Abstract: Wild populations of Neosalanx taihuensis were sampled from nature waters of Luhun Reservoir in Henan Province. The capture was conducted in October 2009. The muscle nutritional composition of Neosalanx taihuensis from Luhun Reservoir was measured by conventional biochemistry. As a result, crude protein and crude fat of dry muscles were 84.73% and 3.23%.The composition of amino acids of muscle was 18 common amino acids and 8 essential amino acids for human needs. In dry sample the total content of amino acids was 71.65%; the content of essential amino acids was 30.62%. According to the amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS), the first limiting amino acid of Neosalanx taihuensis was Trp, the second was Val. and the essential amino acid index(EAAI) was 47.79.In dry sample the content of four kinds delicious amino acids was 24.40%. The composition of fatty acids of muscle was 13 fatty acids, The contents of EPA and DHA in fatty acids were 10.21% and 2.68%, which were higher than some other economic fishes. It was indicated that Neosalanx taihuensis is one of freshwater fishes with better nutritive value and raising value, deserving exploitation and utilization.