Abstract: The yield of Anhui Science and technology project for food production is a reachable yield under the current natural and technical condition. Based on this yield of the Science and technology project for food production, it is much precise to calculate the total capacity of grain potential productivity of arable land in Anhui. In the study 13 agro-ecological regions was selected as study area and the potential productivity of grain was analyzed; and cropping system in every agro-ecological region was determined under the principle that the water and thermal potential could be sufficiently developed; based on the yield of the Science and technology project for food production, the potential unit yield of crop for every agro-ecological region and the total grain production capacity was calculated. The results showed that: the average grain potential productivity of the whole province was 8029.47 kg•hm-2, be approximately 1.37 times of the past three years of Anhui Province grain actual per unit area yield, total grain potential production of the province to 48.362 billion kilogram, it can increase nearly 15.893 billion kilogram per year for Anhui province.