农业高纤维废弃物降解技术及资源化利用研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0295

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 116-127.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0295

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇下一篇

农业高纤维废弃物降解技术及资源化利用研究进展

冯怡畅¹(), 江欣¹, 孔心茹¹, 王锐¹, 董水博¹, 纪立东², 岳健敏¹, 李昱龙¹()

¹ 宁夏大学农学院，银川 750021
² 宁夏农林科学院资源与环境研究所，银川 750021

收稿日期:2025-04-14 修回日期:2025-09-09 出版日期:2026-01-15 发布日期:2026-01-15
通讯作者:
李昱龙，男， 1985年出生，湖北武汉人，副教授，主要从事农业废弃物微生物处理方向研究。通信地址：750021 宁夏省银川市宁夏大学朔方校区，Tel：0951-2077800，E-mail：yulongli@nxu.edu.cn。
作者简介:
冯怡畅，女，2000年出生，河北石家庄人，硕士，主要从事农业废弃物微生物处理方向研究。通信地址：750021 宁夏省银川市宁夏大学朔方校区，Tel：0951-2077800，E-mail：1317714539@qq.com。
基金资助:
宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2023BCF01023); 宁夏科技领军人才培养项目(2023GKLRLX13)

Research Progress on Degradation Technology and Resource Utilization of Agricultural High-Fiber Waste

FENG Yichang¹(), JIANG Xin¹, KONG Xinru¹, WANG Rui¹, DONG Shuibo¹, JI Lidong², YUE Jianmin¹, LI Yulong¹()

¹ School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
² Institute of Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750021

Received:2025-04-14 Revised:2025-09-09 Published:2026-01-15 Online:2026-01-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业高纤维废弃物的大量产生构成了重大的环境与资源挑战，其高效资源化利用亟需突破。本研究系统综述了农业高纤维废弃物的来源、性质及其生物与非生物降解技术的国内外研究进展，重点分析了微生物降解技术的作用机制、应用效果及面临的瓶颈。研究表明，生物降解技术因具有环境友好性和经济潜力，被广泛认为是最具前景的主流路径。分子生物学与合成生物学的结合（如基因编辑和工程菌构建），显著提升了降解酶的效能和产物转化率。当前仍面临预处理成本高昂、酶解效率波动性大以及工程菌规模化应用安全风险等关键瓶颈。未来研究应聚焦于研发低能耗的预处理联合技术，强化多学科交叉融合，并建立健全基因工程菌的生物安全评估体系，推动农业高纤维废弃物资源化利用的高效、安全与可持续发展。

关键词: 农业高纤废弃物, 生物降解, 木质纤维素, 利用方式, 基因工程, 木质纤维素预处理

Abstract:

The large-scale generation of high-fiber agricultural waste poses significant environmental and resource challenges, necessitating breakthroughs in efficient resource utilization. This paper systematically reviews the sources and properties of agricultural high-fiber waste, as well as recent advances in its biological and abiotic degradation technologies, with a focus on analyzing the strengths and limitations of resource utilization strategies and exploring future directions within a multidisciplinary context. Through extensive retrieval and analysis of relevant domestic and international literature, the mechanisms of action, application outcomes, and existing bottlenecks of biological degradation (particularly microbial degradation) and abiotic degradation technologies are summarized, emphasizing both progress and shortcomings in current research. Analysis indicates that biological degradation is widely regarded as the most promising approach due to its environmental friendliness and economic potential. The integration of molecular biology and synthetic biology, such as gene editing and engineered strain construction, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of degradative enzymes and product conversion rates. However, challenges remain in the application of new technologies, including high pretreatment costs, inconsistent enzymatic efficiency, and potential safety risks associated with the large-scale use of engineered strains. Future research should focus on developing low-energy consumption pretreatment combined technologies, strengthening multi-disciplinary integration and innovation, and establishing a comprehensive biosafety evaluation system for genetically engineered strains, so as to promote the efficient, safe, and sustainable utilization of agricultural high-fiber waste.

Key words: agricultural high-fiber waste, biodegradation, lignocellulose, utilization, genetic engineering, lignocellulosic pretreatment

冯怡畅, 江欣, 孔心茹, 王锐, 董水博, 纪立东, 岳健敏, 李昱龙. 农业高纤维废弃物降解技术及资源化利用研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(1): 116-127.

FENG Yichang, JIANG Xin, KONG Xinru, WANG Rui, DONG Shuibo, JI Lidong, YUE Jianmin, LI Yulong. Research Progress on Degradation Technology and Resource Utilization of Agricultural High-Fiber Waste[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(1): 116-127.

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利用方式	酶	菌种/菌属			对菌株的要求
利用方式	酶	堆肥初期	堆肥中期	堆肥后期	对菌株的要求
堆肥发酵	纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、过氧化物酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脲酶、葡萄糖激酶	芽孢杆菌^[78]、黄杆菌属^[79]、假单胞菌属^[79]、地杆菌属^[80]、甲基单胞菌属^[81]、噬氢菌属^[82]、固氮菌属^[82]、寡养单胞菌^[82]、亚硝化单胞菌^[82]、非共生固氮螺菌等	如嗜热丝孢菌^[82]、双孢杆菌^[82]、脲杆菌^[82]、嗜热子囊菌^[83]、白腐真菌^[83]、热纤梭菌^[84]、喜热裂孢菌^[85]、嗜热链球菌^[87]等	假单胞菌^[88]、芽孢杆菌^[89]、两面神菌属^[90]、甲基弯曲菌属^[91]、曲霉^[92]、青霉菌^[92]、体霉菌^[93]、热酵母菌^[93]、蘑菇菌^[94]、鬼笔菌^[95]等	堆肥初期：耐氧、繁殖快、有机物分解利用能力强；堆肥中期：耐高温性，木质纤维素分解能力强、耐酸性强；堆肥后期：较强的木质纤维素分解能力、稳定性、安全性、协同性
生物饲料	纤维素酶、半纤维素酶	乳酸菌：乳酸杆菌属^[91]等			安全性高（非致病性），耐胃酸，快速生长，高乳酸产量
		芽孢杆菌：枯草芽孢杆菌^[91]、地衣芽孢杆菌^[91]等
		酵母菌：酿酒酵母^[92]等
		霉菌：黑曲霉^[93]、米曲霉^[94]等
生物燃料	纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶	水解性细菌：包括厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌，如梭菌属^[95]			耐酸耐高温，高效率产甲烷，耐毒性
		产氢、产乙酸菌：Acetobacterium、Clostridium^[96]等
		产甲烷菌：甲烷杆菌^[96]、甲烷球菌^[97]、甲烷微菌^[98]和甲烷八叠球菌^[99]等

利用方式	酶	菌种/菌属			对菌株的要求
利用方式	酶	堆肥初期	堆肥中期	堆肥后期	对菌株的要求
堆肥发酵	纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、过氧化物酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脲酶、葡萄糖激酶	芽孢杆菌^[78]、黄杆菌属^[79]、假单胞菌属^[79]、地杆菌属^[80]、甲基单胞菌属^[81]、噬氢菌属^[82]、固氮菌属^[82]、寡养单胞菌^[82]、亚硝化单胞菌^[82]、非共生固氮螺菌等	如嗜热丝孢菌^[82]、双孢杆菌^[82]、脲杆菌^[82]、嗜热子囊菌^[83]、白腐真菌^[83]、热纤梭菌^[84]、喜热裂孢菌^[85]、嗜热链球菌^[87]等	假单胞菌^[88]、芽孢杆菌^[89]、两面神菌属^[90]、甲基弯曲菌属^[91]、曲霉^[92]、青霉菌^[92]、体霉菌^[93]、热酵母菌^[93]、蘑菇菌^[94]、鬼笔菌^[95]等	堆肥初期：耐氧、繁殖快、有机物分解利用能力强；堆肥中期：耐高温性，木质纤维素分解能力强、耐酸性强；堆肥后期：较强的木质纤维素分解能力、稳定性、安全性、协同性
生物饲料	纤维素酶、半纤维素酶	乳酸菌：乳酸杆菌属^[91]等			安全性高（非致病性），耐胃酸，快速生长，高乳酸产量
		芽孢杆菌：枯草芽孢杆菌^[91]、地衣芽孢杆菌^[91]等
		酵母菌：酿酒酵母^[92]等
		霉菌：黑曲霉^[93]、米曲霉^[94]等
生物燃料	纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶	水解性细菌：包括厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌，如梭菌属^[95]			耐酸耐高温，高效率产甲烷，耐毒性
		产氢、产乙酸菌：Acetobacterium、Clostridium^[96]等
		产甲烷菌：甲烷杆菌^[96]、甲烷球菌^[97]、甲烷微菌^[98]和甲烷八叠球菌^[99]等

应用方式	技术难点	优势	局限
CRISPR基因编辑改良降解菌株	脱靶效应导致非目标基因突变；外源基因表达不稳定^[106]；工业菌株细胞壁增厚影响CRISPR系统递送效率	实现基因组多位点并行编辑（如启动子替换+分泌信号肽融合）^[107]；精准调控代谢通路；可同时敲除抑制因子	基因编辑成本高；工业环境下菌株适应性差；基因组过度编辑可能引发细胞适应性进化；潜在生态风险
合成微生物群落	菌群互作稳定性差；环境扰动导致功能丧失；代谢副产物累积引发菌株间竞争^[108]（如乙酸抑制木质素降解菌）	多菌协同降解全组分（如纤维素+半纤维素）；减少单一菌株代谢负担^[109]；通过代谢分工实现底物级联转化（如链霉菌降解木质素→芽孢杆菌利用芳香族产物）	规模化培养难度大；潜在生态风险；多菌种共存导致下游产物分离纯化复杂度增加
多组学联合解析降解网络	跨组学数据整合复杂^[110]；代谢物-酶活性关联分析困难；胞外酶分泌动态难以通过常规组学捕获	揭示关键降解基因（如漆酶基因lac3）；指导工艺优化（转化率+25%）；发现跨界调控元件（如跨膜转运蛋白与转录因子互作网络）	分析成本高；依赖高性能计算资源；稀有转录本(low-abundance transcripts)检测灵敏度不足
动态调控工程菌（智能回路）	感应元件灵敏度不足^[111]；动态响应延迟；生物传感器动态范围受限	按需分泌所需酶（能耗降低30%）；避免无效代谢产物积累；实现产物浓度反馈抑制（如丁酸浓度触发终止信号）	电路设计复杂；工业环境干扰细胞内信号传递；复杂回路增加载体内源性代谢负担
宏基因组筛选耐高温酶基因	基因功能注释不完整^[112]；极端环境样本中微生物DNA提取效率低下；古菌来源酶基因难以在大肠杆菌中正确折叠	发现新型耐热酶；减少预处理能耗；发现多结构域融合酶（如纤维素结合模块+催化结构域）	功能验证周期长；部分酶工业兼容性差；需配套开发热稳定性表达宿主

应用方式	技术难点	优势	局限
CRISPR基因编辑改良降解菌株	脱靶效应导致非目标基因突变；外源基因表达不稳定^[106]；工业菌株细胞壁增厚影响CRISPR系统递送效率	实现基因组多位点并行编辑（如启动子替换+分泌信号肽融合）^[107]；精准调控代谢通路；可同时敲除抑制因子	基因编辑成本高；工业环境下菌株适应性差；基因组过度编辑可能引发细胞适应性进化；潜在生态风险
合成微生物群落	菌群互作稳定性差；环境扰动导致功能丧失；代谢副产物累积引发菌株间竞争^[108]（如乙酸抑制木质素降解菌）	多菌协同降解全组分（如纤维素+半纤维素）；减少单一菌株代谢负担^[109]；通过代谢分工实现底物级联转化（如链霉菌降解木质素→芽孢杆菌利用芳香族产物）	规模化培养难度大；潜在生态风险；多菌种共存导致下游产物分离纯化复杂度增加
多组学联合解析降解网络	跨组学数据整合复杂^[110]；代谢物-酶活性关联分析困难；胞外酶分泌动态难以通过常规组学捕获	揭示关键降解基因（如漆酶基因lac3）；指导工艺优化（转化率+25%）；发现跨界调控元件（如跨膜转运蛋白与转录因子互作网络）	分析成本高；依赖高性能计算资源；稀有转录本(low-abundance transcripts)检测灵敏度不足
动态调控工程菌（智能回路）	感应元件灵敏度不足^[111]；动态响应延迟；生物传感器动态范围受限	按需分泌所需酶（能耗降低30%）；避免无效代谢产物积累；实现产物浓度反馈抑制（如丁酸浓度触发终止信号）	电路设计复杂；工业环境干扰细胞内信号传递；复杂回路增加载体内源性代谢负担
宏基因组筛选耐高温酶基因	基因功能注释不完整^[112]；极端环境样本中微生物DNA提取效率低下；古菌来源酶基因难以在大肠杆菌中正确折叠	发现新型耐热酶；减少预处理能耗；发现多结构域融合酶（如纤维素结合模块+催化结构域）	功能验证周期长；部分酶工业兼容性差；需配套开发热稳定性表达宿主

农业高纤维废弃物降解技术及资源化利用研究进展

Research Progress on Degradation Technology and Resource Utilization of Agricultural High-Fiber Waste

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