Abstract: The purpose of the study of People’s Commune agricultural land property right system is to analyze the reasons of the long existence of the system of People’s Commune, and to provide inspiration and experience for economic system reform of countryside in the new period. On the basis of relevant documents and literature, by the means of quantitative and standard analysis, the paper discusses the evolution and features of People’s Commune agricultural land property system, the reasons for the change , system defects and the effects. The study shows that in the period of People’s Commune, the land property right was seriously fragmentary, there was no system for stimulation, and the expense of such management was high. The system was in the state of unbalance at the very beginning of practice, only kept by the main ideology of the country and the enforcement beyond economy, so that the efficiency was low. After the reform and open door policy was adopted, the restriction to politics and ideology of China become loose, acquiring great benefits outside of the People’s Commune propelled the innovation of agricultural land property right system.