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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (22): 99-103.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0334

所属专题： 生物技术； 农业气象

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤 • 上一篇    下一篇

梨周年无裙膜避雨栽培主要物候期潜在不利气象因子分析

曾少敏(), 陈小明, 姜翠翠, 黄新忠()   

  1. 福建省农业科学院果树研究所/福建省落叶果树工程技术研究中心,福州 350013
  • 收稿日期:2021-03-31 修回日期:2022-04-05 出版日期:2022-08-05 发布日期:2022-08-22
  • 通讯作者: 黄新忠
  • 作者简介:曾少敏,男,1987年出生,湖北天门人,助理研究员,硕士研究生,从事落叶果树育种、生理生化及栽培技术研究。通信地址：350013 福建省福州市晋安区新店镇埔垱 省农科院科研综合实验中心913室,E-mail： zengshaomin1@163.com。
  • 基金资助:
    福建省公益类科研院所专项“梨避雨设施栽培关键配套技术研究”(2019R1028-2);国家重点研发计划项目“梨树和桃树化肥农药减施增效技术推广应用与服务体系构建”(2018YFD0201410);福建省农业科学院科研计划项目“梨‘避雨+棚架'设施栽培关键技术研究与示范”(A2017-18);福建省农业科学院科技创新团队项目“南方落叶果树科技创新团队”(CXTD2021009-2)

Potential Adverse Meteorological Factors in Main Phenological Periods of Pear Under Year-round Rain-shelter Cultivation Without Skirt Film

ZENG Shaomin(), CHEN Xiaoming, JIANG Cuicui, HUANG Xinzhong()   

  1. Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Research Centre for Engineering Technology of Fujian Deciduous Fruits, Fuzhou 350013
  • Received:2021-03-31 Revised:2022-04-05 Online:2022-08-05 Published:2022-08-22
  • Contact: HUANG Xinzhong

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摘要：

为克服避雨栽培局域潜在不利气象因子对梨生长发育的影响,采取定点观测记载的方法,分析梨周年避雨栽培主要物候期气象因子变化趋势。结果表明,与露地栽培相比,避雨栽培全年及梨树各主要物候期的日均温偏高、昼夜温差趋大;休眠期≤7.2℃时数累积减少5.57%,差异显著;开花期最低温、≥25℃高温时数提高0.5℃和17.72%,差异均极显著;果实发育中前期和中后期≥35℃超高温、夜间≥25℃时数分别增加25.76%、25.93%和38.73%、37.72%,差异均极显著。避雨栽培下空气湿度偏低且趋稳,开花期(<60%)、果实发育中前期和中后期(<50%)的较低相对湿度的累积时数分别减少3.36%、8.53%、10.56%,其中后2个时期的差异水平显著;而处于100%相对湿度时数分别减少42.78%、56.14%、77.11%,差异均极显著。避雨栽培光照弱化严重,果实发育期<2000 lx光补偿点光强时长增加8.64%,而≥2000 lx光补偿点光强时长减少3.61%。梨周年避雨栽培可改善花期授粉受精条件,创造不利病害发生的生态环境,但会提高梨树因休眠期需冷量不足而出现生长发育障碍的概率,加剧形成光照不足、高温和超高温等不利果实发育的气候环境,应注重选择适宜梨品种,采取合理避雨栽培方式,选用透光率高覆盖材料与高光效整形修剪方法,以及应用地面铺设反光膜、棚内安装补光装置等措施加以克服。

关键词: 梨, 周年, 避雨, 气象因子, 物候期

Abstract:

The aim of this study is to overcome the influence of potential adverse meteorological factors on the growth and development of pear in rain-shelter cultivation. The changing trends of main meteorological factors in the flowering and fruit development stages of pear between year-round rain-shelter and open-field cultivation were analyzed using the method of fixed point observation and recording. The results showed that: compared with open-field cultivation, the average daily temperature of the whole year and main phenological periods of pear trees in rain-shelter cultivation were higher, and the temperature difference between day and night was larger. The accumulative hours of the temperature ≤7.2℃ in dormancy stage were decreased by 5.57%, and the difference was significant. The lowest temperature and the accumulative hours of high temperature ≥25℃ at flowering stage were increased by 0.5℃ and 17.72% respectively, with significant difference. The hours of extremely high temperature ≥35℃ and night temperature ≥25℃ in the mid-early and mid-late stage of fruit development were increased by 25.76%, 25.93% and 38.73%, 37.72%, respectively, and the difference was extremely significant. Under rain-shelter cultivation, the air humidity was low and stable. The hours of low relative humidity at flowering stage (<60%), mid-early stage and mid-late stage (<50%) of fruit development were decreased by 3.36%, 8.53% and 10.53%, respectively, and the differences between rain-shelter and open-field cultivation in the latter two stages were both significant. However, the accumulative hours of 100% relative humidity at the above three stages were decreased by 42.78%, 56.14% and 77.11%, respectively, and the differences were all extremely significant. The light condition of rain-shelter cultivation was seriously weakened. During fruit development, the duration of light intensity <2000 lx was increased by 8.64%, while that of light intensity≥2000 lx was decreased by 3.61%. The year-round rain-shelter cultivation of pear trees could improve the conditions of pear flowering pollination and fertilization, and make an adverse ecological environment for plant disease occurrence. But it will increase the probability of growth obstacles due to the lack of chilling requirement during the dormancy, and intensify the adverse climate conditions for fruit development, such as insufficient light, high and extremely high temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to choose suitable pear varieties, adopt reasonable rain-shelter cultivation pattern, select covering materials with high transmittance and take high photosynthetic efficiency trimming method, as well as use reflective film on the ground and install supplement lighting devices under rain-shelters.

Key words: pear, year-round, rain-shelter, meteorological factor, phenological period

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