Abstract: Soil fertility is an essential attribute of soil, the study on soil fertility quality and its impact factors is important. Aeration is one of the four important factors that affecting soil productivity, and it is attracting increasing attention in the research field. Soil fertility quality evaluation index and soil aeration index were introduced in this paper. Soil aeration could co-ordinate water, fertility and heat conditions, and control soil organic matter decomposition rate and the decomposition products, which could promote high yield. Soil aeration methods included physical, mechanical, chemical, venturi tube and the removable subsurface dripirrigation device system. Many research results showed that aeration treatment could promote crop yield and quality, the mechanism was the promotion of photosynthesis, the accumulation and revolve of photosynthate, the enhancement of root system growth and development and its absorption of mineral elements, and the increase of soil microbial community diversity and enzymatic activity. Aerated equipment with high performance and practicability should be developed to serve agricultural production by being extended from pot culture and microcell study to cropland.