基于GIS的土壤养分空间分布特征及肥力评价

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0730

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

了解胶州市李哥庄镇北部18个村耕地土壤养分状况，为科学设置施肥方式和高标准农田建设中土壤改良工作提供参考依据。对研究区进行土壤养分含量检测，共设置43个采样点，测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量。运用ArcGIS的普通克里金插值法分析研究区土壤养分空间分布特征，通过主成分分析法确定指标权重，通过指数和法划分土壤肥力等级并将结果可视化。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤主要呈酸性和中性；有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量缺乏，有效磷含量丰富，速效钾含量中等。（2）从空间分布特征看，pH呈南北低中部高，东侧低西侧高；有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分布呈东侧高西侧低，表明三者具有显著相关性；有效磷分布呈东侧低西侧高；速效钾分布呈东侧高西侧低的特点。（3）Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ级土地面积分别为365.11、545.80、803.71、547.93、390.85 hm²，占研究区总面积的13.76%、20.57%、30.29%、20.65%、14.73%。胶州市李哥庄镇北部18个村整体土壤肥力处于中等水平，土壤肥力呈现东侧丰富、西侧缺乏的特点。治理土壤酸化并提高有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量，对下一步建设高标准农田具有重要意义。

关键词: 土壤养分, 分布特征, 指标含量, 土壤肥力等级, 克里金插值, 主成分分析

Abstract:

To understand the soil nutrient status of 18 villages in the north of Ligezhuang Town of Jiaozhou City, so as to provide reference for scientific setting of fertilization methods and soil improvement in the construction of high-standard farmland. Soil nutrient content was detected in the study area. A total of 43 sampling points were set up to determine soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. The general Kriging interpolation method of ArcGIS was applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients in the study area. The index weights were determined by principal component analysis, and the soil fertility grades were divided by index sum method and the results were visualized. The results showed that: (1) the soil in the study area was mainly acidic and neutral. The content of organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was insufficient, and the content of available phosphorus was rich with medium available potassium. (2) Generally, pH values were low in the north and south, high in the middle, while low in the east but high in the west. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were higher in the east but lower in the west, indicating that they were significantly correlated. The distribution of available phosphorus was low in the east while high in the west, and that of available potassium was high in the east but low in the west. (3) The land areas of class Ⅰ-Ⅴ were 365.11, 545.80, 803.71, 547.93 and 390.85 hm², respectively, accounting for 13.76%, 20.57%, 30.29%, 20.65% and 14.73% of the total studied area. The overall soil fertility of the 18 villages in the north of Ligezhuang Town in Jiaozhou City was at a medium level, and it was abundant in the east but poor in the west. To control soil acidification and increase contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were of great significance for the next step of building high standard farmland.

Key words: soil nutrients, distribution characteristics, index content, soil fertility level, Kriging interpolation, principal component analysis

李佳欣, 盖伟玲, 孙显旻, 赵昕, 张晓光, 崔德杰. 基于GIS的土壤养分空间分布特征及肥力评价[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(25): 94-101.

LI Jiaxin, GAI Weiling, SUN Xianmin, ZHAO Xin, ZHANG Xiaoguang, CUI Dejie. Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Fertility Evaluation of Soil Nutrients Based on GIS[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(25): 94-101.

图/表 10

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丰缺状况	有机质/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	碱解氮/(mg/kg)	有效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)
极丰富	> 40.00	> 2.00	> 150.00	> 40.00	> 200.00
丰富	30.00~40.00	1.50~2.00	120.00~150.00	20.00~40.00	150.00~200.00
中等	10.00~30.00	0.75~1.50	60.00~120.00	5.00~20.00	50.00~150.00
缺乏	6.00~10.00	0.50~0.75	30.00~60.00	3.00~5.00	30.00~50.00
极缺乏	< 6.00	< 0.50	< 30.00	< 3.00	< 30.00

丰缺状况	有机质/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	碱解氮/(mg/kg)	有效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)
极丰富	> 40.00	> 2.00	> 150.00	> 40.00	> 200.00
丰富	30.00~40.00	1.50~2.00	120.00~150.00	20.00~40.00	150.00~200.00
中等	10.00~30.00	0.75~1.50	60.00~120.00	5.00~20.00	50.00~150.00
缺乏	6.00~10.00	0.50~0.75	30.00~60.00	3.00~5.00	30.00~50.00
极缺乏	< 6.00	< 0.50	< 30.00	< 3.00	< 30.00

养分指标	范围	平均值	变异系数/%	样品分布/%
养分指标	范围	平均值	变异系数/%	极缺乏	缺乏	中等	丰富	极丰富
有机质	1.45~24.72 g/kg	(9.63±4.30) g/kg	44.67	23.26	32.56	44.19	—	—
全氮	0.27~1.85 g/kg	(0.71±0.30) g/kg	42.71	18.60	39.53	39.54	2.33	—
碱解氮	29.13~227.40 mg/kg	(93.47±46.14) mg/kg	49.37	2.33	25.58	48.84	11.63	11.63
有效磷	5.70~193.50 mg/kg	(63.42±34.96) mg/kg	55.13	—	—	4.66	20.93	74.42
速效钾	52.76~305.70 mg/kg	(137.99±47.23) mg/kg	34.23	—	—	67.44	23.26	9.30

养分指标	范围	平均值	变异系数/%	样品分布/%
养分指标	范围	平均值	变异系数/%	极缺乏	缺乏	中等	丰富	极丰富
有机质	1.45~24.72 g/kg	(9.63±4.30) g/kg	44.67	23.26	32.56	44.19	—	—
全氮	0.27~1.85 g/kg	(0.71±0.30) g/kg	42.71	18.60	39.53	39.54	2.33	—
碱解氮	29.13~227.40 mg/kg	(93.47±46.14) mg/kg	49.37	2.33	25.58	48.84	11.63	11.63
有效磷	5.70~193.50 mg/kg	(63.42±34.96) mg/kg	55.13	—	—	4.66	20.93	74.42
速效钾	52.76~305.70 mg/kg	(137.99±47.23) mg/kg	34.23	—	—	67.44	23.26	9.30

等级	土壤肥力水平	综合指数
Ⅰ级	极丰富	0.0274≤X≤0.0302
Ⅱ级	丰富	0.0246≤X≤0.0274
Ⅲ级	中等	0.0218≤X≤0.0246
Ⅳ级	缺乏	0.0190≤X≤0.0218
Ⅴ级	极缺乏	0.0162≤X≤0.0190