Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.15 Published:25 May 2014

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  Advances of Researches in the Impact on Oil Crops Under Climate Change 2014, 30 (15):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2532 Abstract + ( 794 )   PDF ( 584208KB )   ( 542 ) Oil crops, as one of the most important crops in China, is significantly sensitive to climate change. In China, the self-sufficiency in edible oil is relative low at present, which results in a severe imbalance between supply and demand. Consequently, edible oil production is dramatically important to food security in China. Observations have shown that climate change have considerable impact on the oil crops production. Therefore, climate change impact estimation on oil crops is becoming more and more important in terms of increasing the self-sufficiency of edible oil and safeguarding the food security. In this study, based on literature review, we summarized climate change impact on Chinese three major oil crops, such as peanut, soybean and rape, including the major methodologies and impacts on the growth and development and yield, the quality and the cropping system of oil crops. Finally, we discussed the deficiencies and the future expectations.

  Advance of Studies on Seed Coating Agents Side Effects 2014, 30 (15):  7-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2574 Abstract + ( 753 )   PDF ( 500081KB )   ( 625 ) Seed coating agent has been widely used in agricultural production, and has played an important role in controlling seedling diseases, promoting crop growth and increasing farmers' income. However, there are still some problems besides its advantage. This study reviewed the application and side effects of various seed coating agent for different crops both here and abroad during past 20 years, for example seed coating inhibit plant growth, affect seed germination rate, result in weak seedlings, poor resistance, and pollute the environment, affect food quality and so on. After summarizing the disadvantage of seed coating, the author prospected that use new polymer materials to improve seed coating film-forming agent, and discussed the use of biotechnology to prevention and control of the seed coating side effects. Analysis shows adding growth-promoting additives or biological materials polyglutamate while dressing seed, can effectively improve crop germination, improve crop potential, well control and reduce side effects.

  Biological Effects and SSR Analysis on M1 Generation of ‘Hanghui 173’ (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) Whose Seeds Carried in the "Shenzhou Ⅷ" Spacecraft 2014, 30 (15):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2972 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 937326KB )   ( 470 ) Effects on M1 generation of rice induced by space-flight was quite different from that induced by other commonly used physical and chemical mutagens, and even the effects of M1 populations carried in different space-crafts were not exactly the same. To investigate the effects on M1 generation of rice cultivar‘Hanghui 173’(Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) whose seeds were carried in "ShenzhouⅧ" spacecraft (SP1), seven characters including the germination rate, seedling height, plant height, length and width of flag-leaf, length and setting percentage of main-panicle were determined, and comparison of the SP1 to 250 Gy 60Co-γrays irradiated- M1 generation (G1) and 1% EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) treatment - M1 generation (E1) was conducted. Further, to study the molecular mutagenic effect of "ShenzhouⅧ" carrying, 24 SSR markers were used to screening genetic variations within 100 mixed samples from 300 SP1 individuals. The results showed that, contrast to the control, germination rate and main-panicle's setting percentage of the SP1 decreased at significant and highly significant respectively, while remained five characters were found no significant difference. Comparative analysis showed that the "ShenzhouⅧ" carrying did not have effects on the late growth of SP1 plants, whereas the late growth of G1 and E1 plants were promoted leading to significant or highly significant differences on their plant height and length and width of flag-leaf. Amplification of 24 SSR markers showed that only one variation band was detected at locus RM267, and the corresponding variation rate was 0.014%.

  Study on Formula Application by Soil Testing of Rice in Purple Paddy Field in Yunnan 2014, 30 (15):  17-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2469 Abstract + ( 727 )   PDF ( 578389KB )   ( 532 ) To establish the index of fertilizer recommendation for rice in purple paddy field in Yunnan, the experiment was carried out to study the effects of N, P and K fertilizer on rice in purple paddy field according to the theory of“3414”regression optimum design. Mathematical equation of fertilizer effect between yield of rice and N, P and K, was formulated. The index of fertilizer recommendation for rice in purple paddy field in Yunnan was established. Recommended fertilizer application of N 334.5- 363.0 kg/hm2, P2O5 31.5- 288.0 kg/hm2, K2O 154.5- 225.0 kg/hm2 could reach the highest rice yield of 9769.5- 13191.0 kg/hm2. Optimized fertilizer application of N 235.05-316.5 kg/hm2, P2O5 7.65-252.0 kg/hm2, K2O 21.0-225.0 kg/hm2 could reach rice yield of 9690.0-10183.5 kg/hm2. N 1.98 kg, P2O5 0.61 kg and K2O 2.64 kg were absorbed to produce 100 kg rice. The nutrient use efficiency of N, P and K was 33.53%, 7.66% and 5.94%, respectively. Fertilizer comprehensive utilization efficiency of N, P and K was 48.02%. The contribution rate of basic soil productivity was 62.78%.

  Assessment of Rice Yield Loss Caused by Drought in the Huaihe River Basin 2014, 30 (15):  24-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2629 Abstract + ( 953 )   PDF ( 726944KB )   ( 765 ) Flood and drought occurs frequently in the Huaihe River Basin, especially wide range of drought, which is a serious threat to high and stable crop yield. In order to assess drought effect on rice yield timely, The evaluation model of rice yield loss caused by drought in the Huaihe River Basin was established based on the intensity of agricultural drought, crop sensitivity, relative vulnerability and anti disaster capability, by using county rice yield, meteorological and agricultural economic data from 1971-2008 in the Huaihe River Basin. According to the probability distribution curve of yield reduction rate, rice yield loss caused by drought was divided into five levels. The test results showed that: the accuracy was approximately 80% and the assessment of regional drought damage was nearly the same as the real, which means his model could be applied in agrometeorological service.

  Research on Improving Restorer R838’s Blast Resistance of the MAS Means 2014, 30 (15):  29-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2564 Abstract + ( 597 )   PDF ( 718122KB )   ( 422 ) In order to improve hybrid rice restorer line R838 blast resistance levels, this study used the MAS means to put the blast resistance gene pigm into the target receptor, through their continuous multi-generation backcross, our molecular markers of its backcross progeny and blast resistance phenotype. Screening of high-generation backcross populations inbred, and the measurement with three-line sterile lines. The results showed that, 52.4% of F1 share of the target gene, with the increase in backcross, its share of the target gene stable at around 50%, through high-generation backcross seedling blast phenotype, the seedling leaf blast resistance was 3-9 grade; and significant differences between strains, use the three-line sterile lines with group, the F1 seedlings leaf blast resistance increase with the selected parent resistance increase, and agronomic traits basically consistent with R838. It was an effective way to improve the target receptor’s blast resistance by using the blast resistance genes (pigm) through molecular marker assisted breeding technology.

  Study on Optimization Technology of One-step Germination Seedling from Winter Wheat Immature Embryo 2014, 30 (15):  34-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3302 Abstract + ( 587 )   PDF ( 808308KB )   ( 528 ) In order to transplant the winter wheat seedling germinated from immature embryo to local field in summer, this experiment employed three different aged immature embryos (11- 13, 14- 16, 17- 19 days) of‘Jimai 20’,‘Yanyou 361’,‘Tainong 18’,‘Zhongyou 9507’and (Jimai 20×Yanyou 361) F1, which separately inoculated on three types of media (MB, A and B), to carry out the study about immature embryo one- step seedling formation through in vitro culture. The results showed that between nine kinds of inoculation process, the 11 to 13 day- old immature embryo inoculated in A medium showed the highest rate of germination (98.30% on average), the 14 to 16 day-old immature embryo inoculated in MB medium also got higher rate of germination (95.80% on average), the 17 to 19 day-old immature embryo inoculated in B medium showed the rate of germination as 95.20% on average, while the 17 to 19 day- old immature embryo inoculated in MB medium got the lowest rate of germination (16.20% on average). The 14 to 16 day- old immature embryo inoculated in MB medium not only showed the higher rate of germination, but also had longer root, more lateral roots, which indicated that MB medium was suitable for 14 to 16 day-old immature embryo.

  Identification and Analysis of Drought Resistance About New Wheat Varieties (Lines) in Sichuan Province 2014, 30 (15):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3065 Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 591786KB )   ( 538 ) Drought is one of the frequent natural disasters in Sichuan. To cultivate drought-resistant varieties is an economical and effective way to prevent drought. In order to explore the Sichuan wheat varieties (lines) of the drought resistance ability, identification of drought resistance on 15 varieties is drought shed method, and ‘Luohan 7’ as check variety. According to the "Technical Specification of Identification and Evaluation for Drought Resistance in Wheat" standard, the drought resistance index of ‘Chuancongzu125’ was the highest in 15 varieties. The drought resistant ability of W138, ‘10Jian236’, N08-51, BL227, ‘Chuan11131’, BL08512 and 10BMY12 were the medium level. The drought resistant ability of ‘Nan 30-7’, ‘Nei 3416’, L08-969, GHM3, ‘Nan 04-59’, HZ10-28 and Ym09-6 were all in weak level. The results showed that, the plant height was the worst affected by drought, drought resistance coefficient variation between 0.652-0.778, followed by effective panicles, drought resistance coefficient variation between 0.662-0.830, then grains per spike, drought resistance coefficient variation between 0.724-0.866, and finally 1000-grain weight, drought resistance coefficient variation between 0.807-1.013. According to the 15 wheat varieties (lines) results, the drought resistance of Sichuan wheat varieties was weaker than north wheat cultivars.

  The Effect of the Agar Concentration in Different Medium on the Initiating Rate of the Anther Culture in Wheat 2014, 30 (15):  46-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2522 Abstract + ( 671 )   PDF ( 525525KB )   ( 447 ) To explore the drought resistance in wheat varieties (lines), different concentrations of agar was added into C17 and N6 medium, 5 winter wheat cultivars for anther culturing. The results showed that, the callus induction rate was considerable under N6 and C17 medium (6 g/L), with the agar concentration increased (6-18 g/L), wheat anther callus tends to decrease, C17 medium can indirectly judge wheat drought resistance.

  Survey on the Cultivars and Production of Wheat in Shandong Coastal Regions 2014, 30 (15):  50-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2402 Abstract + ( 718 )   PDF ( 692115KB )   ( 615 ) With the aim to detect the production status and cultivar succession of wheat in Shandong Province, in this study, cultivars, total yield and cultivated area of wheat in Shandong coastal regions with 29 counties belonging to 6 cities from 1975 to 2010 were surveyed. The results showed that, cultivated area of wheat increased gradually from 1980 to 2000 and then slightly decreased, while total yield of wheat increased continuously from 1975 to 2000 and then tended to be stable. Besides, cultivar succession of wheat was characterized by high yield cultivars (with total yield ? 105 t) with small number but high yield ration. In conclusion, the higher increase in grain yield compared with the decrease in cultivated area contributes to the stability in total yield of wheat, facilitating the food security of China, and the high yield cultivars play an important role in both the development of wheat industry in Shandong province and the enrichment for wheat germplasm resources of China.

  The Development Behavior of ‘Shunmai 1718’ and ‘Zhongmai 175’ in Late-maturing Winter Wheat Region in Jinzhong Lara 2014, 30 (15):  56-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2382 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 575320KB )   ( 415 ) The field experiment was adopted to study the development behavior of ‘Shunmai 1718’ and ‘Zhongmai 175’ in late-mature winter wheat region in Jinzhong. The two varieties were from winter wheat region in north of China and middle-mature half-winter wheat region in Huanghuai, respectively. The plant traits were investigated at reviving, getting up, jointing, booting and heading stages, respectively. After harvesting, yield and yield structure with grain quality were determined. The results showed that two varieties were potential to be popularized in Jinzhong. Speaking in detail, the yield level of ‘Zhongmai 175’ was higher than of ‘Shunmai 1718’, while the resistance capacity of ‘Shunmai 1718’ against late freezing disaster and its grain quality had better than of ‘Zhongmai 175’. But plant height of ‘Shunmai 1718’ was short, so fertilizing-watering at jointing stage should be pay attention to promote stem elongation, enhance heading rates of stem and tiller, and then improve grain filling in production. The study could provide theoretical basis for digging sufficiently Shanxi wheat resource.

  Impact of Maize Genotype on the Characteristic of Rhizospheric Microbes 2014, 30 (15):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2546 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 606632KB )   ( 623 ) This study aimed to explore the effects of different genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) on the activity and community composition of rhizospheric microbes. Pot experiment for genotype‘Zhengdan No. 958’,‘Shandan No. 8806’,‘Zhongdan No. 909’, and’Nonghua No. 101’were carried out in a greenhouse. Plants were harvested at the flowering stage, and crop biomass and the characteristic of rhizospheric microbes were determined. The results showed that crop biomass,β-glucosidase activity, easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), total GRSP, and the biomass of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi in the rhizosphere increased following genotype:‘Zhengdan No. 958’＜‘Shandan No. 8806’＜‘Zhongdan No. 909’＜‘Nonghua No. 101’. The microbes inhabiting the rhizosphere of different genotypes had the differences in the abundances and components of phospholipid fatty acids. There were different structures of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in the rhizosphere of different genotypes. Crop biomass, especially shoot biomass, was positively and significantly correlated with most of microbial properties. The results suggested that the difference in the morphology among maize genotypes probably resulted in large differentiation in the activity and community composition of rhizospheric microbes.

  Potential Improvement of Inbred Line R2228/R5518 for Plant Traits Using 2/3 Introduced Hybrids in Maize 2014, 30 (15):  68-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3010 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 492423KB )   ( 415 ) To improve the plant traits of the maize inbred lines R2228/R5518, the performance and segregation characteristics of 13 plant traits for 2/3 F2 populations chosen from its crosses with 21 introduced hybrids were analyzed, and compared with R2228, R5518 and the maternal inbreds‘Zheng58’, and PH6WC for 2 broad utilized famous hybrids in this study. The results showed that great differences and broad segregations existed among the F2 populations for all traits, with variation coefficients 7.97%- 64.00% . Comprehensively considering the performance of all plant traits, P523/P520 were chosen as the major populations to improve inbred R2228/R5518 and develop new inbred lines with elite plant traits in further research.

  Screening and Evaluation on Different Purple Sweet Potato Varieties for Special Processing 2014, 30 (15):  75-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2489 Abstract + ( 618 )   PDF ( 537973KB )   ( 512 ) In order to screen good quality and high yield purple sweet potato varieties which were suitable for special processing in Liancheng County, using a random block design, five purple sweet potato varieties were introduced and tested in 2012 autumn compared with‘Longyan 7-3’. The agronomic characters, economic characters, nutritional components, processing quantity of dried sweet potatoes and fried chips were evaluated. The results showed that: the highest fresh tuber yield was‘Weixian No.1’which was 41.9 t/hm2. Its yield increased by 25.8% compared with control. The fresh tuber yield of‘Jishu No.18’was 31.6 t/hm2. Its yield was close to control. The process stability, taste, color and other comprehensive index of dried sweet potato products with‘Weixian No.1’and‘Jishu No.18’were close to control and its morphology, color, transparency, taste and texture and so on were excellent.‘Weixian No.1’and‘Jishu No.18’were suitable for purple sweet potato varieties of processing dried sweet potato products. The fried chips with‘Weixian No.1’and‘Jishu No.18’had moderate oil content, the higher swelling degree, its products quality were close to control.‘Weixian No.1’and‘Jishu No.18’were suitable for purple sweet potato varieties of processing fried sweet potato chips products.‘Fushu No.9’,‘Quanzi No.1’and‘Ninzi No.1’had the characters of fine exterior, high nutritional quality and high dry rate, which were suitable for purple sweet potato varieties of fresh-eating and food processing sweet potato whole powder.

  Chromosomal Transmission of F2BC1 Progenies Between Sugarcane and Erianthus fulvus 2014, 30 (15):  81-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2559 Abstract + ( 564 )   PDF ( 611546KB )   ( 597 ) To effectively using the F2 and F2BC1 progenies of E. fulvus in sugarcane breeding for new sugarcane cultivars selection or the old sugarcane cultivars modification, it is necessary to further study the chromosomal transmission of parents in the hybrids. The root- tips of different generation clones were collected, treated following the wall degradation hypotonic method, and prepared the slides used for chromosome counting of somatic cells. The results showed that, all of the chromosome numbers of hybrids were variable in different somatic cells, and chromosomes of parents were transmitted by“2n+n”into the somatic cells of F2 hybrid and“n+n”into F2BC1 hybrids. The results of current study can provide cytological information for the further use of these hybrids in sugarcane breeding programs.

  Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits with Doubled Haploid in Brassica napus L. 2014, 30 (15):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2334 Abstract + ( 1009 )   PDF ( 508443KB )   ( 667 ) The aim was to research genetic relationship of quantitative traits with doubled haploid populations in Brassica napus L. These quantitative traits included plant height, branch height, first effective branch number, main inflorescence pod number, biological yield, economic yield and thousand seed weight. Through phenotypic analysis, partial correlation analysis, heritability, the least gene pairs estimate and gene interactions to analyze quantitative traits data of DH group and its parents. The results showed that: branch height, main raceme length, pods number of main raceme and single plant biological yield were partial to male parent, but the first effective branch number were partial to female parent. Plant height, economic yield and thousand seed weight were transgressive inheritance. Majority character showed extremely significant positive correlation, but between branch height and first effective branch number, main raceme length and the first effective branch number, pods number of main raceme and the first effective branch number showed extremely significant negative correlation. The maximum of branch height heritability was 83.31% and the minimum of thousand seed weight heritability was 60.9%. The least gene pairs of controlling each character was13.8, 12, 23, 12.5, 24.7, 20.9, 11.1 and 13.8, respectively. According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, the gene of control plant height and branch height were not interaction; gene of control first effective branch number existed interaction effect. There could be gene interaction were found for the pod number of main raceme, biological yield and thousand seed weight. The duplicate interaction was observed for the length of main raceme and economic yield.

  Cultivation Techniques of Lodging Resistance and High Yield of Stem and Seed of Winter Flax in Paddyfield of Dongting Lake 2014, 30 (15):  92-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2471 Abstract + ( 735 )   PDF ( 529620KB )   ( 460 ) The aims were to further enrich the cultivation theory on the south flax fiber and seeds' destinations in winter and promote the practical guidance on the south oil flax combination with fiber industry in areas of theory and production in winter. It would study the impact on flax stem and seed production made by the key measures such as flax seeding time, tillage method and fertilization level in this paper. It also explored the lodging resistance and high yield cultivation techniques of flax stem and seeds' combination in Dongting Lake area. The results showed that it was the best way to develop the lodging resistance by early sowing no-till no fertilizing, lighter level (0 to 4) the sum rate of lodging was 18.33%,the highest level (5) the rate of lodging was zero, stem yield and seed yield highest, followed in turn 8375.77 kg/hm2 and 804.46 kg/hm2. At the same time, The test also summed up the key technology of flax lodging resistance, high- yield and efficient cultivation which could provide technical assurance of oil flax fiber combined large scale cultivated in Dongting Lake area.

  Effects of Soaking Seeds with Trinexapac-ethyl on Growthand Physiological Characters of Perennial Ryegrass 2014, 30 (15):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2627 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 892332KB )   ( 503 ) A pot experiment was conducted to explore the application of trinexapac- ethyl (TE) on turfgrass seedling. The effects of soaking seed with five concentrations of TE on the seeding rate, growth and physiological characters of the perennial ryegrass cultivar‘Derbby’were investigated. The results showed that: 50-150μL/L range soaking treatment reduced the emergence speed, but had no significant effects on the final seeding rate; It lowered the growth rate significantly and had remarkable effects on the turf quality within 50- 200μL/L. Treated with concentrations 100, 150, 200μL/L,‘Derbby’seedlings’chlorophyll content increased, MDA content dropped and POD, CAT and APX activity increased. TE soaking improved the quality of perennial ryegrass seedlings and enhanced plant resistance.

  Primary Studies on the Induction and Growth of Callus of Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu 2014, 30 (15):  105-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2482 Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 724214KB )   ( 515 ) In order to primary studies on the collection time of explants and induction and growth of callus of tender leaf (Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu), the leaves used as explants with WPM+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ sucrose 20 g/L+ agar 8 g/L as medium for the experiment to study collection and disinfected time on tender tissue culture. The results showed that the optimal time of explants collection for tender tissue culture was April. During this period, the contamination rate of explants was the lowest. The optimal sterilizing treatment for the tender leaves was 75% Alcohol 30 s+0.1% HgC12 1-5 min. Different disinfected time had a distinctly effect on physiology and biochemistry of callus. The soluble sugar in callus inducted with 1 min and 3 min disinfected time were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with 5 min disinfected time. The soluble protein in callus inducted with 1 min and 3 min disinfected time was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that in callus with 5 min disinfected time. Different sterilization time had no significantly effect on the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The callus inducted with 3 min and 5 min disinfected time had a stronger tolerance (P<0.05) of salt stress compared with the callus inducted with 1 min disinfected time.

  Variation Trends of Main Characters of Upland Cotton Varieties in China During 1978-2007 2014, 30 (15):  112-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2359 Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 969847KB )   ( 520 ) The purpose of the article was to study our country’s upland cotton’s variation in genetic traits between different growth periods. Based on the database of 836 upland cotton cultivars registered from Yellow River, Yangtze River and Xinjiang cotton production zone during 1978-2007, the variation trends of total 14 agricultural traits such as growth period, plant height, sympodial branch node, boll weight, lint percentage, fiber yield, fiber length, fiber strength and others were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the boll weight and fiber yield, especially fiber strength were increasing along with time passed in all three production zones. The planting density in Yellow River and Yangtze River production zones were decreasing along with time passed, however, the planting density of Xinjiang production zone were increasing. The variation of leaf color, sympodial branch node, boll shape, micronaire, fusarium wilt, and verticillium wilt resistance were significant in different years and the growth period, but lint percentage and fiber length were stable. The plant height showed no significant variation since the 90’s. This study demonstrated that the agricultural traits of cotton varieties registered since 1978 were stable and well in China, the yield and fiber quality, especially the fiber strength, were obviously improved. However, further improvements in micronaire, fusarium wilt, and verticillium wilt resistance were still needed.

  Study on Fluxes of CO2 and Water Vapor of Oasis Cotton Ecosystem in Wulanwusu 2014, 30 (15):  120-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2353 Abstract + ( 630 )   PDF ( 720096KB )   ( 911 ) In order to study the effects of global climate change between carbon dioxide continuous interaction and water vapour of the farmland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid region, during January 2009 to December 2009, applying eddy covariance system (EC) continuous observing the variations of water vapor flux and CO2 flux at the atmosphere land interface of underlying surface (bare soil and different growth periods) of cotton field ecosystem in Wulanwusu, the author analyzed the seasonal and diurnal variations of water vapor flux and CO2 flux. The results showed that: (1) the annual CO2 flux of the underlying surface of oasis cotton ecosystem was divided dry and wet seasons, the underlying surface of cotton field absorbs CO2 mainly in dry season, wet season to release the CO2 mainly, but the annual uptake was much larger than the amount released. (2) In the wet season, CO2 fluxcurve of the underlying surface of oasis cotton field ecosystem showed upward opening parabola, was better correlative to the underlying surface cotton field development. (3) Water vapor flux of the underlying surface of oasis cotton field ecosystem was segmented into 3 phases yearly, according to water vapor flux from small to large phases were separated to the covered with snow stage, the bare soil stage and the cotton-growing stage. (4) In the wet season, the diurnal variation of water vapor flux of the underlying surface of oasis cotton ecosystem was obvious, was better bound up with sunshine intensity and temperature.

  Effect of the Cotton Field Wastes Returning on the Soil Quality of Costal Saline-Alkaline Land 2014, 30 (15):  126-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1856 Abstract + ( 543 )   PDF ( 551259KB )   ( 393 ) Cotton is one of the most important crops in saline-alkaline land in the Yellow River delta. The cottonseed, cotton straw and waste cotton were returned to the field in this study in Maotuo, Lijin Country. Meanwhile, the physic-chemical and biological properties were investigated in order to discuss the effect of different wastes, including cottonseed, cotton straw and waste cotton returning to the field on the soil quality of saline-alkaline land. The author expected to provide more scientific materials on improvement and utilization of coastal saline-alkaline land by this study. The results showed that: soil bulk density decreased and soil porosity and field capacity increased in cottonseed treatment (CT), cotton straw treatment (CST) and waste cotton treatment (WCT) compared to control treatment. Meanwhile, pH and the content of soil salt decreased, but cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the content of soil organic matter (SOM) increased. The effect of improvement of saline-alkaline land were in the order: CT>CST>WCT. Compared to control treatment, the quantity of microorganism, yield of cotton and soil respiration intensity increased in the order: CT>CST>WCT. However, the effects of improvement of saline-alkaline land decreased with soil depth. It suggests that the cottonseed is better rather than cotton straw and cotton waste in improvement of saline-alkaline land, and then is the cotton straw.

  Current Status of Soil Available Boron in Valley and Hilly Regions in North Zhejiang and Evolution Trend 2014, 30 (15):  131-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2512 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 522708KB )   ( 409 ) In order to rational application of boron fertilizer, available boron contents in 22 soil samples collected from different land utilization modals in Tonglu County were determined in 2010, and compared with the soil available boron contents of corresponding points in 1983. The results showed that: soil available boron contents in this County in 2010 ranged 0.20-0.97 mg/kg, the average value was 0.50 mg/kg, the average content of available boron in 8 garden soil samples was 0.61 mg/kg, the average content of available boron in 14 paddy soil samples was 0.44 mg/kg. The available boron contents in the soils in 2010 decreased in the following order: Orchard (0.82 mg/kg)>tea gardens (0.68 mg/kg)>mulberry gardens (0.47 mg/kg)>rice-vegetable cropping system (0.45 mg/kg) rice-rape cropping system (0.41 mg/kg). In the latest 30 years, the available boron contents in the soils had greatly improved and the soil samples with <0.25 mg/kg of available boron content decreased from 90.8% in 1983 to 13.6% in 2010; the soil samples with 0.25-0.50 mg/kg of available boron content increased from 4.6% in 1983 to 31.8% in 2010; the soil samples with 0.50-1.00 mg/kg of available boron content increased from 4.6% in 1983 to 54.6% in 2010. Accordingly, the author put forward the countermeasure of application of boron fertilizers.

  Effects of NaCl Stress on Soil Main Ingredients Contents 2014, 30 (15):  136-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2819 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 681990KB )   ( 1161 ) In order to discuss the effects of NaCl stress on soil main ingredients contents, by watering the potted soil with treatments of different concentrations of NaCl solution (CK-0.0%, A-0.1%, B-0.3%, C-0.5%, D-0.7% and E-1.0%), the author sampled and analyzed the soil. The results showed that: with the increasing of salinity, as a whole, the change of soil N contents and soil organic matter contents were not obviously, the change of soil P and soil organic P and exchangeable Ca contents were showed decreased, the change of soil K and conductivity were showed increased, and soil pH and hydrolysable N were showed different pattern with the increasing of salinity.

  Effects of Different Material Water Content on Microorganisms Number in the Fermentation Process of Organic Fertilizer 2014, 30 (15):  141-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2421 Abstract + ( 668 )   PDF ( 618785KB )   ( 566 ) Effect of different initial moisture material on microorganism’s number during the organic fertilizer fermentation process was studied to seek optimum moisture content for organic fertilizer fermentation. Three different initial moisture materials were fermented under aerobic conditions, sampled and tested the microorganism number at 3 times turning and finished. The number of fungus, mould, Escherichia coli and ascarid egg showed a declined tendency in the fermentation process of different treatments, the number of bacteria decreased in the second turning pile, then increased. The number of fungus and mould of T3 in the first 3 times was obviously higher than T1 and T2, and the number of bacteria less than T1 and T2 in the first 2 times. The number of bacteria of T3 maintained a relatively high level throughout the fermentation period; the difference of ascarid egg number is very small among the 3 treatments. At the end of fermentation, the number of fungal, bacterial was the highest in T2, the number of mould; Escherichia coli and ascarid egg were few at three treatments, with organic fertilizer standard (NY 525-2012). It was the most conducive to the fermentation of organic fertilizer used the material initial moisture content of 55%, and at the first turning up water to 65%.

  Analysis of Soil Nutrients Change Trend and Fertilizer Recommendations of Cultivated Land in Duolun County 2014, 30 (15):  146-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3245 Abstract + ( 703 )   PDF ( 546134KB )   ( 512 ) In order to adapt the crop high yield and good quality of modern agriculture, and know the change of soil fertility timely, guide the fertilization scientifically. The surface soil (0-20 cm) of cultivated land were studied respectively from Duolun County in Inner Mongolia. Soil samples were collected by the method of diagonal, serpentine draw disc, based on the second soil census original scope of sampling points and different soli type according the geographic distribution of soil sampling points on the graph, lot size, and shape characteristics and the values of organic matter, soil nutrients. Contrasting with the second soil census, the amount of soil nutrition of the soil nutrition and organic matter changed greatly in different soil types. The value of organic matter of sand soil had increased with the rate of 89.40% and the bog soil had the maximum reduction with the rate of 81.24%; the value of total nitrogen of sand soil had increased 75% with the maximum amplitude; the value of effective phosphorus had increased ranging up to 750% and the meadow soil decreased by 4.44%; in addition to the sand soil available K had risen to 23.52%, the other soil types had different degrees of decline and the forest soil decreased 35% with the maximum rate. According to the situation of farmland soil nutrients, some measures should be taken to solute the questions. Firstly, promoting soil testing fertilization technology; increasing organic fertilizer application and combining of utilizing land while maintaining it; Secondly, intercropping and inter-planting with reasonable crop rotation and deep ploughing and water keep moisture; Thirdly, adjusting the agricultural structure and arranging of planting internal scale reasonability.

  Survey and Analysis of Area-Source Pollution in Xi’ an Planting 2014, 30 (15):  152-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1795 Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 504311KB )   ( 634 ) This study combined inventorying and census to investigate the use of pesticides, fertilizers, agricultural films and straw handling of typical farmer who was determined based on a percentage of sampling, and the statistical analysis of the survey results had been done, in order to learn about the existing conditions, characteristics and the rules of Xi’an farmland area-source pollution and put forward precaution measures. The results showed that: proportional application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition (N:P:K=1: 0.71:0.19) in Xi’an crops was unreasonable obviously compared with the optimal proportion (N:P:K=1:0.32: 0.59) of nutrient requirement on upland crops. The phosphate and nitrogen was high, and the potash was low on the utilization of fertilizer, these problems mainly lied in fertilizers of crops, vegetables and fruits. Pesticides dosage exceeded 7.3%-33.3% compared to the recommendations. The annual production of crop straw reached around 3.2 million tons, about 22% of the straw was burned in the fields or as a fuel; The annual consumption of mulch was 1800.16 tons, and amount of residue and residual rate respectively was 531.93 tons and 29.5%. From the investigation and analysis results, the fertilization structure, dosage and proportion were unreasonable obviously, the pesticides dosage exceeded the limit, crop straw comprehensive utilization rate was not high, agricultural film recovery rate was low, All of these problems was the important factor which led to the farmland area-source pollution, some effective measures must be taken to get rid of pollution.

  Spatial Variations of Land Use Intensity in State-and-Province Level Developing Zones in Wanjiang Urban Belt 2014, 30 (15):  157-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3400 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 1098728KB )   ( 582 ) Development Zone spatial layout and intensive land use differentiation research is an important part of potential evaluation of intensive land use. Wanjiang City Belt is set up by the state council officially approved to undertake industrial transfer demonstration zone, the development zone and land intensive utilization degree differentiation status has the typical significance. The author used spatial structure analysis method, combined with the structure entropy method was right of Wanjiang City Belt above the provincial level development zone space were analyzed, and established the index system of intensive utilization degree, evaluated the development zone land, analyzed the differentiation. On this basis, the author put forward suggestions and measures of land use of the area development zone in Wanjiang City Belt.

  Influence of Different Seedling Raising Substrates on Mechanical Transplanting Seedling Quality and Yield in Rice 2014, 30 (15):  163-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2399 Abstract + ( 710 )   PDF ( 452692KB )   ( 426 ) The study aimed at the influence of different seedling raising substrates on mechanized rice production, to find out the raising substrates with great extension value. First, the experiment of gradient dosages was carried out to investigate the suitable dosage of substrate mate, using Oryza sativa cv. ‘Jinzao 47’. Then the influence of four types of substrates including inorganic substrate, substrate mate, seedling-strengthening agent (SSA) and soil (CK) on mechanical transplanting seedling quality and yield were compared, using Oryza sativa cv. ‘Jinzao 09’ and ‘Yongyou 9’. Results showed that, the suitable dosage of substrate mate was substrate mate:soil =1:3. Result of substrate comparison showed three indexes of seedlings raised on inorganic substrate, substrate mate and SSA were higher than CK, including leaf age, basal stem width and dry matter weight, all of which for two varieties were highest on inorganic substrate. In addition, effective panicle number and yield were also higher than CK, while the highest yields of ‘Jinzao 09’ was on inorganic substrate, increasing by 2.88%, and ‘Yongyou 9’ was on substrate mate, increasing by 8.86%. The three substrates were all beneficial to nurse strong seedling and improve yield, while among these inorganic substrate and substrate were with better functions, thus were with great extension values at rice production.

  Analysis of the Yield and Major Economic Traits of Early Indica Rice 2014, 30 (15):  168-172.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2491 Abstract + ( 626 )   PDF ( 529147KB )   ( 506 ) In order to reveal the effects of the main economic traits on yield of early indica rice, 29 varieties (lines) in early indica rice regional trials in Southern China from 2009 to 2011 were analyzed by? statistical methods such as correlation analysis, path analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that: effective spikes number (12.78%) had the largest coefficient of variation in all the main economic traits; partial correlation analysis showed that the yield and effective panicle number (0.5632**), 1000 grain weight (0.7456**) showed a highly significant positive correlation; principal component analysis showed that the main factor of the early indica rice yield information was grains factors, the contribution rate of 39.93%, growth period factor, the contribution rate of 20.28%, grain weight factor, the contribution rate of 17.30%; the first three principal components cumulative contribution rate reached 77.51%. Path analysis showed that four yield components of direct path coefficient: total grains number (Py2 = 0.9601) > grain weight (Py4 = 0.7309) > seed setting rate (Py3 = 0.6872) > effective panicle number (Py1 = 0.5411). Regression analysis showed that the 72.56% yield was decided by effective panicle number, total grains number, seed setting rate, grain weight. Accordingly these results, the main direction of breeding and cultivation of early indica rice is presented.

  Impact of Climate Change to Winter Wheat Yield in Yili River Valley of Xinjiang 2014, 30 (15):  173-182.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2387 Abstract + ( 1131 )   PDF ( 1284333KB )   ( 435 ) In order to understand the effect of climate change on the yield of winter wheat in Yili valley, we conducted the analysis of temperature and precipitation variations during the growth period of winter wheat between 1980 and 2011 and the investigation of the effects of climatic factors on yield formation, trying to find out the advantages and disadvantages of climate change to winter wheat yield over the last 32 years in Yining, Huocheng, Gongliu and Xinyuan Counties of Yili River Valley. The results showed that climatic factors were fitting for winter wheat over the average of 32 years, but while the effects of inter-annual variation in climatic factors were diverse, the yields influenced ranged from -1507~745 kg/hm2. The influences of temperature and precipitation to winter wheat were different in the various growth periods, temperature were positive in seedling before winter, insignificant in winter, and negative thereafter, and heading to mature were the key period of temperature effect winter wheat yield. Precipitation had mostly insignificant while positive effect in various growth periods of winter wheat, and the effects of rainfall in the whole growth period on yield were significant (P=0.05) in both Xinyuan and Gongliu County, but not in Yinin and Huocheng County. With global warming, the mean temperature in winter wheat growing season showed significant increasing trend by the rate of 0.503℃/10 years to 0.653℃/10 years in four counties, and precipitation have a non-outstanding increase trend by the rate of 3.828 mm/10 years to 18.948 mm/10 years respectively. Recent 32 years, climate change on winter wheat production has advantageous aspect, also have adverse effects, but overall the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Mean temperature increasing is favorable to winter wheat in the period of sow to tiller, in wintering has little effect, but will cause obvious adverse effects on yield in the period of turning green to mature. Precipitation increasing to improve winter wheat production has certain positive significance, but the directly affect had no significant correlation with wheat yield mostly.

  Relationship Between Chlorophyll Contention of Top-three Leaves at Different Times of Grain Filling Stage and Grain Yield and Quality Traits in Wheat 2014, 30 (15):  183-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2466 Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 485346KB )   ( 497 ) To study on relationship between chlorophyll contention of top-three leaves at grain filling stage and grain yield and quality traits in wheat, the chlorophyll contention of top-three leaves, spike grain number, 1000-grain weight, spike grain weight, protein content and wet gluten content were measured with 49 wheat genotypes as the experimental material. The results showed that: the difference was significant between genotypes, top-three leaves, different grain filling stages. The difference of spike grain number, 1000-grain weight, spike grain weight, protein content and wet gluten content between genotypes were significant; chlorophyll content of top-three leaves and spike grain number, 1000-grain weight, spike grain weight, protein content and wet gluten content were positive correlation, it was significant that the correlation between spike grain number and the second top leave on May 10th, the second top leave and the third top leave on May 15th and on May 19th, it was significant that correlation of 1000-grain weight and flag leave on May 19th, top-three leaves (flag leave, the second top leave and the third top leave) on May 24th, the correlation between spike grain number and chlorophyll content of the third top leave on May 10th, the second top leave and the third leave on May 15th, the top-three leaves (flag leave, the second top leave and the third leave) on May 19th, flag leave and the second top leave on May 24th were significant. It were significant that correlation of chlorophyll content of different grain filling stages expert flag leave on May 10th and protein content and wet gluten content. There was important influence on grain yield and quality traits about chlorophyll content of the top-three leaves in grain filling stage.

  Effect of Fertilization Dose and Sowing Density on Grain-filling and Yield in ‘Ningdong11’ 2014, 30 (15):  188-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2508 Abstract + ( 548 )   PDF ( 793034KB )   ( 464 ) In order to explicit application and planting density on the winter wheat grouting period of physiological characteristics, the influence of the split plot experiment design using two factors, the‘Ningdong 11’winter wheat grain filling characteristics, grain weight and yield was studied. Results showed that N application has obvious influence on filling duration, especially N4 interchange processing (360 kg/hm2) filling duration increased, but at the same time cause wheat variety; N application on yield notable influence to N3 (270 kg/hm2) with the highest yield. No obvious influence on the filling rate and grain weight. Planting density on the filling duration had no significant effect, but the larger impact on filling rate, grain weight and yield, low density treatment (450×104 spike/hm2), grain weight, the largest filling rate was high, but the yield was relatively low. Medium density (600×104 spike/hm2) grouting speed, the highest yield. Together, in the irrigation area of Ningxia were, when the planting density of 600×104 spike/hm2, N application rate of 270 kg/hm2 on wheat grouting was the most favorable, and the highest yield, could be up to 12178.36 kg/hm2.

  A Bacillus subtilis Strain Utilization as Living Prearation Agent in Wheat Seed Storage 2014, 30 (15):  195-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2350 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 2219661KB )   ( 406 ) Biological control is an important way of prevention of plant pathology. In order to study the appliaction of biological control measures in the process of wheat seed storage, the biocontrol Bacillus subtilis strain JGA2(-5)27-2 was used through this researching to study the characteristic as living preparation agent. B. subtilis strain JGA2(-5)27-2 not only had the ability to produce plant hormones cytokinins, but also had a wide spectrum of anti pathogenic fungi. Results of wheat germination test showed that the living preparation agent of B. subtilis strain JGA2(-5)27-2 had increased the wheat germination rate by 10.0% compared with CK treatment. Fungal infection test also showed that the living preparation agent of B. subtilis strain JGA2(-5)27-2 had the ability to prevent fungal infection in some extent. So the living preparation agent of B. subtilis strain JGA2(-5)27-2 has the potential to be used in the seed storage.

  Drought Resistance, Seedling Protection and Yield Increasing Effects of Applying Sandy Soil Amendment in Spring or Autumn to Dry Land Maize 2014, 30 (15):  201-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3303 Abstract + ( 858 )   PDF ( 646665KB )   ( 669 ) In order to clear about drought resistance, seedling protection, yield-increasing effects and time-course of action of applying sandy soil amendment in spring or autumn. Through the field comparison test, the author studied it effects on the germination rate, the growth in the seeding phrase and the yield. The results showed that: applying sandy soil amendment in spring or autumn performed the more obvious the ability of drought resistance, seedling protection and yield increased, and the order of effects showed A1>A2>CK1 in 2012 and A1>A2>A3>A4>CK2 in 2013, and the effects of the second year after being applicator to soil were significantly higher than the first year in the annual variation, among them, applying it in autumn performed best. In the seeding stage in 2012, emergence rate of A1 and A2 increased by 4.58% and 1.76% than that of the CK1; plant height increment per day, plant stem girth, dry matter growth rate in corn seeding stage increased by 4.90% and 0.00%; 9.74% and 3.90%; 23.99% and 8.72%; the yield increased by 12.03% and 5.49%. In the seedling stage in 2013, emergence rate of A1, A2, A3 and A4 increased by 8.73%, 7.57%, 4.61% and 2.13% than that of the CK2; plant height increment per day, plant stem girth, dry matter growth rate in corn seeding stage increased by 15.00%, 9.90%, 9.90% and 5.00%; 17.06%, 10.78%,7.78% and 6.59%; 46.14%, 23.51%, 14.88% and 7.37%; the yield increased by 15.78%, 11.23%, 10.99% and 5.06%. Correlation analysis among mergence rate, plant height, plant stem, dry matter growth rate and the yield in the seeding stage in 2012 and 2013 had very significant positive correlation. And correlation coefficients among indexes in corn seeding stage and the yield were 0.924, 0.877, 0.975, 0.999 in 2012 and 0.951, 0.998, 0.899, 0.933 in 2013.

  Effects of Reciprocal Crosses on Main Agronomic Characters and Yield of Maize Hybrids Crossed by Main Maize Inbred Lines in Southwest 2014, 30 (15):  207-215.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2578 Abstract + ( 1062 )   PDF ( 867438KB )   ( 441 ) This paper analyzed the effects of reciprocal crosses on main agronomic characters and yield of 9 main maize inbred lines and 72 F1 generations in China southwest, using randomized trails. The results showed that, the effects of reciprocal effect on agronomic characteristics and yield were different on maize hybrids with different parents. T-test results showed that, the differences of individual agronomic characteristics and yield were not significantly. The differences of ear diameter, 100 grains weight, weight per era, power of breaking resistance of first inter-node below ear were significantly or very significantly on reciprocal maize hybrids crossed by inbred lines such as Hai9-21, 5003, 478. Thus, the heterosis in individual traits and yield of F1 generation crossed by different inbred line was different, the heterosis in era height/plant height was negative. The negative heterosis in era height/plant height brought out that the ear height/plant height of F1 generation was lower than the mean value of parents. So in the selection of maize inbred lines, do not pursuit of lower ear height/plant height value of parent material.

  The Correlation of Plant Traits and Yield of Maize Inbred Lines 2014, 30 (15):  216-219.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2525 Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 471620KB )   ( 530 ) To study the correlation of main plant characters and yield per plant of maize inbred lines, representative male and female inbred lines were selected by random block design, and the main plant characters and yield per plant were measured. The results showed that, number of rows per ear, kernels per row, ear height, tassel branch number, internode length were positive correlation with yield per plant significantly, number of rows per ear and yield per plant were the strongest correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.8824. Plant height and internode length, ear height (r=0.7372), number of rows per ear and tassel branch were significantly positive correlation. The ear length and 100-grain weight was significantly positive correlation (r=0.6631). The rate of seed grain number per row was significantly positive correlation with the number of rows per ear. In the breeding process of inbred lines, number of rows per ear, kernels per row, ear characters affected the inbred lines of yield per plant directly, but plant height and so on were also key traits of inbred line breeding, the selection of inbred lines should consider both characters of plant and characters of panicle so as to obtain high-yielding varieties which are middle plant types with and big spikes. selection of inbred lines to both characters and plant characters of panicle, to obtain good plant type varieties with high-yielding and big spike type.

  Effect of Yield Traits and Yiber Qualities for Nitrogen Efficiency Seedling of Cotton Cultivars 2014, 30 (15):  220-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3112 Abstract + ( 1128 )   PDF ( 618836KB )   ( 683 ) In order to investigate the metabolic characteristics of nitrogen nutrition in cotton, and to give some references for breeding cotton varieties with higher nitrogen efficiency, 30 cotton varieties were cultured by floating seedling method and fertilized by two N levels (0 mmol/L and 20 mmol/L), a comparative study of their seedling nitrogen efficiency in this study, and yield and fiber quality of all varieties were also determined. The results show that nitrogen stress can lead to a significant decrease in dry weight, shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, nitrogen accumulation and chlorophyll saturated ETR values. The main component analysis based on 20 indicators of seedling indicate that the cumulative variance contribution ratio of the first three principal components reached 80% above of all indicators, and the six indicators including relative dry weight, total nitrogen accumulation amount, nitrogen content of aboveground, aboveground relative nitrogen content, nitrogen content of underground part and underground part relative nitrogen content can represent most information of all these traits. According to cluster analysis of these 30 cotton varieties based on these six indicators at seedling stage, and cluster analysis based on yield and fiber quality traits, a comprehensive analysis of these three different cluster analysis results shows that nitrogen efficiency at seedling stage can effect yield and fiber quality to a certain extent. The varieties with higher nitrogen efficiency at seedling stage, such as ‘Emian 14’, ‘Simian 4’, ‘Xiangmian 10’, ‘Hengmian 4’ and ‘Chuanmian 56’, have a higher yield traits and fiber quality, while the lower varieties including ‘Lumian 12’, ‘Liaomian 15’ and ‘Xinluzao 20’, have a lower yield traits and fiber quality.

  Effects of Fumigant Metham-sodium on Soil Microbial Population and Enzyme Activities 2014, 30 (15):  227-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2813 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 706107KB )   ( 561 ) Metham-sodium is a methylamine derivative which is used on cucumber, tomato, and tobacco (seed bed). It can protect crops from soil-borne diseases, but it will affect soil microbial, then affect soil enzymes. This study was an attempt to evaluate the environmental ecology influence after using metham-sodium. By simulation in laboratory, the investigation studied the relationship between different concentrations of metham-sodium, different treatment time and soil microbial population, soil enzyme activities in a selected soil. The results showed as follows: metham-sodium had similar effects on soil bacteria and actinomycetes which were inhibition-stimulation-recovery, but the effect on bacteria was bigger than actinomycetes. The highest stimulation of bacteria was 293.61%, however, the actinomyces was 180.77%. While metham-sodium at each concentration inhibit soil fungi at the test; the inhibition of high concentration (90.28 mg/kg, 180.56 mg/kg) was 100%, and the level of inhibition was proper to the concentration of metham-sodium. The effects of four representative soil enzymes to metham-sodium showed different dynamic changes. The effects of metham-sodium on soil invertase were dosage-dependent. When soil was fumigated with low or medium concentrations of metham-sodium, the effects showed stimulation-inhibition-stimulation-recovery, while those treated with high concentrations of metham-sodium showed inhibition-stimulation-recovery, and the stimulation was up to 213.62%. To all of the concentrations of metham-sodium, soil urease activity presented irreversible inhibition impact, and the inhibition of metham-sodium on soil fungal were dosage-depenndent. The effects of metham-sodium on soil phosphatase and catalase were inhibited at first, and then stimulated. It showed that metham-sodium have great effect on soil fungi and urease, but to soil bacteria, actinomycetes, soil invertase, phosphatase and catalase, the effects are temporary without potential harm to soil fertility and crop growing.

  The Progress of Plant Transgenic Technology 2014, 30 (15):  234-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2368 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 570338KB )   ( 853 ) Transgenic technology is a central issue of modern biotechnology, and it is also an important method for gene function analysis and breed improvement. Transgenic technology developed rapidly, and it has widely applied in the field of agriculture, medicine, foods, biology and energy. In order to promote the application of transgenic technologies in extractive industry, genetic transformation techs were systematically reviewed in this paper. Firstly, conventional transformation methods, such as agrobacterium- mediated transformation and ployethylene glycol (PEG) mediated transformation, were summarized; Secondly, receptor systems used for genetic transformation were introduced; Thirdly, the construction of expression vector system were illustrated, in this part, the conception of promoter, marker gene and reporter gene were curtly referred. The advantages and limitations of current transformation methods were also concluded. Further, this review introduced some new transformation methods for the advanced investigation of plant science. Lastly, this paper discussed the security problem and solutions of transgenic technology.

  The Progress of Research on Nitric oxide Producing (Scavenging) Systems and Their Physiological Effects in Plant 2014, 30 (15):  241-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0373 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 875142KB )   ( 621 ) As an important gas signaling molecular, nitric oxide (NO) is the key player in plant development and involved in physiological process and response to different kinds of stress. To clarify the producing and eliminating process of nitric oxide in vivo, the plant nitric oxide biosynthetic, scavenging, and buffering (reservoir) systems were expounded at length. The synthetic systems could be divided into two categories, seven small classes based on the substrate, reaction properties, and cellular localization. Scavenging systems mainly included non symbiotic hemoglobin and free radicals (and their antioxidant enzymes). The buffering (reservoir) systems were mainly composed of S- nitroso- glutathione (GSNO) and glutathione reductase (GSNOR). Furthermore, the physiological effects of various nitric oxide systems in different physiological (stress) conditions had been summarized. Finally, the unsolved problems in plant nitric oxide producing (clear) were analyzed, such as the normal levels of nitric oxide in plants physiology, the standardization of test control in searching for the plants' NOS-like enzymes, correlation between polyamines and nitric oxide.

  Development in the Research and Application of Haploid Doubling Technology in Plants 2014, 30 (15):  251-255.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3082 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 568146KB )   ( 510 ) In this paper, the general research situation of haploid doubling was summarized in detail, and the methods of haploid doubling were summarized, the methods of seed soaking, root soaking, bud soaking and so on. The roles of haploid doubling technology in plants breeding were analyzed, there were mainly fertility restoring, accelerating breeding process, etc. At the same time, the influencing factors of haploid doubling were pointed out, there were mainly reagent concentration, duration of treatment and temperature, etc. Some problems in the research were proposed and the reasonable suggestions were also provided.

  Review of High-throughput Sequencing Techniques in Studies of Soil Microbial Diversity Li Yan 2014, 30 (15):  256-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2513 Abstract + ( 1475 )   PDF ( 468893KB )   ( 1896 ) In order to illuminate the application prospects of high-throughput sequencing techniques in soil microbial diversity, this article gave a summarization and introduction of principles and advantages of common high-throughput sequencing techniques, including Solexa, 454 and Ion Torrent. The latest research advances of high- throughput sequencing techniques applications were reviewed in soil microbial species diversity, structures diversity, functions diversity and genes diversity. Finally, the application problems and the development tendency of high- throughput sequencing techniques used in soil microbial studies were summarized and discussed.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of rbcs Gene from Sasussured involucrata Kar. et Kir 2014, 30 (15):  261-267.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2891 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 1285528KB )   ( 630 ) To obtain Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) small subunit gene from Sasussured involucrata Kar.et Kir, in this study the gene was cloned and analyzed;Seeking monoclone in established cDNA library randomly for PCR directed with universal M13 primer and sequencing , comparing the sequence in NCBI ,finally we obtained the two rbcs gene homologous sequences ，named Sikrbcs1 and Sikrbcs2. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the Sikrbcs1 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 540 nucleotides encoding 179 amino acids ,the Sikrbcs2 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 420 nucleotides encoding 139 amino acids. Forecasted the Sikrbcs1 protein relative molecular weight was 20.1042 kD, theoretical PI was 8.9, contained two span membrane structures, the Sikrbcs2 protein relative molecular weight was 15.1093 kD, theoretical PI was7.58, no span membrane structure. Multiple sequence alignment of rbcs proteins revealed that the amino acid sequence of Sikrbcs1 protein showed high identity of 83.89% to those of rbcs from Flaveriapringlei and Helianthusannuus, Sikrbcs2 showed high identity of 57.54% to that of rbcs from Helianthusannuus. Phylogenetic analysis further showed that the Sikrbcs1 and Sikrbcs2 had nearest relationship with Chrysanthemum xmorifolium.

  Identification and Sequence Characterization of Mlo Gene Family from the Genome of Riciuns communis L. 2014, 30 (15):  268-273.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2312 Abstract + ( 676 )   PDF ( 650168KB )   ( 435 ) Mlo gene family is an important class of plant diseases resistance genes. Identification and sequence characterization of Mlo genes from the genome of castor (Riciuns communis L.) will lay the foundation for breeding for disease resistant varieties in castor. Based on systematic analysis of the genome sequence of Riciuns communis, a total of 16 Mlo genes were identified in this study, of which 15 contained a complete ORF and one partial sequence. Sequence analysis revealed that great difference were observed in the sizes of the 15 genes with complete ORF, however a conserved Mlo domain and 6 to 7 transmembrane domains were found in their corresponding protein sequences. These castor Mlo proteins were mainly located in plasma membrane. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to reveal the evolution of the castor Mlo genes with complete ORF, and Mlo genes from other species. The result indicated that the castor Mlo family could be devided into 7 clades (Ⅰ-Ⅶ). TheⅦclade contained only two castor Mlo genes (RcMlo8 and RcMlo9), which suggested that it might be a specific clade for castor genome. Furthermore, castor RcMlo3, RcMlo2, RcMlo6, and RcMlo12 were grouped into theⅣandⅤclades, which contain the Mlo genes of known function in disease resistance, suggested that the 4 castor Mlo genes might have their functions in disease resistance. These results will provide a good base for further cloning these castor Mlo genes and studying their biological functions.

  Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a DsMAPKKK Gene from Dunaliella salina 2014, 30 (15):  274-281.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2740 Abstract + ( 967 )   PDF ( 902274KB )   ( 606 ) To illustrat the function of MAPKs cascade reaction in salt-tolerance mechanism of Dunaliella salina, it was necessary to clone a MAPKKK gene which was a member of MAPKs signal transduction pathway and study its function.A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase gene was firstly cloned from Dunaliella salina by RT-PCR and RACE technology and named as DsMAPKKK(GenBank Accession No.KF366904) and further bioinformatics-analysis was conducted.The result showed that, full length of cDNA for DsMAPKKK gene was 1460 bp with a 879-bp open reading frame coding 292 amino acids.This protein was unstable, hydrophilic and located in cytoplasmic matrix without signal peptide and transmembrane region.The protein sequence contained a protein kinases ATP-binding region spanning from 24rd to 45rd amino acid and a Serine/Threonine protein kinase region spanning from 137rd to 149rd amino acid.Several potential phosphorylation sites and an important catalytic active site Asp141 were found in this protein.The main components of protein secondary structure were α-helix and random coil.A 3D model of protein tertiary structure was built successfully.Phylogenic analysis showed this protein had the closest evolutionary relationship with the corresponding proteins of Volvox carteri f. Nagariensis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

  Transformation of Nicotiana alata with RNAi Vector of Trehalase Gene 2014, 30 (15):  282-285.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0105 Abstract + ( 753 )   PDF ( 704155KB )   ( 513 ) In order to make better use of flower tobacco in landscaping, its ability to resist abiotic stress need to be further enhanced. Trehalose plays an important role in plant resistance. Using RNA interference to inhibit the expression of trehalase gene can block the process of trehalose degradation, so as to increase the trehalose content in plant, which can be expected to improve plant resistance to abiotic stress. In this experiment, agrobacterium carried the RNA interference vector of Arabidopsis trehalase gene (iTre- 1285) had been transformed into flower tobacco (Nicotiana alata) by leaf disc infection method; positive plants were acquired after screening with kanamycin and carbenicillin. DNA was extracted from the positive plants and the target gene appeared in PCR detection. This meant that the target gene had been transformed into flower tobacco plants. So through this study, the genetic transformation methods of flower tobacco had established, while RNAi trehalase gene transformed into flower tobacco successfully. This result laid a foundation for cultivating transgenic flower tobacco against abiotic stress for further.

  Cloning, Expression and Sequence Analysis of Protease Gene apr by Bacillus tequilensis 2014, 30 (15):  286-291.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1817 Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 882839KB )   ( 668 ) Cloning of protease gene apr from protease production strain Bacillus tequilensis C9 which was collected from the soil of turpan in Xinjiang Province, establish the expression system of protease gene. Protease gene was amplified by PCR and bioinformatics software for sequence analysis, construction of pET- 28a prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, and the recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 though IPTG in 37℃and enzyme activity was determined. The gene fragment of protease gene apr was 1098 bp, the nucleotides sequence homology was 98%, compared with Bacillus subtilis aprE (AB734697), encoded a mature protein containing 299 amino acids, which was easy to protein solution, strong hydrophilicity, the protein belonged to the peptidases_S8_S53 superfamily protein family, the molecular mass of fusion protein was 29 kDa, protease activity was 28.4 u/mL. The experiments can lay the theoretical foundation for establish the efficient expression system of protease gene.

  Effects of Cadmium, Water Single and Combined Stress on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Arisaema heterophyllum BI leaves 2014, 30 (15):  292-297.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2660 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 541354KB )   ( 403 ) To investigate the role of Cd, water single and combined stress conditions of Arisaema heterophyllum leaves damage and antioxidant enzyme activity, under the different concentration of Cd (200, 400, 800 mmol/L) and water stress (PEG6000 simulation, the concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%) conditions, this paper studied and compared the malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) effects of antioxidant enzyme activity in Arisaema heterophyllum leaves. Results showed that in a single or combined stress condition, compared with the control, the content of MDA increased, SOD, POD, CAT showed a trend of first increased then decreased. At the same time, with the level of concentration to play an order of a factor of stress, MDA content in the composite stress showed synergistic effect, SOD, POD, CAT showed synergistic or antagonistic effect.

  Morphological Analysis of Fungus from the Traditional Fermented Soybean Paste 2014, 30 (15):  298-304.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2441 Abstract + ( 717 )   This experiment was based on traditional microbiological methods for natural mold morphology analysis of fermented bean paste, delving into the law of the molds change by natural fermentation, exploring the mold components and the dominating ones in the traditional soybean fermentation, which played a key role for the sauce fermentation. In this paper, the mold in the bean paste sample of different fermentation time were counted and separated, and identification by the slide culture method. Six representative strains were isolated from the traditional fermentation bean paste by using traditional cultivation and further to identify by fungi wet chamber culture method, determining the species status, respectively: Aspergillus oryzae, Mucedo, Absidia, Mucor racemosus, Actinomucor elegans, Aspergillus and Aspergillus oryzae became the dominating one. This study revealed the mold components in the process of the bean sauce fermentation, which would provide the basis from the traditional preparation to factory production.

  Optimization of Extraction Technology of Polysaccharide from Perilla Leaf Assisted by Microwave Technology 2014, 30 (15):  305-309.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2392 Abstract + ( 862 )   PDF ( 641541KB )   ( 624 ) The process conditions for perilla leaf polysaccharide were studied. Perilla leaf polysaccharide was extracted by microwave-assisted. The experimental factors, such as ration of solid to solvent (g/mL), microwave power, microwave time, and load were investigated. The result showed that load had remarkable influence on the extraction rate of polysaccharide; Microwave power and microwave time had significant effect on the extraction rate of polysaccharide. The optimum extraction conditions of perilla leaf polysaccharide by microwave were obtained as follow: load 10 mL, microwave time 30 s, microwave power 800 W. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of perilla leaf polysaccharide was about 3.99%. The extraction effect of perilla leaf polysaccharide was strengthened by microwave technology.

  Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Producing Protease by Immobilized Apergillus oryzae HDF-7 ping jingge 2014, 30 (15):  310-315.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2394 Abstract + ( 786 )   PDF ( 765090KB )   ( 562 ) In order to improve protease production and reduce fermentation period in the process of industrial production of bean paste, we adopt the method of the sodium alginate embedding method to immobilize Aspergilleas oryzae HDF-7, which was isolated from traditional fermented soybean as a starting strain and ascertain the best fermentation condition. Protease activity was as index, we determined that the most optimal inoculums size was 3%; the best proliferated time was 168 h; the most optimal fermented time was 24 h, it's protease activity was 18.49±0.65 U/mL. On the basis of immobilization, repeated batches of fermentation were 7 times. This study has improved the protease enzyme activity, shortened the fermentation time and increased the protease production by immobilized Apergillus oryzae HDF-7 and optimized immobilized conditions. It would settle base for the industrial production.

  Studies on Amino Acid Content of Different Near-isogenic Lines and Palatability Characteristics 2014, 30 (15):  316-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2333 Abstract + ( 660 )   PDF ( 565262KB )   ( 447 ) To explore the relationship between high quality Palatability and amino acid content and metabolize, selecting three pairs of near-isogenic lines as materials and the high quality eating variety ‘Jindao102’ as reference. The results showed that, the free amino acid content of ‘Jindao102’ was the lowest with 0.158%, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine acid also low ,which respectively were 0.210%, 0.014% and 0.006%.The results suggested that glutamic oxalacetic transferase activity was low. So the low level of metabolism might be the reason resulted in high quality eating varieties had low yield relatively. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine acid content of SC-TN1 and ‘Nonglin29’ had no significant difference but in phenylalanine content. The three near-isogenic lines of ‘Xiaozhan95’ included 4-4, 2-41 and 2-42, which had differences in total amino acid content and glutamate acid content. Zu 2-41and Zu 2-42 derived from Nipponbare near-isogenic lines had great differences in total amino acid, aspartic acid and glutamic acid content compared with Nipponbare, indicating that they had some differences in eating quality. Major determinants of rice eating quality were amylose and protein content, meanwhile free amino acid content also had a certain relationship with eating quality.