Soil-hydrological Effects of Physical Crusts in Arid Desert Region

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110022

Abstract

Abstract: In the arid desert region, soil physical crust exists widely and has important ecological significance for maintaining the balance of ecosystem. The author summarized the classification, formation and influencing factors of physical crust, discussed the research trends on the effects of physical crusts on soil rainfall infiltration, evaporation, direct surface runoff, soil development and microbial growth and so on at home and abroad, investigated the relationship between physical crust and biological crust, pointed out research expectation of physical crust. The author suggested: in the east part of Hexi Corridor, clay barriers and Haloxylon ammodendron acted as sand fixing afforestation. This mode led to physical crust extensively developed under the raindrop erosion. The crust reduced the water penetration, increased direct surface runoff, which resulted in deep soil drought and degeneration of artificial Haloxylon ammodendron and the reduction of deep soil moisture, it led to desert zone eco-hydrology process and vegetation pattern evolution. This study has significance in restoration of degraded vegetation and hydrological cycle of soil moisture in arid desert area.

References

[1]李守中, 肖洪浪, 宋耀选, 等. 腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用[J]. 中国沙漠, 2002, 22(6): 612-616.
[2]肖洪浪．中国水情[M]．北京：开明出版社.2000.213-223
[3]Eldridge D J，Greene R S B．Microbiotic soil crusts-a review of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia[J]．Soil Research，1994，32(3): 389-415．
[4]Pierre A.R.,T.A.Lumpkin.1988.Microalgae of the LanZhou(China)cryptogamic crust.Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation2:145-155.
[5]蔡强国，陆兆熊．黄土发育表土结皮过程和微结构分析的试验研究[J]．应用基础与工程科学学报，1996，4(4): 363-370．
[6]唐泽军, 雷廷武, 张晴雯, 等. 雨滴溅蚀和结皮效应对土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2004, 41(4): 632-635.
[7]Le Bissonnais Y，Bruand A，Jamagne M．Laboratory experimental study o f soil crusting： Relation between aggregates breakdown and crust structure [ J ] . Catena , 1989, 16: 377 -392．
[8]Singer M J，Skujin? J．Physical properties of arid region soils[J]．Semiarid Lands And Deserts: Soil Resource And Reclamation，1991: 81-89．
[9]Shainberg I．Response of soils to sodic and saline conditions[J]． California. University, Berkeley. Division of Agricultural Sciences. Hilgardia，1984，52．
[10]Bradford J . M， J . E. Ferris，and P . A. Remley．Interill soil erosion processes I Effect of surface sealing on infiltration, runoff, and soil splash detachment[ J ]. Soil Sci, 1987, 51: 1566- 1577．
[11]Mcintyre D S．Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact[J]．Soil science，1958，85(4): 185-189．
[12]Onofiok O, Singer M J．Scanning electron microscope studies of surface crusts formed by simulated rainfall[J]．Soil Science Society of America Journal，1984，48(5): 1137-1143．
[13]Agassi M, Morin J, Shainberg I．Effect of raindrop impact energy and water salinity on infiltration rates of sodic soils[J]．Soil Science Society of Americ Journal，1985，49(1): 186-190．
[14]吴发启，赵西宁，崔卫芳．坡耕地耕作管理措施对降雨入渗的影响[J]．水土保持学报，2003，17(3): 115-117．
[15]蔡强国, 陆兆熊, 王贵平. 黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型[J]. 地理学报, 1996, 51(2): 108-117.
[16]凌裕泉，屈建军，胡玫．沙面结皮形成与微环境变化[J]．应用生态学报，1993，4(4): 393-398．
[17]段争虎, 刘新民. 沙坡头地区土壤结皮形成机理的研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 1996, 13(2): 31-36.
[18]方海燕, 屈建军, 俎瑞平, 等. 防沙工程的结皮效应研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19(2): 17-20.
[19]Agassi M, Shainberg I, Morin J．Effect of electrolyte concentration and soil sodicity on infiltration rate and crust formation[J]．Soil Science Society of America Journal，1981， 45(5): 848-851．
[20]Zhongshan JIANG, Zhi LIU. Effect of natural raindrop impact on loess crust,infiltration ,and erosion in proceedings of the 4th intermational symposium on river sedimentation[M]1989:China ocean press;1989.p.74-81.
[21]Tackett J L，Pearson R W．Some characteristics of soil crusts formed by simulated rainfall[J]．Soil Science，1965，99(6): 407-413．
[22]Farres P．The role of time and aggregate size in the crusting process[J]．Earth Surface Processes，1978，3(3): 243-254．
[23]李晓丽, 申向东. 结皮土壤的抗风蚀性分析[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2006，20(2): 203-207．
[24]陈小红, 段争虎. 我国干旱沙漠地区不同类型土壤结皮的理化性质研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2008, 22(9): 530-534.
[25]GIFFORD G F. Infiltration rate and sediment production trends on a plowed big sagebrush site[J]．Journal of Range Management，1972: 53-55．
[26]Clair L L S, Johansen J R．Introduction to the symposium on soil crust communities [J]．Western North American Naturalist, 1993, 53(1): 1-4.
[27]Loope W L, Gifford G F．Influence of a soil microfloral crust on select properties of soils under pinyon-juniper in southeastern Utah [J]．Journal of Soil and Water Conservation，1972，27(4): 164-167．
[28]DULEY F L．Surface factors affecting the rate of intake of water by soils[C]//Soil Sci.．Soc．Am．Proc．1939， 4: 60-64．
[29]Mcintyre D S．Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact[J]．Soil science，1958，85(4): 185-189．
[30]Moore D C，Singer M J．Crust formation effects on soil erosion processes[J]．Soil Science Society of America Journal，1990，54(4): 1117-1123．
[31]贾玉奎. 粘土沙障滞留水分下渗的作用及其对植物生长的影响[J]. 内蒙古林业科技, 1992 (3): 16-20.
[32]徐先英．2008．石羊河下游绿洲荒漠过渡带典型固沙植被生态水文效应研究[D]．北京林业大学．
[33]程琴娟, 蔡强国, 李家永. 表土结皮发育过程及其侵蚀响应研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2005, 24(4): 114-122.
[34]付广军, 廖超英,孙长忠. 毛乌素沙地土壤结皮对水分运动的影响[J]. 西北农林学报，2010,25（1）：7-10．
[35]吕贻忠, 杨佩国. 荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2004, 18(2): 76-79.
[36]李守中, 肖洪浪, 宋耀选, 等. 腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用[J]. 中国沙漠, 2002, 22(6): 612-616.
[37]陈荷生. 沙坡头地区生物结皮的水文物理特点及其环境意义[J]. 干旱区研究, 1992, 9(1): 31-38.
[38]刘立超, 李守中, 宋耀选, 等. 沙坡头人工植被区微生物结皮对地表蒸发影响的试验研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(2): 191-195.
[39]周丽芳. 微生物结皮层对地表蒸发过程影响的机理研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2010 (1): 208-213.
[40]闫德仁，薛英英，刘果厚．库布齐沙漠生物结皮层土壤理化特性的研究[J]．土壤, 2008, 40(1): 145-148．
[41]肖笃志，胡玉昆．准噶尔盆地莫索湾龟裂地径流的研究[J]．干旱区研究，1989，（3）：31-36．
[42]王旭虎．2013．石羊河下游民勤绿洲—荒漠过渡带微区水文过程研究[D]．甘肃农业大学．
[43]马全林, 王继和, 朱淑娟. 降水, 土壤水分和结皮对人工梭梭 (Haloxylon ammodendron) 林的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(12): 5057-5067.
[44]雷志栋，杨诗秀，谢森传。土壤水动力学[M]．清华大学出版社，1988．
[45]刘新平，张铜会，赵哈林，等．流动沙丘干沙层厚度对土壤水分蒸发的影响[J]．干旱区地理，2006，29(4): 523-526．
[46]Su Y Z，Zhao H L，Li Y L，et al． Influencing mechanisms of several shrubs on soil chemical properties in semiarid Horqin Sandy Land，China．Arid Land Research and Management，2004，18: 251 263
[47]贾宝全，张红旗，张志强，等．甘肃省民勤沙区土壤结皮理化性质研究[J]．生态学报， 2003，23(7): 1442-1448．
[48]赵哈林．沙漠生态学[M].北京：科学出版社，2012:345-353.
[49]陈兰周，刘永定．荒漠藻类及其结皮的研究[J]．中国科学基金，2003，17(2): 90-93．