不同用量生物质炭对小白菜和大蒜产量与品质的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19010145

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究不同用量生物质炭对土壤性质、蔬菜产量和品质的影响,探索生物质炭对小白菜和大蒜种植的最佳用量,为生物质炭在蔬菜上的应用提供科学依据。盆栽试验共设4个生物质炭用量处理,包括CK、C1、C2、C3,分别以0、1%、2%、3%的添加量施入,每个处理5次重复,监测小白菜和大蒜生长季数据。结果表明,生物质炭能够显著增加土壤有机碳,增幅为23.86%~93.54%;施用3%的生物质炭处理显著增加了小白菜和大蒜生长季土壤全氮11.33%和23.09%;生物质炭能够显著增加土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,增幅分别为18.77%~80.04%和80.19%~396.18%;生物质炭显著增加土壤pH值,增幅为6.03%~17.19%。生物质炭能够显著增加小白菜地上部鲜重和干重,增幅分别为60.11%~86.11%和57.89%~76.32%;施用3%的生物质炭显著增加了大蒜地上部鲜重、地上部干重和地下部干重,增幅分别为36.89%、32.00%和61.56%。施用2%和3%的生物质炭显著增加了小白菜可溶性蛋白含量9.07%和9.37%,同时,生物质炭能够显著降低小白菜可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量,降低幅度分别为6.72%~7.00%和38.62%~93.20%;施用2%和3%的生物质炭显著增加了大蒜可溶性蛋白含量9.83%和9.56%,而施用3%的生物质炭显著降低了大蒜可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量,降低幅度分别为17.98%和39.27%。综上所述,生物质炭能够显著改善土壤化学性质,对小白菜和大蒜起到稳产增产效果,同时还能显著提高蔬菜品质。同时,小白菜和大蒜最佳的生物质炭用量为1%和3%。

关键词: 生物质炭, 蔬菜, 土壤性质, 产量, 品质, 最佳用量

Abstract:

The current study investigated the effect of different levels of biochar amendment on soil quality, and vegetable yield and quality, aiming to explore the optimum biochar application level on Chinese cabbage and garlic, and providing a basis for biochar application on vegetable. A pot experiment was conducted, and four levels of the biochar were added into soil including: CK (no biochar), C1 (1%), C2 (2%) and C3 (3%), with five repeats. For soil properties, biochar amendment significantly increased soil organic carbon by 23.86%-93.54%; 3% of biochar amendment increased soil nitrogen content by 11.33% and 23.09% during the growth season of Chinese cabbage and garlic, respectively; soil available phosphorus and available potassium content were increased by 18.77%-80.04% and 80.19%-396.18%; and biochar also increased soil pH value. For crop productivity, biochar amendment increased the aboveground fresh and dry weight of Chinese cabbage by 60.11%-86.11% and 57.89%-76.32%. And 3% biochar amendment increased garlic aboveground fresh biomass, dry biomass and belowground dry biomass by 36.89%, 32.00% and 61.56%, respectively. For vegetable quality, 2% and 3% biochar amendment increased the soluble protein content of Chinese cabbage by 9.07% and 9.37%; while the soluble sugar and nitrate content of Chinese cabbage was decreased by 6.72%-7.00% and 38.62%-93.20%; 2% and 3% biochar amendment increased the soluble protein content of garlic by 9.83% and 9.56%, while 3% treatment decreased garlic soluble sugar and nitrate content by 17.98% and 39.27%. The application of biochar on Chinese cabbage and garlic planting can improve soil fertility, and raise vegetable yield and quality simultaneously. And the optimum biochar application level for Chinese cabbage and garlic are 1% and 3%.

Key words: biochar, vegetable, soil properties, yield, quality, optimum level

中图分类号:

S151.9

周加顺, 于洪喜, 杨洁, 孙文青, 高雯雯, 仲雅敏, 史玉洁. 不同用量生物质炭对小白菜和大蒜产量与品质的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(13): 59-64.

Zhou Jiashun, Yu Hongxi, Yang Jie, Sun Wenqing, Gao Wenwen, Zhong Yamin, Shi Yujie. Effect of Biochar Amendment Levels on the Yield and Quality of Chinese Cabbage and Garlic[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(13): 59-64.

图/表 3

参考文献 45

[1]	中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2018.
[2]	杨芸, 王崇力, 徐卫红 , 等. 重庆市菜园土壤与蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量及相关性研究[J]. 食品科学, 2014,( 14):136-140.
[3]	Lehmann J . A handful of carbon[J]. Nature, 2007,447:143-144.
[4]	Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W . Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal- a review[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2002,35(4):219-230.
[5]	Zhang A F, Cui L Q, Pan G X , et al. Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2010,139:469-475.
[6]	张斌, 刘晓雨, 潘根兴 , 等. 施用生物质炭后稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和痕量温室气体排放的变化[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012,45(3):4844-4853.
[7]	李彬, 潘根兴, 王维锦 , 等. 施用生物质炭对葡萄生长及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2015,46(5):1168-1173.
[8]	张阿凤, 邵慧芸, 成功 , 等. 小麦生物质炭对烤烟生长及根际土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版, 2018,46(6):85-93.
[9]	李秋霞, 陈效民, 靳泽文 , 等. 生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和作物产量的持续效应[J]. 水土保持学报, 2015,29(3):208-213.
[10]	周加顺, 郑金伟, 池忠志 , 等. 施用生物质炭对作物产量和氮,磷,钾养分吸收的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2016,39(5):791-799.
[11]	孙雪, 刘琪琪, 郭虎 , 等. 猪粪生物质炭对土壤肥效及小白菜生长的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2016,35(9):1756-1763.
[12]	韩召强, 陈效民, 曲成闯 , 等. 生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状,酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2017(6):272-278.
[13]	李丽, 王雪艳, 田彦芳 , 等. 生物质炭对土壤养分及设施蔬菜产量与品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(5):1237-1244.
[14]	李大伟, 周加顺, 潘根兴 , 等. 生物质炭基肥施用对蔬菜产量和品质以及氮素农学利用率的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2016,39(3):433-440.
[15]	鲁如坤 . 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1999: 12-194.
[16]	王学奎 . 植物生理生化实验原理和技术(第二版)[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006: 122-123.
[17]	Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D , et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006,70(5):1719-1730.
[18]	邱良祝, 朱脩玥, 马彪 , 等. 生物质炭热解炭化条件及其性质的文献分析[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(6):1622-1630.
[19]	Guo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y , et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
[20]	包骏瑶, 赵颖志, 严淑娴 , 等. 不同农林废弃物生物质炭对雷竹林酸化土壤的改良效果[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2018,35(1):43-50.
[21]	严陶韬, 丁子菊, 朱倩 , 等. 生物质炭对黄棕壤理化性质及龙脑樟幼苗生长的影响[J]. 土壤, 2018,50(4):681-686.
[22]	肖婧, 王传杰, 黄敏 , 等. 生物质炭对设施大棚土壤性质与果蔬产量影响的整合分析[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(1):228-236.
[23]	张垚, 索龙, 潘凤娥 , 等. 生物质炭对砖红壤性质与养分及硝化作用的影响[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 2016,33(1):55-59.
[24]	Omondi M O, Xia X, Nahayo A , et al. Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data[J]. Geoderma, 2016,274:28-34.
[25]	高德才, 张蕾, 刘强 , 等. 生物黑炭对旱地土壤CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放及其环境效益的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2015,35(11):3615-3624.
[26]	Lehmann J, da Silva Jr J P, Steiner C , et al. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments[J]. Plant and soil, 2003,249(2):343-357.
[27]	Asai H, Samson B K, Stephan H M , et al. Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos: 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009,111(1):81-84.
[28]	Sun H, Lu H, Chu L , et al. Biochar applied with appropriate rates can reduce N leaching, keep N retention and not increase NH₃ volatilization in a coastal saline soil[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,575:820-825.
[29]	Sorrenti G, Masiello C A, Dugan B , et al. Biochar physico-chemical properties as affected by environmental exposure[J]. Science of the total Environment, 2016,563:237-246.
[30]	刘会, 朱占玲, 彭玲 , 等. 生物质炭改善果园土壤理化性状并促进苹果植株氮素吸收[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(2):454-460.
[31]	Lehmann J, Joseph S . Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology[M]. London: Earthscan, 2009: 1-2,22-24, 54-63.
[32]	Hammer E C, Balogh-Brunstad Z, Jakobsen I , et al. A mycorrhizal fungus grows on biochar and captures phosphorus from its surfaces[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014,77:252-260.
[33]	Zhou H, Zhang D, Wang P , et al. Changes in microbial biomass and the metabolic quotient with biochar addition to agricultural soils: A Meta-analysis[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2017,239:80-89.
[34]	Liu X, Zhang A, Ji C , et al. Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-a meta-analysis of literature data[J]. Plant and soil, 2013,373(1-2):583-594.
[35]	陈雪娇, 杨丹丹, 李贵桐 , 等. 不同温度生物质炭复混肥对小白菜和樱桃萝卜产量及硝酸盐的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2014,30(34):30-34.
[36]	Biederman L A, Harpole W S . Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis[J]. Glob Chang Biol Bioenergy, 2013,5:202-214.
[37]	Jeffery S, Verheijen F G A, Van Der Velde M , et al. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J]. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 2011,144(1):175-187.
[38]	乔志刚, 付嘉英, 郑金伟 , 等. 不同炭基肥对青椒生长,品质和氮素农学利用率的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2014,45(1):174-179.
[39]	Qian X, Zhu L X, Tang L , et al. Responses of crop nitrogen partitioning, translocation and soil nitrogen residue to biochar addition in a temperate dryland agricultural soil[J]. Plant Soil, 2017,418:405-421
[40]	张登晓, 周惠民, 潘根兴 , 等. 城市园林废弃物生物质炭对小白菜生长,硝酸盐含量及氮素利用率的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014(6):1569-1576.
[41]	Nguyen T T N, Xu C Y, Tahmasbian I , et al. Effects of biochar on soil available inorganic nitrogen: a review and meta-analysis[J]. Geoderma, 2017,288:79-96.
[42]	杜新民, 党建友 . 氮,锌肥配施对小白菜产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2007(6):50-53.
[43]	Chan K Y, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I , et al. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2007,45:629-634
[44]	Major J, Rondon M, Molina D , et al. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010,333:117-128.
[45]	Liu X, Li L, Bian R , et al. Effect of biochar amendment on soil-silicon availability and rice uptake[J]. Journal of plant nutrition and soil science, 2014,177(1):91-96.

蔬菜	处理	有机碳/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	有效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	pH	电导率/(μS/cm)
小白菜	CK	20.66±0.18d	1.62±0.07b	26.34±2.60d	83.80±3.96d	5.61±0.03d	266.75±3.20a
	C1	25.58±1.00c	1.55±0.14b	31.29±1.76c	151.00±18.88c	6.07±0.09c	223.55±33.21a
	C2	29.17±2.36b	1.59±0.14b	37.42±2.68b	241.60±12.01b	6.27±0.26b	269.60±27.70a
	C3	37.67±1.33a	1.81±0.13a	44.29±3.56a	415.80±43.05a	6.57±0.12a	288.00±42.74a
大蒜	CK	19.28±0.22d	1.38±0.09b	24.74±2.96d	112±6.20d	5.64±0.13c	297.33±15.95c
	C1	24.12±0.50c	1.57±0.06ab	31.40±1.79c	208.40±10.53c	5.64±0.03c	353.75±18.12c
	C2	29.69±1.22b	1.67±0.17ab	37.14±1.11b	305.00±11.55b	5.98±0.09b	401.20±47.04b
	C3	37.31±0.92a	1.70±0.11a	44.52±1.25a	479.75±26.60a	6.18±0.06a	529.67±23.80a

蔬菜	处理	有机碳/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	有效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	pH	电导率/(μS/cm)
小白菜	CK	20.66±0.18d	1.62±0.07b	26.34±2.60d	83.80±3.96d	5.61±0.03d	266.75±3.20a
	C1	25.58±1.00c	1.55±0.14b	31.29±1.76c	151.00±18.88c	6.07±0.09c	223.55±33.21a
	C2	29.17±2.36b	1.59±0.14b	37.42±2.68b	241.60±12.01b	6.27±0.26b	269.60±27.70a
	C3	37.67±1.33a	1.81±0.13a	44.29±3.56a	415.80±43.05a	6.57±0.12a	288.00±42.74a
大蒜	CK	19.28±0.22d	1.38±0.09b	24.74±2.96d	112±6.20d	5.64±0.13c	297.33±15.95c
	C1	24.12±0.50c	1.57±0.06ab	31.40±1.79c	208.40±10.53c	5.64±0.03c	353.75±18.12c
	C2	29.69±1.22b	1.67±0.17ab	37.14±1.11b	305.00±11.55b	5.98±0.09b	401.20±47.04b
	C3	37.31±0.92a	1.70±0.11a	44.52±1.25a	479.75±26.60a	6.18±0.06a	529.67±23.80a

蔬菜	处理	株高/cm	叶面积/(cm²/盆)	地上部鲜重/(g/盆)	地上部干重/(g/盆)	地下部干重/(g/盆)
小白菜	CK	12.47±0.32c	363.15±36.71d	43.50±2.54b	2.53±0.12b	0.15±0.02a
	C1	14.7±0.23ab	492.20±47.01b	78.84±6.91a	4.15±0.30a	0.23±0.09a
	C2	13.88±0.85b	481.32±10.04bc	69.65±12.69a	4.00±0.66a	0.17±0.05a
	C3	15.48±0.81a	568.13±22.31a	80.96±7.42a	4.47±0.31a	0.19±0.05a
大蒜	CK	47.31±0.95a	—	38.13±7.80b	3.83±0.72b	3.33±0.50b
	C1	46.29±2.98a	—	49.4±5.48ab	4.65±0.88ab	3.40±0.70b
	C2	44.16±4.85a	—	47.00±3.54ab	4.75±0.21ab	3.84±0.79b
	C3	47.54±4.21a	—	52.20±7.35a	5.06±0.55a	5.38±0.51a

蔬菜	处理	株高/cm	叶面积/(cm²/盆)	地上部鲜重/(g/盆)	地上部干重/(g/盆)	地下部干重/(g/盆)
小白菜	CK	12.47±0.32c	363.15±36.71d	43.50±2.54b	2.53±0.12b	0.15±0.02a
	C1	14.7±0.23ab	492.20±47.01b	78.84±6.91a	4.15±0.30a	0.23±0.09a
	C2	13.88±0.85b	481.32±10.04bc	69.65±12.69a	4.00±0.66a	0.17±0.05a
	C3	15.48±0.81a	568.13±22.31a	80.96±7.42a	4.47±0.31a	0.19±0.05a
大蒜	CK	47.31±0.95a	—	38.13±7.80b	3.83±0.72b	3.33±0.50b
	C1	46.29±2.98a	—	49.4±5.48ab	4.65±0.88ab	3.40±0.70b
	C2	44.16±4.85a	—	47.00±3.54ab	4.75±0.21ab	3.84±0.79b
	C3	47.54±4.21a	—	52.20±7.35a	5.06±0.55a	5.38±0.51a

蔬菜	处理	可溶性蛋白/(g/kg)	可溶性糖/(g/kg)	硝酸盐/(mg/kg)
小白菜	CK	7.62±0.54b	0.40±0.03a	1704.16±84.34a
	C1	7.92±0.16ab	0.38±0.01b	1045.96±330.29b
	C2	8.31±0.46a	0.38±0.01b	997.31±81.71b
	C3	8.34±0.16a	0.38±0.00b	115.90±6.07c
大蒜	CK	8.23±0.26b	0.77±0.02a	526.56±38.47a
	C1	8.59±0.53ab	0.68±0.07ab	569.84±52.85a
	C2	9.04±0.45a	0.72±0.02ab	556.96±63.90a
	C3	9.02±0.34a	0.63±0.05b	319.80±21.24b