秸秆还田条件下氮磷钾养分管理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0817

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在探究秸秆还田及氮磷钾养分管理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响。以‘济麦22’为实验品种，试验设置3个处理：T₁氮磷钾养分管理优化处理、T₂传统处理(CK)、T₃秸秆还田养分替代处理，研究了不同试验处理对冬小麦干物质积累与转运、籽粒灌浆相关参数、籽粒产量以及经济效益的影响。结果表明，与对照相比较，T₁处理显著提高了花后干物质在籽粒中的分配量及对籽粒的贡献率，分别提高43.46%和20.88%；提高了籽粒最大灌浆速率G_max与平均灌浆速率G_mean，增幅分别为17.62%、3.09%；提高了穗粒数、千粒重以及籽粒产量，分别为5.72%、4.51%、12.15%。建议在与本试验自然环境及生产条件相似的地区，采用氮磷钾养分管理优化处理是可兼顾产量及经济效益的有效途径。

关键词: 冬小麦, 秸秆还田, 养分管理, 灌浆特性, 籽粒产量, 经济效益

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of crop straw returning and nutrient management on the grain filling characteristics and yield of winter wheat, using ‘JM22’ as the test variety, three experimental treatments were set up, T₁ was optimized nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient management, T₂ (CK)was traditional treatment, T₃ was crop straw returning nutrient alternative treatment. This study investigated the effects of different experimental treatments on the accumulation and transport of dry matter in winter wheat, grain-filling related parameters, grain yield and economic benefits. The results showed that compared with the control, the T₁ treatment significantly increased the allotment amount and contribution rate of dry matter in the grains after anthesis, increased by 43.46% and 20.88% respectively; it also improved the maximum grain filling rate (G_max) and average grain filling rate (G_mean), with an increase of 17.62% and 3.09% respectively; it also increased the number of grains per ear, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield, by 5.72%, 4.51%, and 12.15% respectively. It is recommended that in areas with similar natural environment and production conditions to this experiment, the optimization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient management is an effective way to take into account both yield and economic benefits.

Key words: winter wheat, straw returning, nutrient management, grain filling characteristics, grain yield, economic benefits

韩明明, 牟群, 李文倩, 陈军, 吕连杰, 张海军, 安霞, 李晓宇, 常振凯. 秸秆还田条件下氮磷钾养分管理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2024, 40(23): 1-6.

HAN Mingming, MU Qun, LI Wenqian, CHEN Jun, LV Lianjie, ZHANG Haijun, AN Xia, LI Xiaoyu, CHANG Zhenkai. Effects of Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrient Management on Winter Wheat Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield under Straw Returning Conditions[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2024, 40(23): 1-6.

图/表 7

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处理	氮肥管理（纯氮）	磷肥管理(P₂O₅)	钾肥管理(K₂O)	玉米秸秆
氮磷钾优化处理(T₁)	基施40，拔节期追施80，抽穗期追施肥100	磷肥基施150，抽穗期追施60	钾肥基施75，抽穗期追施60	还田
传统处理(T₂)	基施15-15-15 (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)复合肥750 +拔节期追尿素300			不还田
秸秆还田处理(T₃)	基施15-15-15 (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)复合肥750 +拔节期追尿素300			还田

处理	氮肥管理（纯氮）	磷肥管理(P₂O₅)	钾肥管理(K₂O)	玉米秸秆
氮磷钾优化处理(T₁)	基施40，拔节期追施80，抽穗期追施肥100	磷肥基施150，抽穗期追施60	钾肥基施75，抽穗期追施60	还田
传统处理(T₂)	基施15-15-15 (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)复合肥750 +拔节期追尿素300			不还田
秸秆还田处理(T₃)	基施15-15-15 (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)复合肥750 +拔节期追尿素300			还田

处理	干物质积累量/(×10³ kg/hm²)					分配比例/%
处理	籽粒	茎+叶鞘	颖壳+穗轴	叶片	总计	籽粒	茎+叶鞘	颖壳+穗轴	叶片
T₁	9.77a	5.60a	2.92a	1.47a	19.76a	49.17ab	28.50a	14.87b	7.46b
T₂	8.23c	4.91b	2.80a	1.22b	17.16c	47.97b	28.63a	16.27a	7.13b
T₃	9.35b	5.36a	2.51a	1.53a	18.75b	50.14a	28.43a	13.31c	8.12a
F-Value	68.92^**	12.22^**	1.51	11.98^**	20.11^**	5.18^*	0.07	19.71^**	14.20^**

处理	干物质积累量/(×10³ kg/hm²)					分配比例/%
处理	籽粒	茎+叶鞘	颖壳+穗轴	叶片	总计	籽粒	茎+叶鞘	颖壳+穗轴	叶片
T₁	9.77a	5.60a	2.92a	1.47a	19.76a	49.17ab	28.50a	14.87b	7.46b
T₂	8.23c	4.91b	2.80a	1.22b	17.16c	47.97b	28.63a	16.27a	7.13b
T₃	9.35b	5.36a	2.51a	1.53a	18.75b	50.14a	28.43a	13.31c	8.12a
F-Value	68.92^**	12.22^**	1.51	11.98^**	20.11^**	5.18^*	0.07	19.71^**	14.20^**

处理	开花前营养器官贮藏的同化物		开花后同化干物质
处理	转运量/(×10³ kg/hm²)	对籽粒贡献率/%	籽粒中的分配量/(×10³ kg/hm² )	对籽粒贡献率/%
T₁	2.74b	27.99b	7.04a	72.01b
T₂	3.33a	40.43a	4.91b	59.57c
T₃	2.20c	23.56b	7.15a	76.44a
F-Value	18.88^**	34.89^**	28.11^**	34.89^**