裸地和秸秆覆盖条件下气候因子对滨海中-重度盐土土壤盐分变化的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0576

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在分析江苏沿海不同盐分梯度（中度、重度）滩涂土壤盐分的动态变化，探讨气候因子（降雨量、蒸发量、温度）对滨海盐土盐分动态变化的影响，揭示其盐分的自然演变规律，为滨海盐土的脱盐改良提供依据。通过野外实地采样与监测，选取表土盐分差异显著的地块（中度盐土5.52 g/kg和重度盐土15.31 g/kg），设置裸地和秸秆覆盖2种处理，分析气候因子对土壤盐分变化的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖下土壤盐分变化主要受降雨量驱动，蒸发量的影响可以忽略，多因子作用简化为单因子驱动；裸地处理同时受降雨量、蒸发量等多因子综合影响。主要结论如下：（1）在气候因子共同作用下，中度和重度盐土裸地0~40 cm土层盐分呈现一致的季节性动态特征，即6—8月雨季因雨水淋洗降低盐分，9—12月则表现出明显的积盐特征；（2）秸秆覆盖条件下，土壤盐分变化与累积降雨量呈显著指数函数关系，且中度盐土0~20 cm指数函数土层回归方程为 $y=2.3312{e}^{-0.003{x}_{1}}$ (R²=0.8232，P<0.01)和重度盐土为 $y=4.8782{e}^{-0.003{x}_{1}}$ (R²=0.8207，P<0.01)，每增加10 mm累积降雨量，土壤盐分分别降低0.257、0.180 g/kg；（3）裸地条件下，中重度盐土盐分变化与累积降雨量、累积蒸发量之间均可通过一元二次线性回归方程进行拟合；并通过公式S_gw=S_t+1-S_t+S_1r估算裸地因毛管水上升导致的地下水盐分表层积累量(S_gw)，相关分析显示平均温度(x₃₂)与S_gw存在显著的正相关。综上，降雨对滨海盐土脱盐起主导作用，温度和蒸发量则主要促进盐分积累。因此，滨海盐土脱盐改良中应充分利用雨水的淋洗作用，并采取措施抑制蒸发和温度驱动的盐分积累。

关键词: 滨海盐土, 气候因子, 土壤盐分, 降雨量, 蒸发量

Abstract:

The aims of this study are to analyze the dynamic changes of soil salinity in different salt levels of the coastal tidal flats, to explore the influence of climatic factors on the dynamic changes of salinity, and to reveal the natural evolution law of soil salinity in coastal saline soil, and provided a basis for desalination and improvement of coastal saline soil in Jiangsu Province. Through field investigations, two plots with significant differences in surface soil salinity (moderate saline soil 5.52 g/kg and severe saline soil 15.31 g/kg) were selected, and two treatments were set: bare land and straw cover. The effects of three climatic factors (rainfall, evaporation and temperature) on soil salinity changes were studied. Under straw cover, the changes in soil salinity were mainly affected by rainfall, and the influence of evaporation could be ignored, thus transforming the multi-factor analysis into a single-factor analysis. The bare land treatment was simultaneously affected by multiple factors such as rainfall, evaporation, etc. The results showed that: (1) under the combined influence of climatic factors, the salt content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers of moderately and severely saline bare soil showed similar seasonal variation characteristics. During the rainy season from June to August, the salt contents decreased due to rain leaching, and from September to December, they showed significant accumulation characteristics. (2) Under the condition of straw cover, the soil salt content decreases exponentially with the increase of cumulative rainfall. The regression equations of exponential function for the 0-20 cm soil layer of moderately and severely saline soil were $y=2.3312{e}^{-0.003{x}_{1}}$ (R²=0.8232, P<0.01) and $y=4.8782{e}^{-0.003{x}_{1}}$ (R²=0.8207, P<0.01), respectively, with a reduction of 0.257 and 0.180 g/kg soil salt per 10 mm cumulative rainfall, respectively. (3) Under the bare soil condition, the changes in soil salt content of moderately and severely saline soil could be fitted by a linear regression equation of the first order and second degree with the cumulative rainfall and cumulative evaporation. At the same time, under the bare soil condition, the salt S_gw accumulated by groundwater due to capillary water rising could be estimated by the formula S_gw=S_t+1-S_t+S_1r. Correlation and regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between mean temperature (x₃₂) and S_gw. Therefore, it was concluded that rainfall played a dominant role in desalination of coastal saline soil, while temperature and evaporation played a major role in the accumulation of surface soil salt. In the desalination and improvement project of coastal saline soil, the leaching effect of rainwater should be exerted to prevent the accumulation effect of temperature and evaporation.

Key words: coastal saline soil, climate factor, soil salt content, rainfall, evaporation

张蛟, 冯纯. 裸地和秸秆覆盖条件下气候因子对滨海中-重度盐土土壤盐分变化的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(36): 100-107.

ZHANG Jiao, FENG Chun. Influence of Climatic Factors on Soil Salinity Changes in Moderately and Severely Saline Coastal Soil Under Bare Land and Straw Mulching Conditions[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(36): 100-107.

图/表 7

参考文献 39

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试验地块	容重/ (g/cm³)	土壤颗粒组成/%			有机质/ (g/kg)	全氮/ (g/kg)	碱解氮/ (mg/kg)	有效磷/ (mg/kg)	有效钾/ (mg/kg)	盐分/ (g/kg)	pH_1:5
试验地块	容重/ (g/cm³)	砂粒	粉粒	粘粒	有机质/ (g/kg)	全氮/ (g/kg)	碱解氮/ (mg/kg)	有效磷/ (mg/kg)	有效钾/ (mg/kg)	盐分/ (g/kg)	pH_1:5
地块1	1.42±0.03	23.6±1.5	55.2±1.5	21.2±0.4	5.30±0.43	0.445±0.068	25.82±1.76	7.17±0.66	209.2±8.3	5.52±0.89	8.66±0.07
地块2	1.45±0.02	18.3±1.2	59.9±1.1	21.8±0.3	5.18±0.14	0.584±0.119	18.22±1.38	10.26±1.08	243.7±5.5	15.31±1.18	8.67±0.04

试验地块	容重/ (g/cm³)	土壤颗粒组成/%			有机质/ (g/kg)	全氮/ (g/kg)	碱解氮/ (mg/kg)	有效磷/ (mg/kg)	有效钾/ (mg/kg)	盐分/ (g/kg)	pH_1:5
试验地块	容重/ (g/cm³)	砂粒	粉粒	粘粒	有机质/ (g/kg)	全氮/ (g/kg)	碱解氮/ (mg/kg)	有效磷/ (mg/kg)	有效钾/ (mg/kg)	盐分/ (g/kg)	pH_1:5
地块1	1.42±0.03	23.6±1.5	55.2±1.5	21.2±0.4	5.30±0.43	0.445±0.068	25.82±1.76	7.17±0.66	209.2±8.3	5.52±0.89	8.66±0.07
地块2	1.45±0.02	18.3±1.2	59.9±1.1	21.8±0.3	5.18±0.14	0.584±0.119	18.22±1.38	10.26±1.08	243.7±5.5	15.31±1.18	8.67±0.04

采样前时间/d	中度盐土-地块1		重度盐土-地块2
采样前时间/d	累积降雨量	累积蒸发量	累积降雨量	累积蒸发量
1	y=-1.8612x₁²+27.765x₁-90.616， R²=0.318^**	y=0.0982x₂²-1.711x₂+8.9851， R²=0.267^**	y=-0.1943x₁²+6.2398x₁-39.917， R²=0.191^*	y=0.0185x₂²-0.6507x₂+7.5515， R²=0.134
3	y=-1.7062x₁²+21.292x₁-46.709， R²=0.121	y=0.2801x₂²-4.4993x₂+23.619， R²=0.440^**	y=0.0667x₁²-3.8577x₁+ 55.524， R²=0.228^*	y=0.0691x₂²-2.31x₂+24.877， R²=0.292^**
7	y=0.9505x₁²-23.293x₁+141.87， R²=0.330^**	y=0.4895x₂²-8.358x₂+48.821， R²=0.343^**	y=-0.0374x₁²-0.9336x₁+54.471， R²=0.130	y=0.1258x₂²-4.4085x₂+52.031， R²=0.304^**
15	y=1.9862x₁²-46.28x₁+265.54， R²=0.294^**	y=1.2288x₂²-20.748x₂+115.62， R²=0.485^**	y=0.1295x₁²-8.9251x₁+155.67， R²=0.187^*	y=0.3199x₂²-10.881x₂+121.33， R²=0.427^**
30	y=1.8907x₁²-32.591x₁+198.33， R²=0.359^**	y=1.8907x₂²-32.591x₂+198.33， R²=0.359^**	y=0.5461x₁²-18.946x₁+222.36， R²=0.410^**	y=0.5461x₂²-18.946x₂+222.36， R²=0.410^**

采样前时间/d	中度盐土-地块1		重度盐土-地块2
采样前时间/d	累积降雨量	累积蒸发量	累积降雨量	累积蒸发量
1	y=-1.8612x₁²+27.765x₁-90.616， R²=0.318^**	y=0.0982x₂²-1.711x₂+8.9851， R²=0.267^**	y=-0.1943x₁²+6.2398x₁-39.917， R²=0.191^*	y=0.0185x₂²-0.6507x₂+7.5515， R²=0.134
3	y=-1.7062x₁²+21.292x₁-46.709， R²=0.121	y=0.2801x₂²-4.4993x₂+23.619， R²=0.440^**	y=0.0667x₁²-3.8577x₁+ 55.524， R²=0.228^*	y=0.0691x₂²-2.31x₂+24.877， R²=0.292^**
7	y=0.9505x₁²-23.293x₁+141.87， R²=0.330^**	y=0.4895x₂²-8.358x₂+48.821， R²=0.343^**	y=-0.0374x₁²-0.9336x₁+54.471， R²=0.130	y=0.1258x₂²-4.4085x₂+52.031， R²=0.304^**
15	y=1.9862x₁²-46.28x₁+265.54， R²=0.294^**	y=1.2288x₂²-20.748x₂+115.62， R²=0.485^**	y=0.1295x₁²-8.9251x₁+155.67， R²=0.187^*	y=0.3199x₂²-10.881x₂+121.33， R²=0.427^**
30	y=1.8907x₁²-32.591x₁+198.33， R²=0.359^**	y=1.8907x₂²-32.591x₂+198.33， R²=0.359^**	y=0.5461x₁²-18.946x₁+222.36， R²=0.410^**	y=0.5461x₂²-18.946x₂+222.36， R²=0.410^**

气候因子	地块1		地块2
气候因子	回归方程	r	回归方程	r
蒸发量x₂	y=2.6477x₂+34.069	0.44^*	y=-2.5011x₂+322.83	0.19
积温x₃₁	y=-3.4769x₃₁+319.73	-0.28	y=-2.5011x₃₁+322.83	-0.38
均温x₃₂	y=1.3365x₃₂+13.256	0.41^*	y=0.9492x₃₂+12.103	0.56^**