干旱对农业生态系统影响研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0295

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 笔者综述了国内外近10 年干旱对农业生态系统的影响研究，国内外学者主要基于田间试验观测，从细胞微观、单株作物、站点尺度较好地研究了干旱对农作物干物质合成、分配的影响机制，分析了不同生长阶段干旱对作物生长的影响差异。干旱明显降低了作物气孔导度，影响了ATP 合成酶的活性，降低了光合作用效率。在部分作物生长前期，干旱会适当地增加干物质向根部的分配比例，提高水分利用效率；但在大部分作物生长中后期，干旱将直接影响作物地上生物量合成，降低作物产量。但是，干旱对农业生态系统的区域性研究稍显不足。干旱影响范围广，持续时间长，受灾地区农作物品种复杂。单一站点田间试验观测不能反映干旱的区域性影响，且在大范围下开展多站点田间实时观测耗时费力。遥感可以实现干旱影响的大范围监测，但却不足以反映干旱对不同作物的影响差异。随着计算机模拟技术的不断发展，基于田间试验观测构建的作物生长模型能有效克服田间试验的时空局限性，且通过不同的作物模型或参数设置，能够较为准确地反映干旱对不同作物的影响差异，成为开展干旱对农业生态系统影响的重要手段。

关键词: 干旱胁迫, 干旱胁迫, 红椿, 相对含水量, 叶绿素含量, 试验周期, 盆栽幼苗

Abstract: The author reviewed recent progress to understand the impacts of drought on agricultural ecosystems. The impacts of drought on accumulation and distribution of dry matter could be mainly well analyzed from cell to individual crop based on field experiments. Drought could significantly reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis through decreasing the stomatal conductance and the activity of enzyme. In the early stages of crop growing season, drought could properly increase the dry matter that transferred to root and improve water use efficiency, while in the middle and late stages, drought could directly affect above-ground biomass synthesis and reduce the crop yield. However, drought was a regional disaster which could last for a long time and affect various types of crop. The field observation was costly in time and resource, and the remote sensing could not reflect the impacts of drought on different types of crop. Along with the development of simulation technology, crop growth model based on the field observation could be effectively used for regional analysis. It could also accurately reflect the impacts of drought on different crops through different crop parameters. Crop growth model has become an important tool to carry out the impacts of drought on agricultural ecosystems.

刘明,吕爱锋,武建军,李小涵,王前锋. 干旱对农业生态系统影响研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(32): 165-171.

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