Abstract: In order to improve soil water condition and increase yield of winter wheat in dryland, field test was carried out to study the effect of different fertilizer and mulch on soil water content before sowing and the relationship between soil water content before sowing and yield in fallow period in wheat under dryland condition. The results showed that, organic fertilizer increased the ratio of water supplement of fallow period, but no significant, film mulch and paper mulch all significantly increase the ratio of water supplement of fallow period. Organic fertilizer and mulch increased the soil water content before sowing at depth of 0-100 cm, 100-200 cm, 0-200 cm, 0-300 cm, and the effect of organic fertilizer and mulch on the soil water content at depth of 200-300 cm was not significant. The results also showed that, the effect of film mulch on the soil water content was greater than paper mulch and organic fertilizer could increase the extent of film mulch effect on soil water content. Mulching film could increase the soil water content at each soil layers of 40-160 cm under the condition of organic fertilizer, and could increase the soil water content at each soil layers of 40-140 cm under the condition of no fertilizer. Both of fertilizer and mulch all significantly increased yield. The analysis showed that soil water content at depth of 0-100 cm, 100-200 cm, 0-300 cm before sowing had a positive significant relationship with number per ear and yield, and the correlation between soil water content at each soil layers of 20-140 cm and yield, number per ear reached significant or very significant level. So organic fertilizer and mulch in fallow period could increase the soil water content before sowing and could improve yield in wheat under dryland condition, and film mulch with organic fertilizer was the best.