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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2015, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (26): 161-169.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040145

• 资源 环境 生态 土壤 气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

1961—2010年宁夏灌区主要作物需水量时空分布特征

王 静1,2,张晓煜1,2,马国飞1,2,张 磊1,2,李红英1,2,朱永宁1,2   

  1. (1宁夏气象防灾减灾重点实验室,银川 750002；2宁夏气象科学研究所,银川 750002）
  • 收稿日期:2015-04-17 修回日期:2015-08-04 接受日期:2015-07-21 出版日期:2015-09-23 发布日期:2015-09-23
  • 通讯作者: 张晓煜
  • 基金资助:
    公益性行业（气象）科研专项项目“干旱致灾过程及机理”(GYHY201506001)；“农田水分利用效率对气候变化的响应与适应技术”(GYHY201106029)资助。

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Water Requirement of Main Crops in Irrigation District of Ningxia in 1961—2010

Wang Jing1,2, Zhang Xiaoyu1,2, Ma Guofei1,2, Zhang Lei1,2, Li Hongying1,2, Zhu Yongning1,2   

  1. (1Ningxia Key Lab for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Yinchuan 750002;2Ningxia Meteorological Science Institute, Yinchuan 750002)
  • Received:2015-04-17 Revised:2015-08-04 Accepted:2015-07-21 Online:2015-09-23 Published:2015-09-23

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摘要： 明确气候变化背景下作物需水量的时空分布特征是水资源高效利用和作物合理布局的重要依据。基于宁夏引黄灌区13个气象台站的气象数据及作物生育期数据，利用FAO推荐的彭曼公式和订正的作物系数，计算了1961—2010年宁夏灌区主要作物（春小麦、玉米、水稻、冬小麦）全生育期及不同发育阶段有效降水量及需水量，分析了其时空分布特征，并计算了各作物不同发育阶段灌溉需水量及需水强度。结果表明：1961—2010年宁夏灌区秋粮作物（水稻、玉米）全生育期有效降水量是夏粮作物（春/冬小麦）的2倍，1961—2010年宁夏灌区水稻、玉米生育期有效降水量为降低趋势，春小麦、冬小麦为增加趋势。高值区分布在石炭井、灵武和中宁，北部的石嘴山各站为低值区。宁夏灌区作物需水量从大到小依次为水稻、玉米、冬小麦、春小麦，灌溉需水量在不同发育期的分布和需水量的分布相似，北部的石嘴山各站及中宁为高值区。1961—2010年宁夏灌区4种作物全生育期及不同发育阶段需水量也呈显著增加趋势。所有作物需水强度均在拔节（返青）后开始明显增加，春小麦、冬小麦需水强度开花—乳熟阶段最大，玉米需水强度拔节—开花阶段、开花—乳熟阶段最大，水稻拔节后需水强度一直较大，乳熟—成熟阶段达最大。

关键词: 硒, 硒, 黄瓜, 品质

Abstract: The study of spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the water requirement of crop could provide the basis for effective utilization of water resources and rational distribution of crop. Based on the meteorological data and phenological data from 13 stations of irrigation district in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regions, ETC of main crops (spring wheat, maize, rice and winter wheat) in the whole growing period and at different growth stages during 1961 to 2010 were estimated by using FAO Penman-Monteith equation and corrected crop coefficient, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ETC were analyzed，then the irrigation requirement and water requirement rate of main crops during the growing season were analyzed. Results showed that effective precipitation showed a slightly decreasing trend in the whole growing period of rice and maize and showed a slightly increasing trend in the whole growing period of spring wheat and winter wheat. The effective precipitation of autumn grain crops was two times as much as that of summer grain crops during 1961-2010. The high value areas of effective precipitation were in Shitanjing, Lingwu and Zhongning, and the area with low effective precipitation was in Shizuishan. The order of crop water requirement in the whole growing period was rice>maize > winter wheat > spring wheat, the distribution of water requirement was similar to the irrigation requirement during each growth stage. The water requirement and irrigation requirement showed a remarkably increasing trend in the whole growing period and each growth stage, the values of high water requirement and irrigation requirement were observed in each station of Shizuishan and Zhongning. Water requirement rate significantly increased after jointing (striking root), the water requirement rate reached the maximum value at anthesis-milk stage of spring wheat and winter spring wheat and jointing-anthesis and anthesis-milk stages of maize, the water requirement rate was maintaining at a high level after jointing and reached the maximum value at milk - mature stage.