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中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 178-185.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0990

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

陕甘宁地区苹果开花期极端低温特征及预估

张维敏1(), 张煦庭1, 刘建辰2, 刘亚东1, 潘宇鹰1   

  1. 1 陕西省农业遥感与经济作物气象服务中心, 西安 710016
    2 陕西省气象信息中心, 西安 710014
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-14 修回日期:2026-01-23 出版日期:2026-03-18 发布日期:2026-03-18
  • 作者简介:

    张维敏,女,1985年出生,陕西大荔人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事农业气象研究。通信地址:710016 陕西省西安市未央区未央路102-1号,Tel:029-86363060,E-mail:

  • 基金资助:
    中国气象局旱区特色农业气象灾害监测预警与风险管理重点实验室开放研究项目“气候变化下陕甘宁苹果花期极端低温特征及预估”(CAMF-202317); 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目“基于机器学习算法的陕西苹果花期精细化动态预报研究与应用”(2024JC-YBMS-238); 陕西省重点研发计划项目“陕西农业气象灾害精细化监测预报技术研究与系统开发”(2024NC-YBXM-213)

Characteristics and Prediction of Extreme Low Temperature in Apple Flowering Period in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region

ZHANG Weimin1(), ZHANG Xuting1, LIU Jianchen2, LIU Yadong1, PAN Yuying1   

  1. 1 Shaanxi Meteorological Service Center of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Economic Crops, Xi’an 710016
    2 Shaanxi Meteorological Information Centre, Xi’an 710014
  • Received:2025-12-14 Revised:2026-01-23 Published:2026-03-18 Online:2026-03-18

摘要:

为揭示陕甘宁地区苹果开花期极端最低气温过去及未来变化特征,为陕甘宁地区苹果花期冻害预警和防御提供科学依据,本研究利用陕西、甘肃、宁夏苹果种植区21个代表县气象站1981—2024年4月逐日、逐时气温数据,及RCP4.5和RCP8.5 2种温室气体排放气候情景下4月逐日最低气温数据,基于线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、频率指数等方法,分析过去和未来气候情景下苹果开花期极端低温变化特征及冻害频率指数。结果表明,1981—2024年陕甘宁大部代表县区苹果开花期极端最低气温呈上升趋势,宁夏利通、甘肃西峰极端最低气温在20世纪90年代发生突变,陕西花期冻害频率最低,宁夏最高;花期冻害过程中最低气温主要出现在4:00—7:00,累积时间1~4 h。未来气候情景模式下,开花期极端最低气温仍呈上升趋势,RCP8.5情景下升温更明显且苹果花期冻害频率较过去44 a降低,甘肃、宁夏低排放情景下花期冻害频率高于高排放情景。研究表明,未来高排放气候情景模式下陕甘宁苹果花期冻害风险降低,但仍需综合考虑低温强度、持续时间等因素的综合影响。花期冻害过程中最低气温出现时间和持续规律,有利于选择苹果花期冻害防御最佳时机,提高防御效果。

关键词: 特征, 预估, 极端低温, 苹果开花期

Abstract:

The characteristics of extreme low temperature changes in apple flowering period in the past and future climate scenarios in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region were studied to provide reference for the prevention of freezing injury in apple flowering period. Based on the daily and hourly temperature data of 21 representative county meteorological stations in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia from April 1981 to April 2024, and the daily minimum temperature forecast data in April under two greenhouse gas emission climate scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the extreme low temperature variation characteristics and freezing injury frequency index in apple flowering period in the past and future climate scenarios were analyzed by linear tendency estimation method, Mann-Kendall trend test and frequency index. The results showed that: from 1981 to 2024, the extreme minimum temperature of apples in most representative counties of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia showed an upward trend, and the extreme minimum temperature of Litong in Ningxia and Xifeng in Gansu suddenly changed in the 1990s, the frequency of freezing injury in flowering period in Shaanxi was the lowest, and that in Ningxia was the highest; in the process of freezing injury in apple flowering period, the lowest temperature mainly appeared at 4:00-7:00, and the cumulative time was 1-4 hours. Under the future climate scenario model, the extreme minimum temperature in flowering was still on the rise, and the temperature rose was more obvious under RCP8.5 scenario; and the frequency of freezing injury in flowering period had decreased compared with that of the past 44 years; the frequency of freezing injury in flowering period in Gansu and Ningxia under the low-emission scenario was higher than that under the high-emission scenario. To sum up, in the future, the risk of freezing injury of apples in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia will be reduced under the high emission climate scenario model, but the comprehensive effects of low temperature intensity and duration should still be considered. The occurrence time and duration of the lowest temperature in the process of freezing injury in flowering period are conducive to choose the best time to prevent freezing injury in apple flowering period and improve the defense effect.

Key words: characteristics, estimation, extreme low temperature, apple flowering period