鱼蛋白肥对三角梅的生长和土壤养分的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0660

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对城市桥梁绿化中三角梅面临的土壤养分匮乏、生长受限问题，为明确鱼蛋白肥的应用效果及最优施肥方案，以城市天桥绿化常见三角梅品种‘水红’为材料，设置5种施肥处理（有机肥(T1)、海藻鱼蛋白肥(T2)、多肽鱼蛋白肥(T3)、有机肥+海藻鱼蛋白肥(T4)、有机肥+多肽鱼蛋白肥(T5)）及不施肥为对照(CK)，通过盆栽试验探究其对三角梅生长、根系性状、土壤养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明：（1）各施肥处理显著促进了三角梅株高、地径、冠幅及生物量积累，与CK相比，T1处理显著提高了三角梅的南北冠幅(31.30%)和根系全氮含量(97.79%)；T2处理对地下部的生物量的促进效果最为显著，增幅达221.12%；T3处理显著增加地径(24.61%)与叶片SPAD(13.68%)；T4处理对株高和地上部鲜重的提升效果最为突出，增幅分别达44.67%和80.65%；T5处理使根系全磷含量显著提高40.90%。（2）各施肥处理显著促进了三角梅根系生长，其中T2增加了根系总体积，T4处理在根系总根长、总根尖数、总体积、总表面积、总投影面积、平均直径多个指标上表现最优。（3）与CK相比，T1处理显著提高了土壤有机质(275.83%)、碱解氮(103.76%)和速效钾(133.09%)含量；T2处理提高了土壤全钾含量显著增加53.21%；T5处理土壤全磷和有效磷含量分别显著提高了142.84%和109.82%。此外，T1处理下土壤中性蛋白酶活性提升144.61%，T2处理下中性磷酸酶和脲酶活性分别提高55.88%和251.55%(P<0.05)。（4）主成分分析和Mantel分析结果表明，鱼蛋白肥对三角梅的促生作用与土壤理化性质的改善、土壤碳氮磷相关酶活性的有效调控呈显著的正相关关系。相较于多肽鱼蛋白肥，海藻鱼蛋白肥在促进三角梅生长、改善土壤肥力方面表现出更优异的综合效果。本研究为城市立体绿化植物优质栽培提供了科学依据，未来可开展田间试验进一步验证肥效。

关键词: 鱼蛋白肥, 三角梅, 根系生长, 土壤酶活性, 养分循环

Abstract:

To address the issues of soil nutrient deficiency and restricted growth faced by Bougainvillea in urban bridge greening, this study aims to clarify the application effects and optimal fertilization strategy of fish protein fertilizer. Using the common urban bridge greening variety Bougainvillea ‘Miss Manila’ as the test material, five fertilization treatments were established: organic fertilizer (T1), seaweed fish protein fertilizer (T2), polypeptide fish protein fertilizer (T3), organic fertilizer + seaweed fish protein fertilizer (T4), and organic fertilizer + polypeptide fish protein fertilizer (T5), with no fertilization as the control (CK). A pot experiment was conducted to investigate their effects on the growth, root traits, soil nutrients, and enzyme activities of Bougainvillea. The results showed: (1) Fertilization treatments significantly promoted the plant height, ground diameter, crown width, and biomass accumulation of Bougainvillea. Compared with CK, T1 notably increased the north-south crown width (31.30%) and total root nitrogen content (97.79%). T2 exhibited the most pronounced promotion effect on underground biomass, with a remarkable increase of 221.12%. T3 significantly improved ground diameter (24.61%) and leaf SPAD values (13.68%), while T4 showed the most outstanding enhancement in plant height (44.67%) and aboveground fresh weight (80.65%). Additionally, T5 led to a 40.90% rise in total root phosphorus content. (2) All fertilization treatments markedly stimulated root system development. Specifically, T2 increased total root volume, whereas T4 outperformed in multiple root metrics, including total root length, root tip number, total volume, surface area, projected area, and average diameter. (3) Compared with CK, T1 significantly elevated soil organic matter (275.83%), available nitrogen (103.76%), and available potassium (133.09%). T2 boosted total soil potassium content by 53.21%, while T5 sharply increased total phosphorus (142.84%) and available phosphorus (109.82%). Furthermore, T1 enhanced soil neutral protease activity by 144.61%, and T2 improved neutral phosphatase and urease activities by 55.88% and 251.55%, respectively (P<0.05). (4) Principal component analysis and Mantel test results demonstrated that the growth-promoting effects of fish protein fertilizer on bougainvillea were significantly positively correlated with the improvement of soil physicochemical properties and the effective regulation of soil enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Compared with polypeptide fish protein fertilizer, the seaweed fish protein composite fertilizer exhibited superior comprehensive effects in enhancing Bougainvillea growth and improving soil fertility. This study provides a scientific basis for high-quality cultivation of plants used in urban three-dimensional greening, and future field trials can be conducted to further verify the fertilizer efficacy.

Key words: fish protein fertilizer, Bougainvillea spectabilis, root growth, soil enzyme activity, soil nutrient cycling

中图分类号:

S685.99

黄英梅, 吴家龙, 梁永鑫, 梁春梅, 张俊涛. 鱼蛋白肥对三角梅的生长和土壤养分的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(9): 48-58.

HUANG Yingmei, WU Jialong, LIANG Yongxin, LIANG Chunmei, ZHANG Juntao. Effects of Different Fish Protein Fertilizers on Growth of Bougainvillea and Soil Nutrients[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(9): 48-58.

图/表 9

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指标	测定值
容重/(g/cm³)	1.05±0.10
孔隙度/%	60.38±3.85
阳离子交换量/(cmol/kg)	12.28±0.58
pH	5.57±0.35
电导率/(μS/cm)	52.19±9.72
有机质/(g/kg)	79.47±9.52
全氮/(g/kg)	0.95±0.46
全磷/(g/kg)	3.76±1.92
全钾/(g/kg)	26.41±10.44
碱解氮/(mg/kg)	173.92±9.53
有效磷/(mg/kg)	203.37±24.98
速效钾/(mg/kg)	293.26±8.73

指标	测定值
容重/(g/cm³)	1.05±0.10
孔隙度/%	60.38±3.85
阳离子交换量/(cmol/kg)	12.28±0.58
pH	5.57±0.35
电导率/(μS/cm)	52.19±9.72
有机质/(g/kg)	79.47±9.52
全氮/(g/kg)	0.95±0.46
全磷/(g/kg)	3.76±1.92
全钾/(g/kg)	26.41±10.44
碱解氮/(mg/kg)	173.92±9.53
有效磷/(mg/kg)	203.37±24.98
速效钾/(mg/kg)	293.26±8.73

处理	中性磷酸酶	脲酶	淀粉酶	中性蛋白酶
CK	16892.33±3330.60a	101.78±37.57b	5.55±0.61a	0.28±0.05b
T1	17030.14±5422.76a	151.17±99.52b	1.99±0.23b	0.69±0.07a
T2	26332.54±3847.02a	357.81±83.91a	4.46±1.22a	0.40±0.14b
T3	17794.66±2643.30a	180.81±52.44b	1.69±0.28b	0.31±0.08b
T4	17438.64±10057.48a	222.73±7.64b	1.56±0.28b	0.40±0.01b
T5	19523.80±7092.95a	168.72±61.21b	2.25±1.17b	0.35±0.01b

处理	中性磷酸酶	脲酶	淀粉酶	中性蛋白酶
CK	16892.33±3330.60a	101.78±37.57b	5.55±0.61a	0.28±0.05b
T1	17030.14±5422.76a	151.17±99.52b	1.99±0.23b	0.69±0.07a
T2	26332.54±3847.02a	357.81±83.91a	4.46±1.22a	0.40±0.14b
T3	17794.66±2643.30a	180.81±52.44b	1.69±0.28b	0.31±0.08b
T4	17438.64±10057.48a	222.73±7.64b	1.56±0.28b	0.40±0.01b
T5	19523.80±7092.95a	168.72±61.21b	2.25±1.17b	0.35±0.01b

处理	pH	电导率/ (μS/cm)	有机质/ (g/kg)	全氮/ (g/kg)	全磷/ (g/kg)	全钾/ (g/kg)	碱解氮/ (mg/kg)	有效磷/ (mg/kg)	速效钾/ (mg/kg)	铵态氮/ (μg/g)	硝态氮/ (μg/kg)
CK	5.56±0.60a	112.50±14.85a	23.92±3.68b	0.56±0.05ab	0.56±0.18b	13.64±4.07c	134.09±0.59cd	43.68±13.18b	117.70±76.60b	5.00±0.42d	4.38±1.16a
T1	6.03±0.81a	107.40±6.93a	89.88±15.35a	0.72±0.04a	1.18±0.38a	18.06±2.86b	273.22±38.06a	54.60±10.04b	274.35±54.93a	6.78±0.54b	1.54±0.35cd
T2	5.05±0.25a	67.60±5.52c	24.18±1.67b	0.29±0.04c	1.36±0.10a	20.90±0.80a	169.49±12.86b	90.64±15.12a	136.93±27.09b	5.92±0.30c	1.85±0.79bc
T3	5.19±0.04a	68.60±5.20c	22.33±1.23b	0.43±0.03bc	1.27±0.16a	19.96±0.71ab	144.59±6.18bcd	86.86±4.33a	142.75±36.80b	7.78±0.37a	1.78±0.00c
T4	5.07±0.04a	88.40±5.94b	18.75±0.59b	0.67±0.13a	1.25±0.10a	18.49±1.34ab	121.85±8.73d	78.46±2.75a	140.22±17.05b	8.12±0.57a	3.29±2.04ab
T5	5.12±0.19a	59.50±2.71c	18.13±1.66b	0.39±0.08c	1.41±0.06a	19.18±1.51ab	151.12±17.32bc	91.65±11.25a	146.39±5.88b	7.31±0.54b	0.39±0.01d