were chosen to study the quality of harvested maize grains and the influencing factors, and explore the effects of different harvester types on maize grain harvest quality of different genotypes, so as to provide a basis for the selection of maize harvesters and the popularization of maize machine harvesting technology. According to the data obtained from the test, among the main characteristics of maize varieties with different genotypes, ear height, density, grain number per ear and yield per unit area have significant effects on the crushing rate, loss rate and impurity rate, respectively. The grain moisture content before harvest has extremely significant effect on the crushing rate, but less significant effects on the loss rate and impurity rate. The grain moisture content before harvest of the three types of harvesters is significantly and positively correlated with the crushing rate, but not significantly and positively correlated with the loss rate and the impurity rate. The crushing rate of the grains harvested by the 3 types of harvesters is significantly different, the loss rate is significantly different, but the impurity rate is not significantly different. The grain moisture content before harvest is the main factor affecting the crushing rate, but it does not significantly affect the loss rate and impurity rate. There is no significant interaction and correlation among the crushing rate, loss rate and impurity rate. According to the regression analysis, the grain moisture content before harvest is linearly correlated with the crushing rate, loss rate and impurity rate, and the grain crushing rate of different types of maize harvesters increases with the increase of moisture content before harvest and the loss rate and impurity rate do not increase with the increase of grain moisture content before harvest, the differences of working quality of different types of harvesters are mainly reflected in the influence of grain moisture content before harvest on the crushing rate. Under the condition that the moisture content before harvest is not higher than 25% of the national standard (GB/T 21962-2008), the crushing rate, loss rate and impurity rate of the three types of harvesters can all reach the national standard of 5%, 5% and 3%, respectively. When the crushing rate required by the national standard is no more than 5%, the suitable grain moisture content harvested by Foton 4LZ-8E, Gowang 4LZ-7B and LeiVo 4LZ-8E2 should not be higher than 26.51%, 26.95% and 36.41%, respectively, with an average value of 29.96%. At this grain moisture content level, the loss rate and impurity rate will not be higher than the national standard. That is, if the grain moisture content before harvest is not higher than 30%, the working quality of the harvester can be guaranteed to meet the national standard. Before harvesting, the main components of the harvester should be adjusted to achieve reasonable indexes, and the appropriate harvesting speed or feeding amount should be adopted to achieve the best harvesting quality by comprehensively considering the growth of maize, the grain moisture content, the terrain and other factors.

Key words: maize, self-propelled harvester, crushing rate, loss rate, impurity rate, grain harvesting, harvest quality

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