Abstract: With the implementation of the free trade zone strategy, China’s agricultural products export will enjoy good opportunities for development. However, the pressure for domestic agricultural products market to open up will also increase. Under such circumstances, how to bypass the disadvantages and improve the export competitiveness of China’s agricultural products to maximize the benefits of agricultural trade becomes particularly important. From the perspectives of trade balance in agricultural products, producing areas and destinations of export products and the main exporters, we analyzed the status quo of China’s agricultural products export. Based on this, the International Market Share (IMS), the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and the Competitiveness Index (CI) are chosen to measure and analyze the export competitiveness of China’s agricultural products. The results show that the overall export competitiveness of China’s agricultural products is relatively weak and needs to be further improved. Measures, such as adjusting the industrial structure of agriculture, promoting the added value of agricultural products, enhancing the brand effect and actively developing the emerging markets, should be adopted to further strengthen the export competitiveness of China’s agricultural products.