Current issue

• 2026 Vol.42 No.8 Published:25 April 2026

  Research Progress on Genetic Improvement of Temperate Maize Utilizing Tropical Maize Germplasm LIU Qiangli, AO Man, GUAN Yixin, HAN Ke, CHEN Song, CHEN Xin, BAI Yumei, CHEN Zhiyuan, CUI Zhenhai 2026, 42 (8):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0753 Abstract + ( 103 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1794KB )   ( 30 ) Maize breeding in temperate regions of China is confronted with problems including a narrow germplasm base, insufficient genetic diversity, and increasingly severe diseases and insect pests. In contrast, tropical maize germplasm has become an important resource for broadening the genetic basis of temperate germplasm, owing to its abundant genetic diversity, strong stress resistance, and significant heterosis when crossed with temperate germplasm. However, the photothermal sensitivity of tropical maize germplasm limits its direct use in temperate regions. This review systematically summarizes the breeding value of tropical maize germplasm, including its genetic diversity, heterosis and multi-stress resistance (e.g., to disease and insect resistance, drought tolerance, and high-temperature tolerance, etc.). It summarizes the history of introducing and utilizing tropical germplasm such as 'Suwan' and 'Tuxpeno' in China, and elaborates the improvement and utilization of 'P-group' germplasm, a successful case of tropical-temperate germplasm integration. Finally, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of photothermal responses in maize flowering regulation, we highlight the core role of the florigen gene ZCN8 in the photoperiod pathway, and discuss the potential effects of temperature sensitivity on flowering time. Given that the specific interaction mechanisms underlying the coordinated regulation of maize flowering by photoperiod and temperature signals remain unclear, this review prospects that in-depth dissection through multi-omics and genetic interaction technologies is urgently needed, which will provide more precise theoretical support for the genetic improvement of temperate maize driven by tropical germplasm.

  Experimental Study on Yield Impact of Potato Planting Density Under Double Ridge Full Film Furrow Sowing in Arid Area of Ningxia XU Yudong, LI Haiyang, YANG Jianming, WANG Guifang, WEI Gaigai 2026, 42 (8):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0969 Abstract + ( 86 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1227KB )   ( 24 ) To clarify the optimal planting density of potato in Tongxin County, Ningxia under the double ridge full film mulching and furrow sowing technology, and improve the water-saving and high-yield cultivation level of potato in arid areas, this study set five treatments with gradient densities from 2.25 to 5.25 plants/m2, systematically explored the regulatory effects of planting density on the growth period, agronomic traits and yield of potato, and analyzed the density adaptation law combined with the meteorological characteristics during the test period in the southern mountainous area of Ningxia. The results showed that planting density had no significant effect on the early vegetative growth process of potato, but significantly regulated the reproductive growth stage. The growth period was prolonged under Treatment 1 (2.25 plants/m2), and maturity was advanced under Treatment 5 (5.25 plants/m2); with the increase of density, the number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant and the rate of large and medium-sized tubers showed an extremely significant downward trend (P<0.001), while the yield showed a "first increase and then decrease" characteristic. Among them, 3.00 plants/m2 was the optimal density, with a plot yield of 86.44 kg and a converted yield of 16379.40 kg/hm2. Meteorological adaptability analysis showed that precipitation was the core influencing factor for density regulation. The optimal density was 3.00 plants/m2 in normal, wet and slightly dry years, and needed to be reduced to 2.25 plants/m2 in extreme dry years; the planting density of potato in the southern mountainous area of Ningxia could be gradually adapted from 3.00 plants/m2 to 3.75 plants/m2 along the "north-central-south" precipitation gradient. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the rational close planting of potato in Tongxin County and similar arid areas, and also an important reference for the integration and optimization of water-saving and high-yield cultivation technologies of potato in the southern mountainous area of Ningxia.

  New Dual-purpose Sweet Potato Variety 'Funingshu NO.24' with Multi-resistance: Screening and Virus-free Seedling Breeding JIANG Yuanbin 2026, 42 (8):  17-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0687 Abstract + ( 77 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1283KB )   ( 14 ) The aim is to breed a new dual-purpose type sweet potato variety with multi-resistance, and provide good variety support for the vigorous development of sweet potato industry in Fujian Province. 'Funingshu NO.24' is a new sweet potato variety with high yield, disease resistance and wide adaptability, which was bred by sexual hybridization of 'Fushu No.24' as female parent and 'Rongzi No.2'as male parent, and through years of multi-point comparison, regional testing, and comprehensive evaluation. The results of the regional tests in Fujian Province in 2017 and 2019 indicate that the average yield of fresh sweet potato was 31853.7 kg/hm2, 6.28% higher than that of the control 'Guangshu 87', the average yield of dried sweet potato was 9288.75 kg/hm2, 3.90% higher than that of the control, and the average yield of starch was 5614.05kg/hm2, 5.25% higher than that of the control. 'Funingshu NO.24' has the characteristics of high yield, stable yield, good eating quality, resistance to vine cutting disease, moderate resistance to stem nematode disease and root rot disease. In 2023, it passed the National Non-major Crop Variety Registration, and obtained the certificate of variety right protection in 2024. This paper mainly introduces the breeding process, characteristics, quality, yield, disease resistance analysis and virus-free seedling breeding technology of 'Funingshu NO.24', which provides a reference for the popularization and application of this variety.

  Effects of Bolting Yield on Yield of Vegetable and Oilseed Dual Purpose Rape YANG Jiaqun, WANG Xianghua, ZHOU Zhihua, HU Bing, REN Tao, LU Jianwei 2026, 42 (8):  23-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0551 Abstract + ( 83 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1543KB )   ( 17 ) This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bolting yield and seed yield in vegetable and oilseed dual purpose rape, determine the optimal bolting harvest level, and establish efficient agronomic practices for dual purpose rape. Field experiments were conducted during 2024-2025 in Wuxue City and Shayang County, Hubei Province. A gradient control method was used, with 11 treatments of bolting yield levels ranging from 0 (no bolting yield) to 7.50 t/hm2. The response patterns of key indicators were analyzed, including bolting biomass, seed yield, harvest index, and seed yield components. The results showed that seed yield initially increased slightly but subsequently declined continuously with increasing bolting yield. When the bolting yield was 0.75 t/hm2, seed yields peaked at 3269 kg/hm2 in Wuxue and 3095 kg/hm2 in Shayang, which were increased by 5.3% and 3.8%, respectively, compared to the non-harvested control. However, when bolting yield exceeded 4.50 t/hm2, seed yields decreased by 13.8%-43.9% in Wuxue and 11.3%-43.5% in Shayang compared to the control. The primary reason was a reduction in pods per plant which decreased by an average of 35.7% and 34.3% at the two sites, respectively. Yield component analysis revealed that pods per plant was the dominant factor influencing seed yield, with relative contribution rates of 46.3% (Wuxue) and 42.9% (Shayang), followed by plant density (24.8% and 31.3%) and seeds per pod (20.2% and 16.2%), while 1000-seed weight had minimal impact. Quadratic regression models between bolting yield and seed yield identified two critical thresholds: a yield-neutral bolting yield threshold (1.76 t/hm2 for Wuxue and 2.18 t/hm2 for Shayang), below which seed yield remained unaffected, and an economically optimal threshold (4.02 t/hm2 for Wuxue and 4.27 t/hm2 for Shayang) that balanced economic benefits with seed yield (achieving 90% of non-harvested yield). These findings suggest that a bolting yield of approximately 2 t/hm2 maximizes dual-purpose productivity without compromising seed yield, and bolting yield should be controlled below 4t/hm2 to balance economic returns and seed production. Field practices should select appropriate bolting yields based on targeted seed yield goals and economic priorities.

  Study on Responses of Yield and Quality of Angelica sinensis In Yunnan Province to Altitude and Climatic Factors MA Yongpeng, LIU Yuanjian, LONG Yunxing, QUAN Shenchun, YUE Kai, GAO Chaowen, PAN Zengrong, WANG Xi 2026, 42 (8):  30-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0619 Abstract + ( 82 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1978KB )   ( 448 ) By investigating the effects of different altitudes and climatic factors on the yield and quality of Angelica sinensis in Yunnan province, this study provides a scientific basis for the precise selection of cultivation areas for A. sinensis in Zhaotong City. Using A. sinensis seedlings as experimental materials, three experimental bases with distinct geographical and climatic environments were established. After transplantation and harvesting, the influences of altitude, temperature, precipitation, and light on yield and the content of extract, volatile oil, ferulic acid were analyzed. The results showed that within the ecological regions suitable for cultivating A. sinensis in Zhaotong City, altitude and precipitation showed significant positive correlations with yield and the content of extract, volatile oil, ferulic acid, while temperature exhibited significant negative correlations with those indexes. Light had significant negative correlations with yield and extract content but showed no significant correlations with the content of volatile oil and ferulic acid. Principal component analysis revealed that the comprehensive yield and quality ranking from high to low was: S3 > S2 > S1. OPLS and variable importance in projection analysis indicated that the comprehensive yield and quality was significantly negatively correlated with temperature, significantly positively correlated with altitude and precipitation, and weakly negatively correlated with light. The influence intensity of environmental factors on the comprehensive yield and quality was: temperature > altitude > precipitation > light, with temperature and altitude being the dominant factors. In conclusion, the altitude and climatic factors in different regions of Zhaotong City have a significant impact on the yield and quality of A. sinensis. The higher altitude areas in the northern and central parts of Zhaotong City are more suitable for the production of A. sinensis, while in the southern part, higher altitude areas should be selected with attention to drought management and sun shading.

  Preliminary Molecular Characterization and Allelic Profiling of Blast Resistance Genes in 93 Core Parental Lines of Oryza sativa L YU Linchuang, CHEN Qingming, LU Yun, SHEN Guanwang, QI Yuliang, FU Ding, YU Xinchun, CHANG Xingyuan, SHEN Guanghui 2026, 42 (8):  38-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0514 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1471KB )   ( 4 ) In order to clarify the distribution of core resistance sources and excellent gene combinations, aiming at the problems of unclear background of rice blast resistance genes and lack of accurate basis for resistance breeding of rice backbone parents，this study selected 93 stable and adaptive indica rice lines to analyze the distribution characteristics of blast resistance genes in core indica rice parents from the southern rice-growing region of Henan Province using molecular marker techniques. Specific molecular markers for five resistance genes, pi2, pita, pi5, pia, and pigm were employed. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the SDS micro-extraction method, and samples were systematically identified through agarose gel electrophoresis. Results showed that among the 93 samples, pia exhibited the highest frequency at 66.67%, followed by pita at 59.14%. The frequencies of pi2 and pigm were the lowest and equal at 33.33%. Regarding the number of resistance genes, the highest proportion (36 samples, 38.71%) carried two resistance genes, followed by 25 samples (26.88%) harboring three resistance genes. Only two samples lacked any resistance genes. Among resistance gene combinations, the pia+pita combination was most prevalent (22 samples, 23.66%), followed by pia+pita+pi5 (11 samples). The least frequent combinations (2 samples) were distributed across the range of 0-4 resistance genes. In conclusion, pia, pita and pi5 were the dominant resistant sources in the southern Henan rice area, and the double gene polymerization was the main type. The selected multi-gene polymerization materials could be directly used for disease resistance breeding. This study provides accurate resistance source information and theoretical support for local rice broad-spectrum and long-lasting rice blast resistance breeding. Subsequently, phenotypic verification and gene pyramiding breeding can be carried out in combination with pathogen race monitoring.

  Physiological Mechanism of Seed Coating Agent in Promoting Peanut Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Under Low Temperature BI Yanliang, QI Shihan, LI Qiongwei, ZOU Xiaoxia, SI Tong 2026, 42 (8):  44-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0553 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2199KB )   ( 11 ) This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanisms by which seed coating agent alleviate low temperature sowing obstacles in spring peanut of Northern China, thereby ensuring normal germination and seedling establishment. Using the peanut cultivar 'Jihua 25' as the material, three temperature treatments were composed: 25℃ (control), 10℃ (mild stress), and 8℃ (moderate stress). Seeds were treated with either seed coating agent or distilled water (soaking). Observations were conducted at both germination and seedling stages to systematically compare the effects on seed germination, seedling growth, root morphology, photosynthetic fluorescence, membrane stability and antioxidant enzyme activity. The results showed that seed coating agent increased the germination potential by 98.92% at 8℃ and the germination rate by 11.26% at 10℃. At 8℃, seed coating agent increased the total root length, root surface area, plant height, and dry weight of the seedlings by 14.78%, 23.23%, 32.59%, and 12.91%, respectively; at 10℃, the total root length and dry weight of the seedlings were increased by 11.13% and 16.10%, respectively. Under low temperature stress, seed coating agent significantly increased the Fv/Fm (8℃: +2.50%; 10℃: +1.23%) and ΦPSII (8℃: +15.38%; 10℃: +5.16%), reduced NPQ (8℃: -24.12%; 10℃: -21.32%), and dramatically enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate while decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration of functional leaves. Moreover, seed coating agent reduced the malondialdehyde content and relative electrical conductivity while increased the relative water content and activities of antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, CAT) of functional leaves. In summary, seed coating agent effectively alleviated peanut low temperature stress by promoting seed germination and improving root morphology. Additionally, seed coating agent also increased photosynthetic rate, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and maintained plasma membrane integrity of functional leaves. Particularly, the promotion effect of seed coating agent on seed germination was more pronounced at 8℃ whereas its stimulatory effect on biomass accumulation was more pronounced at 10℃. This study provides theoretical and technical support for low-temperature-resistant and stable-yield cultivation of spring peanut in Northern China.

  Root Response Mechanism of Exogenous EBR Regulating Drought Resistance in Soybean Seedlings XU Fenfen, HAN Jinduo 2026, 42 (8):  53-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0512 Abstract + ( 71 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1477KB )   ( 7 ) To explore the effects of exogenous 2,4-Epibrassinolide (EBR) on root morphology and physiology of soybean seedlings under the drought stress, using ' Liaoxian No.1' as the material, the effects of 0.5-2.0 mg/L EBR treatment on root morphology, protective enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species accumulation, bleeding intensity and endogenous hormones (ABA, CTK ) of soybean seedlings under drought stress were studied by using pot water control method. The results showed that compared with CK, the drought stress treatment extremely significantly reduced the main root length, root surface area, root volume, main root diameter and root dry weight of soybean seedlings (P<0.01). Foliar spraying of 1.0-1.5 mg/L EBR could significantly alleviate the inhibition of root growth of soybean seedlings by drought stress. Among them, the main root length, root surface area, root volume, main root diameter and root dry weight of soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 mg/L EBR increased by 46.6%, 30.6%, 34.9%, 43.8% and 40.0% respectively. And all the above indicators were significantly higher than those of simple drought stress treatment. Foliar spraying 0.5-1.5 mg/L EBR significantly increased the activities of protective enzymes such as superoxidedismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the root tips of soybean seedlings under drought stress (P<0.01), and significantly reduced the superoxide anion radical (O2-·) production rate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in the root tips of soybean seedlings under drought stress (P<0.01), reduced the ABA content in the root wound fluid to varying degrees, and increased the CTK content and root bleeding intensity. Soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 mg/L EBR had the highest protective enzyme activity in the root tip, bleeding intensity and CTK content, while the O2-· production rate, H2O2 content and ABA content were the lowest. Compared with the simple drought treatment, the SOD activity, POD activity and CAT activity in the root tips of soybean seedlings treated with 1.0 mg/L EBR increased by 14.0%, 17.2% and 50.6% respectively, the O2-· roduction rate and H2O2 content decreased by 33.0% and 17.8% respectively. Therefore, exogenous EBR alleviated the soybean drought stress by enhancing the root bleeding intensity and root tip protection enzyme activities of soybean seedlings under drought stress, increasing the CTK content, reducing the ABA content and inhibiting the active oxygen accumulation. Treatment with 1.0 mg/L EBR had the best effects on inducing drought resistance in soybean seedlings.

  Response of Mucilaginous and Non-mucilage Artemisia ordosica Seed Germination to Salt Stress ZHAO Qianyun, LI Delu, WANG Fei, LI Ya 2026, 42 (8):  60-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0597 Abstract + ( 71 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1336KB )   ( 194 ) The study aims to clarify the germination protective effect of mucilage of Artemisia ordosica seed on salt stress and to reveal the salt tolerance characteristics of mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds during the germination stage, providing a basis for artificial sand-fixing afforestation in salinized habitats. Taking mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds of Artemisia ordosica as test materials, seeds were treated with NaCl solutions at different concentrations (0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%), and indicators such as germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and seedling length were measured, the salt tolerance characteristics of mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds during the germination period were analyzed. The results indicate that: as the concentration of NaCl solution increases, the germination rates of both mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds of Artemisia ordosica show a decreasing trend. When the NaCl concentration ranged from 0% to 0.6%, the germination rate of mucilaginous seeds was significantly higher than that of non-mucilage seeds (P<0.05). However, at concentrations between 0.8% and 1.0%, the difference between the two was not significant (P>0.05). Under the control treatment, there was no significant difference in the germination index between mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds (P>0.05). As the salt concentration increased, the germination index gradually decreased. Within the NaCl concentration range of 0% to 0.6%, the germination index of mucilaginous seeds showed significant differences (P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed between concentrations of 0.8% and 1.0% (P>0.05). The germination index of non-mucilage seeds reached highest under the control condition and significantly decreased when the NaCl concentration reached 0.4%. Within the NaCl concentration range of 0% to 0.4%, the germination index of mucilaginous Artemisia ordosica seeds was significantly higher than that of non-mucilage seeds (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between the two within the 0.6% to 1.0% concentration range (P>0.05). The plumule length of mucilaginous seeds showed no significant difference between the control group and the 0.2% NaCl treatment (P>0.05), but it was significantly higher than that observed under the 0.4% to 1.0% NaCl treatments (P<0.05). Under low-concentration conditions, the relative of salt damage rate was relatively low, and the relative salt damage rate of mucilaginous seeds was lower than that of non-mucilage seeds. High concentrations of salt had a significant adverse effect on seed germination, with no notable difference in salt damage between mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds (P>0.05). In summary, under low-concentration NaCl stress conditions (0-0.6%), salt tolerance of mucilaginous seeds is stronger than non-mucilage seeds. Under high-concentration NaCl stress (0.6%-0.8%), there is no significant difference between mucilaginous and non-mucilage seeds. This also indicates that the salt tolerance of Artemisia ordosica seeds during the germination period is relatively weak, while salt tolerance of mucilaginous seeds is slightly stronger than non-mucilage seeds during this stage. This study offers a theoretical foundation for the cultivation and afforestation of Artemisia ordosica in salinized sandy areas and further research may focus on the effects of mixed salt stress and the regulatory mechanisms of mucilage.

  Sequence Characteristics, Codon Bias, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chloroplast Genome of Ilex asprella (Hook.et Arn.) Champ. ex Benth HONG Senrong, ZHANG Zhiyao, MIN Lingrui, DU Jingyi, ADILE Wumar, HE Lingting, HARIMILLAN Ahemaiti, WU Lijuan, HU Liexin 2026, 42 (8):  67-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0638 Abstract + ( 83 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 3363KB )   ( 13 ) In order to understand the sequence characteristics, codon usage preferences, and phylogenetic relationships of the chloroplast genome of Ilex asprella (Hook.et Arn.) Champ.ex Benth, the leaves of wild Ilex asprella (Hook.et Arn.) Champ.ex Benth from Guangxin District, Shangrao were used as materials. The DNBSEQ-T7 BGI gene sequencer was used to sequence, assemble, annotate, and analyze the chloroplast genome of Ilex asprella (Hook.et Arn.) Champ.ex Benth, and bioinformatics analysis software was used to analyze its codon usage preferences and species relationships. The results showed that the chloroplast genome size of Ilex asprella was 157871 bp, with an average GC content of 37.62%. It had a four zone circular structure consisting of one LSC, one SSC, and two IRs. The chloroplast genome of Ilex asprella was annotated with a total of 136 genes, including 91 CDS genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. A total of 56 SSRs (including only 53 A/T single nucleotide repeats, 2 AT/AT dinucleotide repeats, and 1 AAT/ATT trinucleotide repeat) and 43 Longrepeats (including only 22 forward repeats and 21 palindromic repeats) were detected in the chloroplast genome of Ilex asprella. The chloroplast genome boundaries of Ilex asprella were highly conserved, with small differences in gene location and boundaries, and 10 highly variable regions (rps16_trnQ-UUG, trnS-UGA, trnS-UGA_lhbA, lhbA, ycf4_cemA, petD, rpl32_trnL-UAG, ndhD, ndhD_psaC, psaC); The codon usage bias of the chloroplast genome in Ilex asprella was relatively weak, mainly influenced by natural selection, followed by internal mutation pressure. The chloroplast genes of Ilex asprella had five optimal codons (UAA, GUA, CGU, CUU, and UCA), all ending in U or A. The genetic relationship between Ilex asprella and Ilex asprella OP104164 was relatively close. A high-quality chloroplast genome of Ilex asprella (Hook.et Arn.) Champ. ex BenthWe had been successfully assembled, obtaining the sequence structure, sequence characteristics, and codon usage preference information of its chloroplast genome, which laying the foundation for the identification, evolution, and phylogenetic research of medicinal plants in the genus Ilex.

  Crop Stay-green Trait: Research Progress and Breeding Trends GAO Licong, FENG Guojun, LIU Dajun, YANG Xiaoxu, ZHANG Taifeng, LIU Chang 2026, 42 (8):  77-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0575 Abstract + ( 66 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1893KB )   ( 12 ) The stay-green traits play an important role in delaying the aging of plants, improving effective photosynthetic efficiency and increasing crop yields; it has considerable application value in enhancing crop stress resistance and reducing fertilizer application. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the advantages and breeding potential of the stay-green trait in crops, this paper systematically reviews the current research progress on the stay-green trait from three aspects: physiological mechanism, molecular regulatory network, and breeding trend. At the physiological level, it explains that this trait stabilizes chlorophyll content, maintains photosystem activity, improves crop yields by extending the grouting period and increasing the accumulation of carbon-assimilating substances; at the level of molecular regulatory network interaction, summarized the localization and hormone signal crosstalk of key target genes (e.g., transcription factors including NAC, WRKY, and GLK), which co-regulate the senescence process and stay-green phenotype. At the breeding trend level, the stay-green trait has been widely adopted for improvements in multi-trait integration, high-efficiency nitrogen utilization, drought resistance and stress tolerance. At present, there are still some problems in the research, such as unstable QTL environment, unclear balance mechanism of stay-green and nutrient remobilization, and excessive stay-green affecting quality. In the future, we should focus on the analysis of core gene regulatory network, balance “delaying aging” and “nutritional remobilization”, and cultivate high-yield, high-quality, and suitable for mechanized production through multi-trait collaborative improvement.

  Analysis of Volatile Oil Content and Chemical Composition of 14 Excellent Clones of Illicium verum YANG Zhuoying, ZENG Xiangyan, HUANG Kaishun, FU Jun, CHEN Jinyan, HUANG Caizhi 2026, 42 (8):  84-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0384 Abstract + ( 85 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1418KB )   ( 8 ) In order to screen high volatile oil, high shikimic acid, high estragole and other special type of Illicium verum excellent germplasm and provide a basis for resource exploitation and varietal breeding of Illicium verum, fresh leaves and dried fruits were collected from 14 excellent clones plant (HL1-HL14) of Illicium verum from the same production area. Volatile oil content in leaves and fruits was determined by steam distillation, shikimic acid content was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and volatile oil components were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate the samples. The results indicated that the leaf oil content ranged from 0.2 to 0.69 mL/100g of excellent 14 clones, while the dried fruit oil content varied from 6.3 to 12.8 mL/100g, all up to the selection criterion of 6%. Clone HL9 exhibited the highest fruit oil content at 12.8 mL/100g. The shikimic acid content in dried fruits of HL4, HL6, and HL14 exceeded 9.0%. HL10 showed the highest estragole content at 0.71%. Considerable variation was observed among clones in terms of volatile oil content, shikimic acid content, and chemical composition. PCA-based comprehensive ranking of the 14 clones in descending order was: HL9, HL13, HL10, HL14, HL8, HL11, HL7, HL2, HL3, HL12, HL4, HL1, HL6, and HL5. Clones with higher composite scores include HL9, HL13, HL10, and HL14, which are recommended for selective cultivation. Among these, HL9 (highest fruit volatile oil content), HL10 (highest estragole content), HL14 (highest shikimic acid content), and HL3 (highest leaf volatile oil content) possess specific utilizable traits and can be targeted for production applications.

  Classification of Comprehensive Climatic Index for Cold and Freezing Injury of Passion Fruit in Fujian Province XIE Wenlong 2026, 42 (8):  90-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0430 Abstract + ( 71 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1363KB )   ( 6 ) Based on the meteorological data of Fujian Province from 1991 to 2020 and the investigation of the cold and freezing injury of passion fruit, this study determined four disaster-inducing factors of the cold and freezing injury of passion fruit with 2.5 °C as the critical temperature: the extreme minimum temperature during the cold process (X1), the duration of temperatures ≤2.5°C (X2), the harmful cold accumulation of temperatures ≤2.5℃ during the cold process (X3), and the temperature drop amplitude when temperatures are ≤2.5℃ (X4). These four factors were demonstrated to be representative in Fujian Province. After normalizing the data sequences of these factors, we applied principal component analysis to comprehensively simplify the four variables, thus constructing a comprehensive climate index for evaluating passion fruit cold damage. Using the natural breaks classification method, the index was divided into four severity levels: mild (-0.36≤W<-0.23), moderate (-0.23≤W<-0.08), severe (-0.08≤W<0.06), and extremely severe (W≥0.06). Climate data from Shaowu City were used for validation to confirm that the comprehensive climate index was consistent with actual damage observations. The research results provide practical reference value for agricultural production departments to conduct rapid disaster assessment, formulate disaster prevention and mitigation strategies, and carry out refined risk zoning.

  Effects of One-time Basal Application of a Newly Formulated Controlled-release Blended Urea on Traits, Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Nanjing 46') LU Ping, CHEN Yujia, WANG Zhanfu, ZHANG Yiming, JIANG Hangfeng, WANG Chaofan, ZHANG Rong, QIU Hanying 2026, 42 (8):  95-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0093 Abstract + ( 87 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1519KB )   ( 15 ) Based on the characteristics of controlled-release urea (CRU) and the nutrient uptake patterns of single-cropping late rice, this study developed a novel blended CRU formulation by optimizing the mixing ratio and release period of CRU and conventional urea (U), and investigated the feasibility of its one-time basal application as a substitute for conventional split fertilization. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for achieving high yield, cost reduction, and enhancing efficiency in rice cultivation in Jiading District. Three treatments were established: T1 (CRU:U = 75%:25% by mass, 30-day release period, one-time basal application), T2 (conventional split application of U), and T3 (no nitrogen application). Results showed that compared with T2, the T1 treatment significantly increased the SPAD value of flag leaves at flowering and milking stages by 3.56% and 17.38%, respectively, and increased panicles per unit area by 11.24%. Yield and net economic benefit were enhanced by 2.58% and 6.30%, respectively; aboveground nitrogen accumulation rose by 19.36%; while nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity were significantly improved by 28.69%, 4.03%, and 2.58%, respectively. This one-time fertilization strategy enables multi-stage nitrogen supply through a single basal application, reduces fertilization frequency and labor costs, and increases nitrogen use efficiency by 9.53% compared with T2 while maintaining stable yield. It represents an effective fertilization strategy suitable for the simplified and efficient cultivation of single-cropping late rice, demonstrating significant potential for cost reduction and efficiency improvement.

  Effect of Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency in Jiangsu Province ZHANG Jie, SHAO Wenqi, Ma Hongbo, CHEN Chuan, ZHANG Ankang, LI Chuanzhe 2026, 42 (8):  104-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0913 Abstract + ( 90 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1531KB )   ( 840 ) This study aims to clarify the yield-increasing and efficiency-improving effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields of Jiangsu Province, providing theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer application while increasing rice production in this region. A total of five treatments with respective basal dressing and top dressing were set up in the study, including ordinary urea + ordinary urea (T1), ordinary compound fertilizer + ordinary urea (T2), ordinary urea + slow-release urea (T3), slow-release urea + ordinary urea (T4), and slow-release urea + slow-release urea (T5). We examined the effects of different treatments on soil physicochemical properties, rice yield, and fertilizer utilization efficiency, using 'Nanjing 5718' as the test variety. The results indicated that applying slow-release nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the content of total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil and improved the chlorophyll content and plant height of rice, thereby improving crop yield and N fertilizer utilization efficiency. The optimal treatment was T5, which applied slow-release N fertilizer to both basal dressing and topdressing, contributing to rice yield of 9562.01 kg/hm2 and N fertilizer utilization efficiency of 45.48%. The values were 25.1% and 20.3% higher than those with only ordinary urea (T1), and 23.3% and 22.4% higher than those with compound fertilizer + ordinary urea (T2), respectively. All the results indicated that slow-release nitrogen fertilizer had significant yield-increasing and efficiency-improving potential in rice production in Jiangsu.

  Effects of Tillage Practices on Soil Physicochemical Properties, Microbial Communities and Yield of Wheat YAN Hong, CHEN Taichun, FENG Zhizhen, CHEN Zhijie, XU Jin, XU Ximei, DONG Zhen, FU Bo 2026, 42 (8):  110-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-1020 Abstract + ( 78 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 3770KB )   ( 14 ) The study aims to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of different tillage practices on soil physicochemical properties, rhizosphere microbial communities, and wheat yield in wheat fields under a wheat-maize rotation system, thereby providing a scientific basis for the regionalized and precision-oriented optimization of wheat field tillage regimes. Field experiments were conducted in Gaoling and Yanliang Districts of Xi'an, with three tillage treatments: no deep ploughing, deep ploughing combined with straw removal and deep ploughing combined with straw return. Soil physicochemical properties were determined, rhizosphere microbial community composition was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing, and wheat growth traits and yield parameters were measured. Statistical analyses were further performed to elucidate the correlations among the aforementioned variables. The results demonstrated that the no-deep-ploughing treatment significantly increased soil organic matter (Gaoling: 40.22% increase; Yanliang: 35.57% increase), total nitrogen (Gaoling: 56.70% increase; Yanliang: 32.29% increase), and available phosphorus contents in both experimental areas. In contrast, deep ploughing treatments were more conducive to elevating soil electrical conductivity and available potassium contents, with the most pronounced effect being observed in the deep-ploughing+straw-removal group in Yanliang (188.83% increase in available potassium). The impact of straw return on soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content exhibited distinct regional variations. At the phylum level, Pseudomonadota dominated the bacterial communities across all treatments, accounting for 28.78%-38.95% of the total bacterial sequences. Specifically, deep ploughing combined with straw removal enhanced bacterial richness in Gaoling (21.84% increase in the ACE index), whereas no deep ploughing maintained relatively high fungal diversity in both regions. As for the fungal communities, Ascomycota was the dominant phylum, with a relative abundance exceeding 48.99%, and the composition of dominant fungal genera showed significant regional specificity. Redundancy analysis revealed that available potassium and total nitrogen were the core edaphic factors driving the differentiation of rhizosphere microbial communities, collectively explaining 48.23% of the variation in fungal community structure. Correlation analysis indicated that soil electrical conductivity and pH were positively correlated with the relative abundance of plant-growth-promoting bacterial taxa, while soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents were positively associated with that of plant-growth-promoting fungal taxa. Moreover, deep ploughing combined with straw removal significantly improved wheat yield in both areas (Gaoling: 15.64% increase; Yanliang: 15.22% increase) and optimized key plant architecture traits. Tillage practices modulate rhizosphere microbial community structure by altering soil physicochemical properties, with available potassium and total nitrogen serving as the pivotal regulatory factors. The deep-ploughing+straw-removal treatment achieves a synergistic “soil-microbe-crop” interaction in both study regions, representing the optimal tillage regime for wheat production under the local wheat-maize rotation system. Although no deep ploughing helps retain soil nutrient reserves, it compromises wheat yield by reducing the abundance of functional microbial taxa that facilitate crop growth.

  Effects of Different Fertilization Practices on Organic Carbon and Enzyme Activity in Soil of Continuous Cropping Celery JIN Xuelan, HU Shengyuan, SHI Lin, MA Yaoyu, YANG Ting, WU Hongliang, KANG Jianhong, FENG Haiping 2026, 42 (8):  120-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0598 Abstract + ( 58 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1656KB )   ( 8 ) To study the influence of fertilization measures on the variation of soil organic carbon and enzyme activity, and to provide theoretical basis for rational application of organic fertilizer to continuous cropping celery fields in the mountainous area of southern Ningxia, field trials were conducted from 2019 to 2024 in long-term continuous cropping celery fields in Xiji, Ningxia. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four fertilization modes: i.e., no fertilizer (CK), organic fertilizer (OF), biochar (BC), and biochar + organic fertilizer dosing (BF). By measuring soil organic carbon content, active organic carbon fractions, urease activity, and sucrase activity, this study investigated the effects of fertilization practices on changes of soil organic carbon and enzyme activity. The results showed that compared with CK, BF and OF were able to significantly increase the mass fraction of clusters with >1 mm size and the mean mass diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the clusters. In >1mm and <0.25mm grain sizes, the soil organic carbon levels of BF treatment were higher than those of other treatments. In 0.25-1mm and <0.25mm grain sizes, the CPMI of OF treatment was significantly more than the other processing, which increased the CPMI by 2.39% and 21.15% compared with CK. BC treatment had the highest urease activity in all grain level agglomerates, with a significant improvement of 34.85%, 22.83% and 0.39% over CK, followed by OF treatment. The magnitude of soil sucrase activity in all grain level agglomerates showed that OF>CK>BC>BF, and OF increased by 10.51%, 10.59%, and 3.19% compared with CK. Correlation analysis results indicated that across all aggregate size fractions, soil urease activity exhibited a negative correlation with soil active organic carbon; sucrase activity showed a positive correlation with urease activity. And in the >1mm and 0.25-1mm agglomerates, the organic carbon was positively linked to soil activated organic carbon compositions, and significantly negatively linked to the activities of sucrase. In summary, the application of organic fertilizers can improve soil structure, enhance aggregate stability, increase the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and active organic carbon components in particle size fractions >1 mm and <0.25 mm, elevate the level of soil carbon pools, increase the enzyme activity of the aggregates, and improve the quality of the soil carbon pool levels, and boost aggregate enzyme activity, thereby effectively improving soil quality of continuous cropping celery fields.

  Exploration on Composting Mode of Highland Summer Vegetable Waste in Jiuquan MAI Yichen, LUO Xiaoliang, LI Hong 2026, 42 (8):  128-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0869 Abstract + ( 70 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1300KB )   ( 4 ) In Northwest China, the output of vegetable waste is large and exhibits seasonal concentration. Converting vegetable waste into organic fertilizer through composting not only achieves waste reduction but also provides nutrients for agricultural production, which is a resource utilization method with both ecological and economic benefits. Taking Jiuquan, a typical city in the arid region of Northwest China, as the research area, this study carried out research on composting of vegetable waste from highland summer vegetables. Different ratios of vegetable waste to cow manure (T1: 1:1, T2: 2:1) and a microbial agent-added treatment (T3) were set up, with vegetable waste-only composting as the control (CK). During the composting process, changes in physical properties and parameters such as odor, viscosity, decay degree, compost pile height, temperature, humidity, pH, and EC value were monitored to reveal the effects of different raw material ratios on composting parameters. The results showed that the dynamic changes of vegetable waste composting were the combined effects of microbial activity, material addition, and environmental factors. Adding an appropriate proportion of cow manure could improve composting efficiency by optimizing the carbon-nitrogen ratio and providing heat sources. The combination of microbial agents with exogenous nitrogen sources such as cow manure could accelerate compost decomposition. This study provides a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of agricultural waste in the arid regions of Northwest China. In the future, the function of microbial communities could be further analyzed to improve the composting mode in Northwest China.

  Overview of Soil Nutrient Rapid Analysis Technology and Application WANG Zhiping, SHI Yantong, NIE Qing, HU Xiaoyi, AN Shunwei, WANG Fuli, QU Mingshan, XU Jin, XIAO Ting, GAO Fei, ZHANG Chunhong 2026, 42 (8):  133-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0787 Abstract + ( 79 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 3 ) Traditional soil nutrient detection methods have problems such as high laboratory requirements, cumbersome procedures, high costs, and long cycles, resulting in poor timeliness and limited application. In order to solve the problem, the soil nutrient rapid detection methods widely used at home and abroad were sorted out. The ASI batch soil nutrient efficient rapid detection technology, the effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined extraction and analysis method of the Ministry of Agriculture Industry Standard in 2010, and the spectral soil nutrient rapid detection technology and the soil nutrient rapid detection box technology developed by South China Agricultural University were systematically compared with the traditional analysis methods. The results showed: The ASI method was suitable to batch soil nutrient rapid analysis for large quantity samples, but required expensive instruments, equipment and laboratory; the combined extraction and analysis method needed complex reagents with decreased cost, the soil nutrient rapid detection box technology were portable and simple, and could be applied to field diagnosis, these two soil nutrient rapid analysis methods still needed the help of electrophotometer or spectrophtometer. Spectrum rapid technology can obtain results quickly without destroy to soil, which is adaptable to large area of land. However, the instrument is expensive, and the accuracy of the model is significantly affected by soil type and moisture content. At present, there are still challenges in accuracy and application scope of the rapid detection technology. In the future, soil nutrient rapid detection technology will develop in the direction of miniaturization, intelligence, high-throughput and multi-parameter synchronous measurement, and expand application scenarios in combination with UAV remote sensing and other technologies. In order to improve its application value, it is urgent to establish a perfect data quality control system for rapid detection methods, construct a regional correction model based on big data and artificial intelligence, and strengthen the promotion and service of grassroots technology.

  Analysis of Land Carrying Capacity for Livestock and Poultry Manure in Xiangtan County and Calculation and Evaluation of Its Absorption Capacity TANG Xiwen, JIANG Xiaoxia, LIU Lisheng, ZHOU Xuan 2026, 42 (8):  142-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0834 Abstract + ( 78 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1372KB )   ( 11 ) To scientifically plan the layout of livestock and poultry breeding industry in Xiangtan County and promote the development of integrated planting and breeding circular agriculture, this study is conducted based on the basic data of crop farming and animal husbandry in Xiangtan County in 2021. According to the technical guidelines for calculation of land carrying capacity of livestock and poultry manure and feces, it systematically calculates the total amount of livestock and poultry manure generated in the county, the nutrient supply amount, and the land absorption capacity, and constructs a carrying capacity evaluation system. The results show that in 2021, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure generated in Xiangtan County was equivalent to 499,900 pigs, among which pigs contributed 362,400 pig equivalents, accounting for 72.49%. The excretion amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in livestock and poultry manure were 5,499,200 kg and 824,900 kg respectively, and the actual supply amounts after collection and treatment were 3,499,500 kg and 599,900 kg respectively. The 68,547 hectares of cultivated land and 115,347 hectares of crop planting area in the county can carry 2,195,800 pig equivalents, with a carrying capacity index of 0.23. The current breeding scale has not exceeded the land carrying upper limit, and there is a surplus space of 1,695,900 pig equivalents. In terms of spatial distribution, towns such as Zhonglupu Town, Yangjiagqiao Town, and Shitan Town have prominent land absorption capacity, with a potential area of 26,893 hectares for nearby returning to fields. This study clarifies the resource matching characteristics and spatial differentiation law of integrated planting and breeding in Xiangtan County, provides a scientific basis for the regulation of livestock breeding scale, the optimization of planting and breeding layout and the resource utilization of manure in the county, and also provides a reference for the manure treatment and green agricultural development of major grain and pig counties in the southern hilly plain interlaced area.

  Optimum Temperature Indicators for Sowing Period of Waxy Foxtail Millet LIANG Ping, LI Wei, WEI Bo, LONG Xianju, SHU Ziqian, XU Lian'e 2026, 42 (8):  150-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0915 Abstract + ( 84 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1394KB )   ( 8 ) The aim is to identify the optimum temperature indicators during sowing period of waxy foxtail millet that are consistent with production and meteorological forecast services. Using daily air temperature and 5 cm soil temperature data from national meteorological observation stations in core planting areas (Huangping, Shibing, Zhenyuan) from 2015-2024, the paper calculated the first occurrence dates of 12℃, 13℃, 14℃ and 15℃ thresholds using a 5-day moving average and curve method. The relationship between air temperature and shallow soil temperature was analyzed using absolute difference and correlation coefficient methods. The stability of the differences between these thresholds and the first occurrence of 5 cm soil temperature ≥15℃ was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), and the optimum air temperature indicator for sowing was selected based on minimum standard deviation and CV instead of the soil temperature indicator in production. The results showed that, in the core planting area of southeastern Guizhou, daily average 5 cm soil temperature showed a significant positive correlation with air temperature, with the strongest influence from daily average air temperature; the optimum sowing time varied annually: spring temperature warmed up early, sowing could be carried out at the end of March or the beginning of April, in years when late spring cold snaps were severe, sowing could only be done in late April; the differences between 5 cm soil temperature ≥15℃ and air temperature ≥13℃ had the smallest average and standard deviation; the CV of differences between thresholds and soil temperature ≥15℃ ranged from -2.528 to 1.713. In a word, based on the closest timing and highest stability between soil and air temperature indicators, the average air temperature ≥13℃ is recommended as the optimum temperature indicator during sowing of waxy foxtail millet in southeastern Guizhou. This approach enhances the scientific rationality of planting and effectively mitigates low-temperature risks at seedling-stage.

  Suitability Analysis of Soybean Planting in Hulunbuir Area Under BCC-CSM2-MR Model YOU Si, JIANG Huyuan, YOU Wei, WANG Yaying, ZHAO Yueji 2026, 42 (8):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0661 Abstract + ( 81 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2741KB )   ( 9 ) Climate is the main natural factor affecting crop production. With the further development of climate change, soybean production will also face significant changes. At present, there are relatively few studies on the impact of climate change on soybeans, and research on adaptation strategies is even scarcer. Therefore, taking the Hulunbuir region as the research object in this study, the climate suitability model for soybean cultivation was constructed by using the data of soybean growth period from 1991 to 2022 and the simulation data of three climate scenarios, namely SSP1-26 (low emission), SSP2-45 (moderate emission), and SSP5-85 (high emission), of the BCC-CSM2-MR model of the CMIP6 model from 2023 to 2052. The changes in the climate suitability for soybean cultivation were analyzed by using methods such as reverse distance weight, natural breakpoints, and linear trend analysis. The results show that under the three climate scenarios of SSP1-26, SSP2-45 and SSP5-85, the area of the height suitability zone in the temperature suitability zone shows a downward trend compared with the previous 30 years. The evolution of precipitation suitability shows scenario differentiation. The high emission scenario has relatively high precipitation suitability, while the medium and low emission scenarios have a slight impact on precipitation suitability. Compared with the first 30 years, the solar suitability zoning under the three climate scenarios shows an increasing trend in the highly suitable zones, and the contribution of solar suitability to the study area will be further enhanced. Overall, under the three climate scenarios, the comprehensive suitability of most areas is between 0.60 and 0.65, and the highly suitable areas are mainly concentrated in the southeast of Hulunbuir.

  Characteristics of Grain Filling in Winter Wheat at Different Sowing Dates and Their Relationship with Meteorological Factors LI Ke, CHEN Geng, JIA Hong, SUN Xue 2026, 42 (8):  165-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0992 Abstract + ( 79 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1589KB )   ( 12 ) The study aims to explore the effects of different sowing dates on the grain filling dynamics and final yield of winter wheat, reveal the relationship between sowing dates, environmental factors, and the growth and development of wheat, and provide a scientific basis for future winter wheat cultivation strategies to address climate change. Field experiments were conducted to systematically analyze the impacts of various sowing dates (early sowing on September 30 (E10), October 10 (CK), October 20 (L10), and October 30 (L20)) on the growth duration, effective accumulated temperature distribution, and grain filling characteristics of winter wheat. The Richards equation was employed to fit the grain filling data, followed by path analysis incorporating meteorological factors to evaluate their effects on wheat yield components. The results showed that: (1) as the sowing date was delayed, the key growth periods of wheat were also progressively delayed, particularly noticeable before winter, with the overall growth period being shortened by about 7-8 days for every 10-day delay; (2) the distribution of accumulated temperature varied significantly at different growth stages, with the effective accumulated temperature over the entire growth period decreasing from 2654.4°C for E10 to 2266.2°C for L20; however, for the October 20 (L10) sowing date, the accumulated temperature before winter remained at an adequate level; (3) the dry matter accumulation in grains exhibited an “S-shaped” growth trend, with the dry matter accumulation capacity of wheat sown on October 10 and October 20 being superior to that of the other treatments; the grain filling characteristics were influenced by both sowing dates and environmental factors, with distinct advantages in filling parameters for both early and late sowings; the late sowing treatment exhibited a higher grain filling rate, while the early sowing treatment showed better performance during the active grain filling period; (4) the highest yield of 719.21 g/m2 was achieved with the October 20 (L10) sowing date. In conclusion, sowing date is a critical factor affecting the growth of winter wheat, significantly influencing the growth periods, grain filling, and final yield. In light of current climate change, delaying sowing date to around October 20 can effectively enhance yield.

  Assessment of Multi-Scale Prediction Skills of BCC-CPSv3 Model for Temperature and Precipitation in Inner Mongolia ZHANG Baolong, TUO Yanjun, ZHANG Shuhao, WANG Gang, YU Liangliang 2026, 42 (8):  174-182.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0723 Abstract + ( 81 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2674KB )   ( 10 ) Based on observations and BCC-CPSv3 model data from 2023-2024, this study employs a multidimensional evaluation framework of 'region-season-time' integrating metrics such as bias, root mean square error (RMSE), time correlation coefficient (TCC), and spatial anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), and log transformation to systematically analyze the model's multi-scale prediction skills and error characteristics for temperature and precipitation in Inner Mongolia. Key findings include: Temperature predictions exhibit significant seasonal biases (a warm bias of +3.1℃ in summer over eastern farmland areas and a cold bias of -2.2℃ in spring over western deserts). Prediction skill (TCC) is markedly higher in winter (TCC=0.43) than in summer (TCC=0.28), with spatial heterogeneity (higher in east, lower in west) driven by underlying surface variations. Precipitation predictions are dominated by extreme values (daily precipitation >20 mm), showing a spring positive bias (+0.64 mm) in the west and a summer negative bias (-0.24 mm) in the east. Log transformation effectively isolates 58% of extreme-value-induced errors. Prediction skill peaks in winter with gradual decay (-0.04 per ten-day period), while other season's exhibit abrupt declines. Spatial distribution follows a 'higher in west, lower in east' pattern. Mechanistic analysis reveals opposing spatial patterns between temperature and precipitation skills, temperature depends on large-scale circulation stability (e.g., winter Mongolian High dominance), whereas precipitation is constrained by convective intermittency (summer meso-microscale systems). The study identifies targeted optimization pathways: adjusting latent heat parameters for eastern farmland to correct temperature biases; modifying convective triggering thresholds in summer and westerly moisture simulations in spring to improve precipitation predictions. These findings provide critical insights for mitigating spring droughts, summer floods, and advancing regional model refinement in Inner Mongolia.

  Allelopathic Effects of Brassica juncea (YRab2) Root Exudates on Four Invasive Weeds LIU Xueling, LIANG Boquan, YAO Bin, YANG Yunhai, ZHAN Che, SHEN Shicai, ZHANG Fudou, YANG Shaosong, ZHENG Fengping, KONG Yan, YUAN Jingjing, YAN Peirui, YAN Maopeng, XU Gaofeng 2026, 42 (8):  183-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0032 Abstract + ( 90 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 25 ) This study aims to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Brassica juncea (YRab2) against dominant invasive weeds in agricultural systems, thereby providing a scientific foundation for the green and sustainable management of invasive weed species. This study employed the Petri dish filter paper method to assess the allelopathic effects of root exudates from Brassica juncea (YRab2) on seed germination and seedling growth of four invasive weed species: Phalaris minor, Avena fatua, Galinsoga parviflora, and Ageratum conyzoides. The allelopathic index (RI), comprehensive allelopathic effect (SE), and toxicity (LC50) values, were quantitatively evaluated. The results showed that within the concentration range of 5 to 80 mL/plant, the root exudates of Brassica juncea (YRab2) significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of the four invasive weed species. The allelopathic response, assessed through the relative inhibition index (RI), showed negative values across all measured parameters, including germination rate (RI: -0.621 to -0.008), germination index (RI: -0.844 to -0.039), root length (RI: -0.865 to -0.056), shoot length (RI: -0.824 to -0.021), and biomass (RI: -0.734 to -0.063), indicating consistent inhibitory effects. The comprehensive allelopathic effect (SE) also remained negative (range: -0.761 to -0.040). Notably, the magnitude of inhibition increased with decreasing concentration, suggesting a non-monotonic dose-response relationship. At concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mL/plant, all parameters were significantly suppressed compared to the control (P<0.05), with the strongest inhibition observed at the lowest tested concentration (5 mL/plant). These results demonstrate that Brassica juncea (YRab2) root exudates exert a potent allelopathic inhibitory effect on both seed germination and early seedling development of the target weeds. Toxicity analysis revealed that the root exudates of v Brassica juncea (YRab2) exhibited differential inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth across the four invasive weed species. The lowest LC50 values, indicative of higher phytotoxicity, were observed for Galinsoga parviflora seed germination (LC50: 8.023 mL/plant for germination rate; 19.979 mL/plant for germination index) and Ageratum conyzoides seedling growth (LC50: 21.292 mL/plant for root length; 20.316 mL/plant for shoot length), suggesting greater sensitivity of these species to the exudates compared to others. In contrast, Avena fatua displayed the highest LC50 values, indicating the lowest susceptibility to both germination and growth inhibition. These findings demonstrate that, under equivalent concentrations of root exudate application, Galinsoga parviflora and Ageratum conyzoides experience more pronounced inhibitory effects, particularly in early developmental stages. The root exudates of Brassica juncea (YRab2) exhibit strong allelopathic inhibitory potential against both seed germination and seedling growth of four invasive weed species. Notably, they show pronounced phytotoxic effects on Galinsoga parviflora and Ageratum conyzoides, highlighting their promise for application in ecological weed management and sustainable, non-chemical control strategies. These findings provide a scientific foundation for the green and environmentally sustainable governance of invasive weeds in agricultural systems.

  Current Situation of Pesticide-fertilizer Market in China and Research Progress of Pesticide-fertilizer WEN Yaxiong, ZHOU Yan, LIU Dacheng, ZHANG Lisheng, JIANG Rou, ZENG Cong, TAN Shiyong 2026, 42 (8):  191-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0001 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1339KB )   ( 16 ) Pesticide-fertilizer is an innovative and compound agricultural input that integrates the functions of pesticides and fertilizers, and has become a key technical carrier for alleviating the shortage of rural labor and promoting the green and sustainable development of agriculture. It has entered a development bottleneck period and urgent needed transformation and upgrading with the continuous expansion of the scale of China's pesticide-fertilizer industry since 2018. The development trend of China's pesticide-fertilizer market has sorted out systematically, the domestic and foreign research front has summarized, to analyze the industrial bottlenecks and propose a high-quality development path. The results show that domestic and foreign research on pesticide-fertilizer focuses on directions such as synergistic interaction mechanisms, slow/controlled-release technologies, integration of water, fertilizer and pesticide, and the development of biological pesticide-fertilizer, which will provide development ideas for the upgrading of the pesticide-fertilizer industry. This study innovatively proposes that the pesticide-fertilizer industry needs to break through the limitations of traditional granular products, actively promote product upgrading, and build a three-dimensional system of “specialized products + integrated solutions + professional services”, to drive the transformation of the industry from price competition to value supply, and support the implementation of the national “double reduction” strategy for pesticide and fertilizer.

  Research Progress on Anti-aging Active Ingredients of Soybean WU Hailing, SUN Mengyan, SUO Haicui, REN Hailong, ZHANG Wenting, SUN Mingyang, SHEN Yingbin, YUAN Qinghua 2026, 42 (8):  198-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0381 Abstract + ( 64 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1365KB )   ( 5 ) To gain an in-depth understanding of the research progress of soybean active ingredients, reveal their roles in anti-aging mechanisms, and promote the in-depth development and application of soybean active ingredients as natural anti-aging products, this paper systematically reviews the relevant research progress of soybean active ingredients in aging models. The physicochemical properties and basic efficacy of main active ingredients of soybeans are summarized, including soybean peptides, soybean isoflavones, soybean saponins, and soybean phospholipids. It analyzes the mechanisms by which soybean active ingredients regulate aging based on the three major theories: free radical damage, inflammatory senescence, and immunosenescence. It is concluded that soybean active ingredients can not only exert a core anti-aging effect by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and regulating immune responses, but also achieve systemic regulation of organismal aging by ameliorating the functional decline of the nervous and endocrine systems, delaying skeletal and skin aging, and maintaining intracellular homeostasis, and ultimately exert their anti-aging effects. In summary, this paper proposes that: (1) most existing studies on the physicochemical properties of soybean active ingredients are limited to static characterization and do not fully consider the dynamic physiological processes and microenvironmental effects in vivo. Therefore, future research should employ dynamic tracking technologies that simulate in vivo processes to elucidate the changes in characteristics of soybean active ingredients during digestion, absorption, and blood transportation, thereby providing more realistic scientific evidence for mechanistic studies. (2) The anti-aging effect of soybean active ingredients exhibits multi-target regulatory characteristics, yet the interaction patterns among multiple anti-aging mechanisms mediated by individual components have not been systematically elucidated. This restricts the in-depth understanding of their essential mechanism of action and the efficient development of functional products. Therefore, future research should integrate multi-omics technologies and focus on the regulatory networks of individual components in anti-aging pathways, so as to provide mechanistic support for precisely unlocking their anti-aging potential and promoting targeted product development. (3) Current studies mainly rely on induced aging models, which cannot fully simulate the chronic process and complex microenvironment of natural human aging. Future research should optimize the model system to better match the characteristics of natural human aging, thereby providing more reliable scientific evidence for the clinical translation of soybean anti-aging products.

  Effects of Spring Cold Air on Seedling Stocking Survival Rate of Crayfish and Prediction Model Construction HUANG Yongping, YANG Qingqing, DENG Yanjun, YE Pei 2026, 42 (8):  211-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0636 Abstract + ( 73 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1509KB )   ( 7 ) In response to the severe threat of spring cold air to the survival rate of crayfish seedlings in rice-crayfish co-culture areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, this study aims to investigate the impact patterns across different stages of cold air, identify core disaster-inducing factors, and construct a prediction model. Based on 39 controlled trials of staged seedling stocking (greenhouse vs. open-air groups) during 8 cold air events from March to April (2022-2024) in Jingzhou, we systematically analyzed differences in crayfish survival rates under varying cold air intensities, environmental indicators, and stages. Key meteorological disaster indicators were screened, and a multiple regression model for 15-day survival rate prediction was established. Independent data from 2025 were used to validate model performance. The results indicated: (1) Survival rates exhibited a "high-low-high" stage pattern. The survival rate was the highest (83.6% -85.6%) 4 days before the arrival of cold air ( D-4 ) and 2-3 days after the end of cold air ( D2-D3 ), but significantly decreased to 66.9%-70.8% during rapid cooling period (D-1 to D1) (P<0.05). (2) Maximum 24-h water temperature drop (ΔTw24) was the core stressor, showing the strongest negative correlation with survival rate (R=-0.752, P<0.01). ΔTw24>7°C was the critical threshold for acute cold damage (survival rate 57.5%). (3) Water temperature fluctuation (Vw) within 1-2 days post-stocking had a negative impact (R=-0.639, P<0.01), 2.6 times stronger than the positive effect of average temperature, indicating stability over absolute value.(4) The integrated prediction model (Ŷ=91.536-3.959X1+4.284 X2+1.237 X3, R2=0.858, SE=4.51%) was externally validated. After merging datasets, R2 increased to 0.95 (MAPE=5.5%), confirming that multi-process data integration significantly enhances model interpretability and stability. This study systematically reveals the dynamic impact mechanism of spring cold air on the survival rate of crayfish seedling stocking, clarifies the quantitative relationship between temperature fluctuation characteristics and disaster-causing thresholds, and proposes a prediction model based on multi-stage meteorological-environmental coupling indicators. It provides a quantitative tool for precise aquaculture decision-making and has important theoretical and practical significance for formulating climate-adaptive aquaculture strategies in the rice-crayfish co-culture areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and for disaster prevention and mitigation in aquaculture under extreme weather.