Abstract: In order to adapt the crop high yield and good quality of modern agriculture, and know the change of soil fertility timely, guide the fertilization scientifically. The surface soil (0-20 cm) of cultivated land were studied respectively from Duolun County in Inner Mongolia. Soil samples were collected by the method of diagonal, serpentine draw disc, based on the second soil census original scope of sampling points and different soli type according the geographic distribution of soil sampling points on the graph, lot size, and shape characteristics and the values of organic matter, soil nutrients. Contrasting with the second soil census, the amount of soil nutrition of the soil nutrition and organic matter changed greatly in different soil types. The value of organic matter of sand soil had increased with the rate of 89.40% and the bog soil had the maximum reduction with the rate of 81.24%; the value of total nitrogen of sand soil had increased 75% with the maximum amplitude; the value of effective phosphorus had increased ranging up to 750% and the meadow soil decreased by 4.44%; in addition to the sand soil available K had risen to 23.52%, the other soil types had different degrees of decline and the forest soil decreased 35% with the maximum rate. According to the situation of farmland soil nutrients, some measures should be taken to solute the questions. Firstly, promoting soil testing fertilization technology; increasing organic fertilizer application and combining of utilizing land while maintaining it; Secondly, intercropping and inter-planting with reasonable crop rotation and deep ploughing and water keep moisture; Thirdly, adjusting the agricultural structure and arranging of planting internal scale reasonability.