不同添加剂对好氧堆肥中氮素转化的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0269

中国农学通报 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (36): 77-86.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0269

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤 • 上一篇下一篇

不同添加剂对好氧堆肥中氮素转化的影响

武美华¹^,²(), 律凤霞¹, 王德汉³, 张胜男¹^,², 孙广辉⁴, 付弘婷², 李苹², 黄建凤¹^,², 逄玉万¹^,²()

¹ 牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院，黑龙江牡丹江 157012
² 广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所，广州 510640
³ 华南农业大学资源环境学院，广州 510642
⁴ 青岛西海岸国际旅游度假区管理委员会，山东青岛 266555

收稿日期:2024-04-16 修回日期:2024-10-21 出版日期:2024-12-25 发布日期:2024-12-23
通讯作者:
逄玉万，男，1980年出生，山东胶南人，研究员，博士，主要从事土壤肥料及农业废弃物资源化研究。通信地址：510000 广东省广州市天河区金颖路66号，E-mail：pangyuwan@163.com。
作者简介:
武美华，女，1998年出生，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，硕士研究生，研究方向：农业废弃物资源化利用。通信地址：510000 广东省广州市天河区金颖路66号，E-mail：1742835338@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目“功能菌耦合添加剂联调的堆肥促腐提质技术研究”(2023YFD1702200); 广东省乡村振兴战略专项资金“生猪粪污多元化处置及区域中央循环模式构建”(2023TS-3-3)

Effects of Different Additives on Nitrogen Transformation in Aerobic Composting

WU Meihua¹^,²(), LV Fengxia¹, WANG Dehan³, ZHANG Shengnan¹^,², Sun Guanghui⁴, FU Hongting², LI Ping², HUANG Jianfeng¹^,², PANG Yuwan¹^,²()

¹ College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157012
² Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640
³ Resources and Environment College of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642
⁴ Qingdao West Coast International Tourism Resort Management Committee, Qingdao, Shandong 266555

Received:2024-04-16 Revised:2024-10-21 Published:2024-12-25 Online:2024-12-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便资源化利用的重要手段，氮素的流失不仅造成环境污染还降低了堆肥产品质量，化学添加剂和生物菌剂是解决该问题的主要技术手段。本研究旨在探讨猪粪、蘑菇渣和过磷酸钙通过添加自研复合菌剂和改性生物炭进行好氧堆肥过程中氮素封存的效果及其机制。试验共设置3组处理：T₁：猪粪+蘑菇渣+过磷酸钙，T₂：猪粪+蘑菇渣+过磷酸钙+0.5%自研复合菌剂，T₃：猪粪+蘑菇渣+过磷酸钙+0.5%自研复合菌剂+8%改性生物炭。结果表明：堆肥24 d结束后，3组处理的相关指标均满足有机肥腐熟标准。与T₁相比，T₂氨气排放量减少31.0%，有机质增加1.36%；T₃氨气排放量减少56.0%，有机质增加5.34%。在微生物群落演替过程中，T₂和T₃的群落丰度均高于T₁，且增加了放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)及大洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanicbacillus)等丰度，其中大洋芽孢杆菌属具有较强的固氮作用。0.5%自研复合菌剂与8.0%改性生物炭联用在促进堆肥腐熟、减少氨气挥发、提高保氮能力和改善有机肥品质等方面效果最佳。

关键词: 好氧堆肥, 氮素转化, 自研复合菌剂, 改性生物炭, 氮素封存

Abstract:

Aerobic composting is an important means of livestock and poultry manure resource utilization, the loss of nitrogen not only causes environmental pollution but also reduces the quality of compost products, and chemical additives and biological fungicides are the main technical means to solve the problem. In this study, pig manure, mushroom slag and calcium superphosphate were used as raw materials, and self-developed composite fungicides and modified biochar were added to investigate the effect and mechanism of ammonium nitrogen sequestration in composting, with a view to reducing the loss of nitrogen. Three groups of treatments were set up in the experiment, including pig manure + mushroom slag + calcium superphosphate (T₁), pig manure + mushroom slag + calcium superphosphate + 0.5% self-researched composite fungicide (T₂), pig manure + mushroom slag + calcium superphosphate + 0.5% self-researched composite fungicide + 8% modified biochar (T₃). The results showed that at the end of 24 d of composting, the relevant indexes of the three groups of treatments met the standard of organic fertilizer decomposition. Compared with T₁, T₂ ammonia emission decreased by 31.0% and organic matter increased by 1.36%; T₃ ammonia emission decreased by 56.0% and organic matter increased by 5.34%. During the microbial community succession, the community abundance of T₂ and T₃ was higher than that of T₁, and the abundance of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Oceanicbacillus was increased, among which Oceanicbacillus had strong nitrogen fixation. The combination of 0.5% self-developed composite bacillus and 8.0% modified biochar had the best effect in promoting compost maturation, reducing ammonia volatilization, improving nitrogen retention capacity and improving the quality of organic fertilizer.

Key words: aerobic composting, nitrogen transformation, self-developed compound microbial agent, modified biochar, nitrogen sequestration

武美华, 律凤霞, 王德汉, 张胜男, 孙广辉, 付弘婷, 李苹, 黄建凤, 逄玉万. 不同添加剂对好氧堆肥中氮素转化的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2024, 40(36): 77-86.

WU Meihua, LV Fengxia, WANG Dehan, ZHANG Shengnan, Sun Guanghui, FU Hongting, LI Ping, HUANG Jianfeng, PANG Yuwan. Effects of Different Additives on Nitrogen Transformation in Aerobic Composting[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2024, 40(36): 77-86.

图/表 15

堆肥原料	含水率/%	pH	有机质/%	全氮/%	全磷/%	全钾/%
猪粪	66.94	7.17	47.48	2.80	3.05	4.58
蘑菇渣	26.42	8.08	57.65	1.967	2.54	1.47
生物炭	—	9.45	—	8.79	3.38	11.69

表1. 堆肥原料的主要理化性质

	含水率/%	pH	MgSO₃/%	MgSO₄/%	Hg/(mg/kg)	As/(mg/kg)	Cd/(mg/kg)	Pb/(mg/kg)	Cr/(mg/kg)
脱硫镁渣	17.59	8.63	35.82	8.59	0.019	1.17	—	4.76	7.08

表2. 脱硫镁渣的理化性质

图1. 密闭式堆肥反应器DFQ80

不同处理	物料比
T₁	猪粪+蘑菇渣+过磷酸钙
T₂	猪粪+蘑菇渣+过磷酸钙+0.5%自研复合菌剂
T₃	猪粪+蘑菇渣+过磷酸钙+0.5%自研复合菌剂+8.0%改性生物炭

表3. 不同处理的物料比

图2. 堆肥过程中温度的变化

图3. 堆肥过程中pH的变化

图4. 堆肥过程中EC的变化

图5. 堆肥过程中可溶性有机碳的变化

图6. 堆肥过程中有机质的变化

图7. 堆肥过程中氨气排放量的变化

图8. 堆肥过程中铵态氮的变化

图9. 堆肥过程中总氮含量的变化

图10. 堆肥过程中细菌在门水平的变化 AT1、AT2、AT3分别代表堆肥第1次采样的T1、T2、T3，LT1、LT2、LT3分别代表堆肥第5次采样的T1、T2、T3。下同

图11. 堆肥过程中细菌在属水平的变化

图12. Spearman相关热图

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不同添加剂对好氧堆肥中氮素转化的影响

Effects of Different Additives on Nitrogen Transformation in Aerobic Composting

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