长期间作及免耕对土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0071

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对西北绿洲灌区长期传统覆膜耕作造成土壤结构的稳定性下降、地膜残留过多和土壤质量下降等问题，研究覆膜免耕与禾豆间作种植模式对土壤物理性质和作物产量的影响，以期为试区优化耕作方式和作物种植模式提供理论支撑。田间试验于2013—2020年在河西绿洲灌区进行，设置传统耕作覆膜(CT)、覆膜免耕(NT) 2种耕作措施；单作豌豆(P)、单作玉米(M)、玉米间作豌豆(M//P) 3种种植模式，2019年和2020年玉米收获后测定土壤物理性状和作物产量等相关指标。结果表明：（1）0~30 cm土层≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、土壤容重和土壤总孔隙度在NT与CT处理间存显著差异，NT较CT≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量提高2.02%~7.76%、MWD提高19.4%~26.0%、土壤容重降低1.31%~1.57%、总孔隙度增加1.97%~2.28%；（2）NT处理下，不同种植模式间存在显著差异，M//P分别较P和M处理水稳性大团聚体含量增加12.60%~20.11%和7.05%~11.55%，MWD分别较P和M处理增加9.61%~12.44%和4.01%~8.01%，土壤容重平均降低2.97%和1.98%，土壤孔隙度分别增加4.50%和2.98%；（3）耕作方式对作物产量影响不显著，但种植模式对玉米籽粒产量有显著影响，单位面积间作玉米籽粒产量在2种耕作措施下分别较单作玉米增加29.41%~31.68%，31.92%~33.38%。覆膜免耕下禾豆间作种植模式是该区域改善土壤物理性状、提高作物产量、实现资源高效利用的有效农艺措施。

关键词: 间作, 覆膜免耕, 土壤团聚体, 土壤容重, 产量

Abstract:

The long-term traditional film mulching farming system in the oasis irrigated area of northwest China has caused problems such as decreased stability of soil structure, excessive mulching film residue and deteriorated soil quality. This study explored the effect of no-tillage with film mulching of cereal-legume intercropping on soil physical properties and crop yield, aiming to provide theoretical support for mulching film residue reduction and soil quality improvement, as well as the optimization of tillage practices and crop planting modes. A field experiment was conducted in Hexi Oasis irrigated area from 2013 to 2020. The two factors, tillage practice and planting mode, were designed. The tillage practices included conventional tillage with film mulching (CT) and no-tillage with film mulching (NT); and the planting modes included monoculture of pea (P), monoculture of maize (M), and maize-pea intercropping (M//P). The related indicators concerning soil physical properties and crop yield were determined after maize harvest in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that: (1) there were significant differences in the content of ≥0.25 mm water-stable aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD), soil bulk density and total soil porosity in 0-30 cm soil layer between NT and CT, compared with those of CT, the content of ≥0.25 mm water-stable aggregates, MWD and total soil porosity of NT increased by 2.02%-7.76%, 19.4%-26.0% and 1.97%-2.28%, respectively, and soil bulk density of NT decreased by 1.31%-1.57%; (2) compared with monoculture of pea and maize, maize-pea intercropping significantly increased the content of water-stable soil macro-aggregates by 12.60%-20.11% and 7.05%-11.55%, respectively, MWD increased by 9.61%-12.44% and 4.01%-8.01%, respectively, soil bulk density decreased by 2.97% and 1.98%, respectively, and soil porosity increased by 4.50% and 2.98%, respectively; (3) the tillage practice had no significant effect on crop yield, but planting mode had a significant effect on maize kernel yield, compared with monoculture of maize, maize-pea intercropping in unit area increased the yield of maize kernel by 29.41%-31.68% under NT, and by 31.92%-33.38% under CT. In summary, no-tillage with film mulching of cereal-legume intercropping was an effective agronomic measure to achieve the efficient utilization of resources, the reduction of mulching film residue pollution, the increase of crop yield and the improvement of the physical properties of farmland soil in oasis irrigated area.

Key words: intercropping, no-tillage with plastic film mulching, soil aggregate, soil bulk density, yield

刘敏, 赵财, 范虹, 殷文, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 孙亚斌. 长期间作及免耕对土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(2): 28-35.

LIU Min, ZHAO Cai, FAN Hong, YIN Wen, FAN Zhilong, HU Falong, SUN Yabin. Effects of Long-term Intercropping and No-tillage on Soil Physical Properties and Crop Yield[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(2): 28-35.

图/表 6

参考文献 37

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耕作措施	种植模式	2019年			2020年
耕作措施	种植模式	0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm	0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm
NT	P	0.455e	0.450e	0.433e	0.464e	0.454bc	0.441e
	M	0.474c	0.464c	0.450c	0.481c	0.469bc	0.463c
	M//P	0.500a	0.489a	0.479a	0.519a	0.507a	0.500a
CT	P	0.445f	0.435f	0.420f	0.444f	0.435d	0.423f
	M	0.472d	0.456d	0.442d	0.462d	0.452cd	0.447d
	M//P	0.492b	0.475b	0.458b	0.496b	0.484b	0.474b
显著性
耕作措施		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
种植模式		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
耕作措施*种植模式		^*	NS	NS	^*	NS	NS

耕作措施	种植模式	2019年			2020年
耕作措施	种植模式	0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm	0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm
NT	P	0.455e	0.450e	0.433e	0.464e	0.454bc	0.441e
	M	0.474c	0.464c	0.450c	0.481c	0.469bc	0.463c
	M//P	0.500a	0.489a	0.479a	0.519a	0.507a	0.500a
CT	P	0.445f	0.435f	0.420f	0.444f	0.435d	0.423f
	M	0.472d	0.456d	0.442d	0.462d	0.452cd	0.447d
	M//P	0.492b	0.475b	0.458b	0.496b	0.484b	0.474b
显著性
耕作措施		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
种植模式		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
耕作措施*种植模式		^*	NS	NS	^*	NS	NS

耕作措施	种植模式	2019年				2020年
耕作措施	种植模式	0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm		0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm
NT	P	45.41b	43.65c	41.89c		45.53b	43.77ab	42.01b
	M	44.78c	43.02cd	41.38cd		45.28bc	43.4b	41.76b
	M//P	44.65c	43.02cd	41.01d		46.79a	44.65a	43.77a
CT	P	44.15d	42.39d	40.75d		44.65c	42.14c	40.75cd
	M	46.42a	45.28b	43.65a		43.77d	41.51c	40.38d
	M//P	45.79b	44.40a	42.64b		45.16bc	43.65ab	41.64bc
显著性
耕作措施		^**	^*	^*		^**	^**	^**
种植模式		^**	^**	^**		^**	^*	^**
耕作措施*种植模式		NS	NS	NS	NS		NS	NS

耕作措施	种植模式	2019年				2020年
耕作措施	种植模式	0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm		0~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~30 cm
NT	P	45.41b	43.65c	41.89c		45.53b	43.77ab	42.01b
	M	44.78c	43.02cd	41.38cd		45.28bc	43.4b	41.76b
	M//P	44.65c	43.02cd	41.01d		46.79a	44.65a	43.77a
CT	P	44.15d	42.39d	40.75d		44.65c	42.14c	40.75cd
	M	46.42a	45.28b	43.65a		43.77d	41.51c	40.38d
	M//P	45.79b	44.40a	42.64b		45.16bc	43.65ab	41.64bc
显著性
耕作措施		^**	^*	^*		^**	^**	^**
种植模式		^**	^**	^**		^**	^*	^**
耕作措施*种植模式		NS	NS	NS	NS		NS	NS

耕作措施	种植模式	2019年			2020年
耕作措施	种植模式	豌豆	玉米	总产量	豌豆	玉米	总产量
NT	P	3786.4a	—	3786.4c	3656.2a	—	3656.2c
	M	—	12897.4a	12897.4b	—	12856.2a	12856.2b
	M//P	2174.9b	11582.8b	13757.7a	2081.8b	11734.2b	13816.0a
CT	P	3681.4a	—	3681.4c	—	—	3422.2c
	M	—	12527.1a	12527.1b	3422.2a	12284.0a	12284b
	M//P	1992.7b	10936.7b	12929.4b	1979.4b	10998.8b	12978.2b
显著性
耕作措施		NS	NS	^*	NS	NS	^*
种植模式		^**	^*	^**	^**	^*	^**
耕作措施*种植模式		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS