膜下滴灌对北疆棉花生长发育、产量及耗水特性的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0242

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在研究膜下滴灌灌水定额对北疆棉花生长发育、耗水特性及产量的影响，为该区域棉花生产的节水、增产、增效提供理论依据。试验于2022—2024年通过设置4种不同灌水定额：30.0 mm(I20)、37.5 mm(I25)、45.0 mm(I30)和52.5 mm(I35)，探究不同滴灌定额对棉花生长指标、耗水规律及产量的调控效应。结果表明，随灌水定额的增加，棉花株高呈增加趋势，在I30和I35处理下达到峰值；而叶面积指数(LAI)和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)呈先升后降趋势，峰值均出现在I30处理。棉花各生育阶段耗水量及作物系数均随灌水定额的增加呈上升趋势。棉花籽棉产量和皮棉产量随灌水定额的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势，其中I30处理产量最高，平均值分别为5535.35 kg/hm²和2348.42 kg/hm²。耗水量-产量的拟合分析表明，适宜耗水量范围为491.93~571.61 mm。综合评价结果表明，I30处理在3个生长季的综合评分均最高。综上，I30处理可实现北疆滴灌棉花产量最优，研究结果可为北疆棉花节水高产栽培提供理论依据。

关键词: 棉花, 膜下滴灌, 耗水特性, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

This study investigated the effects of irrigation quotas under mulch drip irrigation on cotton growth, water consumption characteristics and yield, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for water saving, yield increase, and efficiency improvement in cotton production in northern Xinjiang. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024, with four irrigation quotas: 30.0 mm (I20), 37.5 mm (I25), 45.0 mm (I30), and 52.5 mm (I35). The effects of different irrigation quotas on cotton growth, water consumption patterns, and yield were analyzed. The results showed that plant height increased with higher irrigation quotas, reaching the maximum under I30 and I35 treatments. Leaf area index (LAI) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching the peak during I30 treatment. The water consumption at each growth stage increased with higher irrigation quotas, and the crop coefficient gradually rose. The seed cotton yield and lint yield showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of irrigation quota, among them, the yield under I30 treatment was the highest, with average values of 5535.35 kg/hm² and 2348.42 kg/hm² respectively. A fitting analysis between water consumption and yield indicated that the optimal water consumption range was 491.93-571.61 mm. A comprehensive evaluation showed that the I30 treatment achieved the highest scores across all three growing seasons. In conclusion, the I30 treatment can achieve optimal cotton yield under drip irrigation in northern Xinjiang. This study provides a theoretical basis for water-saving and high-yield cotton cultivation in the region.

Key words: cotton, mulch drip irrigation, water consumption characteristics, yield, water use efficiency

于秋月. 膜下滴灌对北疆棉花生长发育、产量及耗水特性的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(36): 43-50.

YU Qiuyue. Effects of Mulch Drip Irrigation on Growth, Yield, and Water Consumption Characteristics of Cotton in Northern Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(36): 43-50.

图/表 8

参考文献 25

[1]	卢秀茹, 贾肖月, 牛佳慧. 中国棉花产业发展现状及展望[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(1):26-36. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.01.003
[2]	郭小梦, 张凯, 陈国悦, 等. 氮肥减量氨基酸配施对新疆棉花生长和产量的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2024(10):182-190.
[3]	牛玉萍, 陈宗奎, 杨林川, 等. 干旱区滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花生长和产量性能的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(10):1506-1515. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01506
[4]	王振华, 杨培岭, 郑旭荣, 等. 膜下滴灌系统不同应用年限棉田根区盐分变化及适耕性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(4):90-99.
[5]	李晶, 王俊杰, 陈金木. 新疆水权改革经验与启示[J]. 中国水利, 2017(13):17-19.
[6]	李冰瑶, 陈星, 周志才, 等. 缺水地区水资源可持续利用评价与对策探讨[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2017, 28(6):104-108.
[7]	邢晋, 张思平, 赵新华, 等. 不同颜色地膜覆盖对棉花冠层构型及光合特性的调控效应[J]. 核农学报, 2020, 34(12):2850-2857. doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2020.12.2850
[8]	王洪博, 赵栗, 高阳, 等. 南疆无膜滴灌棉田灌溉模式及耗水规律研究[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2021, 23(10):153-160.
[9]	常玉荣, 李明思, 李东伟, 等. 微咸地下水浅埋区膜下滴灌定额对棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2024, 43(9):12-24.
[10]	王文婷, 贾丽炯, 王多平. 膜下滴灌水氮耦合对玉米水分产量的影响研究[J]. 河南水利与南水北调, 2022, 51(9):95-96.
[11]	吴奇峰, 忠智博. 两种覆盖方式下灌水定额对土壤温度变化、棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 棉花学报, 2024, 36(5):385-395.
[12]	EBERBACH P, PALA M. Crop row spacing and its influence on the partitioning of evapotranspiration by winter-grown wheat in Northern Syria[J]. Plant and soil, 2005, 268:195-208. doi: 10.1007/s11104-004-0271-y URL
[13]	李娇. 新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用与发展思考[J]. 中国农机装备, 2024(4):68-70.
[14]	王永东. 膜下滴灌灌溉制度对棉花生长和产量的影响[J]. 黑龙江水利, 2015, 1(12):21-25.
[15]	汪玲, 朱靖蓉, 杨涛, 等. 氮肥施用策略对膜下滴灌棉花叶片叶绿素含量变化的影响[J]. 棉花学报, 2010, 22(5):454-459.
[16]	高瑞, 陈志卿, 洪明, 等. 土壤水分阈值对北疆膜下滴灌棉花生长、耗水规律及产量的影响[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2023, 34(6):200-209.
[17]	田育丰. 限量灌溉和施氮水平对春玉米生长及生理特性的影响[J]. 广西农业科学, 2010, 41(10):1055-1057.
[18]	高佳, 张恒嘉, 巴玉春, 等. 调亏灌溉对绿洲灌区膜下滴灌辣椒生长发育和产量的影响[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2019, 37(2):25-31.
[19]	吴立峰, 张富仓, 王海东, 等. 新疆棉花亏缺灌溉叶面积指数模拟研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2015, 46(1):249-258.
[20]	李港强, 吕廷波, 王久龙, 等. 种植模式与灌溉定额对棉花生长发育及产量和纤维品质的影响[J]. 棉花学报, 2024, 36(6):513-524.
[21]	肖键, 洪明, 于秋月, 等. 灌水定额和周期对北疆制种棉花生长、产量及种子质量的影响[J]. 新疆农业大学学报, 2023, 46(6):446-452.
[22]	杨九刚, 何继武, 马英杰, 等. 灌水频率和灌溉定额对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响[J]. 节水灌溉, 2011(3):29-32,38.
[23]	张顺东, 蔡付琳, 徐红, 等. 北疆春玉米区登海550玉米密植精准调控高产栽培技术[J]. 中国种业, 2024(9):122-124.
[24]	杨传杰, 罗毅, 孙林, 等. 水分胁迫对覆膜滴灌棉花根系活力和叶片生理的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2012, 29(5):802-810.
[25]	王在敏, 汪丙国, 靳孟贵. 棉花膜下滴灌水盐胁迫研究[J]. 地质科技情报, 2013, 32(3):166-170.

年份	处理	指标	播种-出苗	出苗-现蕾	现蕾-开花	开花-吐絮	吐絮-收花	全生育期
2022	持续天数/d		6	53	18	38	29	144
	I20	耗水量/mm	9.19	100.19	64.66	115.87	36.48	326.39
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.53	1.89	3.59	3.05	1.26	2.38
		耗水模数/%	2.82	30.70	19.81	35.50	11.18	/
	I25	耗水量/mm	10.01	116.60	83.85	128.98	40.67	380.11
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.67	2.20	4.66	3.39	1.40	2.77
		耗水模数/%	2.63	30.68	22.06	33.93	0.11	/
	I30	耗水量/mm	9.77	140.18	100.47	150.08	45.46	445.96
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.63	2.64	5.58	3.95	1.57	3.23
		耗水模数/%	2.19	31.43	22.53	33.65	0.10	/
	I35	耗水量/mm	11.30	172.03	113.04	170.58	55.02	521.97
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.88	3.25	6.28	4.49	1.90	3.81
		耗水模数/%	2.16	32.96	21.66	32.68	0.11	/
2023	持续天数/d		8	44	25	30	28	135
	I20	耗水量/mm	13.20	82.00	97.74	113.79	52.29	359.02
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.65	1.86	3.91	3.79	1.87	2.66
		耗水模数/%	3.68	22.84	27.22	31.69	14.56	/
	I25	耗水量/mm	13.76	90.99	117.78	143.35	66.01	431.90
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.72	2.07	4.71	4.78	2.36	3.20
		耗水模数/%	3.19	21.07	27.27	33.19	0.15	/
	I30	耗水量/mm	13.79	125.31	131.89	175.96	76.45	523.40
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.72	2.85	5.28	5.87	2.73	3.88
		耗水模数/%	2.63	23.94	25.20	33.62	0.15	/
	I35	耗水量/mm	10.22	139.15	148.29	205.92	98.03	601.60
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.28	3.16	5.93	6.86	3.50	4.46
		耗水模数/%	1.70	23.13	24.65	34.23	0.16	/
2024	持续天数/d		8	45	28	34	23	138
	I20	耗水量/mm	6.93	46.86	115.12	119.47	66.07	354.45
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	0.87	1.04	4.11	3.51	2.87	2.57
		耗水模数/%	1.96	13.22	32.48	33.71	18.64	/
	I25	耗水量/mm	8.04	71.84	130.86	150.51	85.39	446.64
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.01	1.60	4.67	4.43	3.71	3.13
		耗水模数/%	1.80	16.08	29.30	33.70	0.19	/
	I30	耗水量/mm	9.86	80.50	158.68	184.75	104.40	538.19
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.23	1.79	5.67	5.43	4.54	3.90
		耗水模数/%	1.83	14.96	29.48	34.33	0.19	/
	I35	耗水量/mm	14.55	107.44	178.59	216.21	108.02	624.81
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.82	2.39	6.38	6.36	4.70	4.53
		耗水模数/%	2.33	17.20	28.58	34.60	0.17	/

年份	处理	指标	播种-出苗	出苗-现蕾	现蕾-开花	开花-吐絮	吐絮-收花	全生育期
2022	持续天数/d		6	53	18	38	29	144
	I20	耗水量/mm	9.19	100.19	64.66	115.87	36.48	326.39
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.53	1.89	3.59	3.05	1.26	2.38
		耗水模数/%	2.82	30.70	19.81	35.50	11.18	/
	I25	耗水量/mm	10.01	116.60	83.85	128.98	40.67	380.11
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.67	2.20	4.66	3.39	1.40	2.77
		耗水模数/%	2.63	30.68	22.06	33.93	0.11	/
	I30	耗水量/mm	9.77	140.18	100.47	150.08	45.46	445.96
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.63	2.64	5.58	3.95	1.57	3.23
		耗水模数/%	2.19	31.43	22.53	33.65	0.10	/
	I35	耗水量/mm	11.30	172.03	113.04	170.58	55.02	521.97
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.88	3.25	6.28	4.49	1.90	3.81
		耗水模数/%	2.16	32.96	21.66	32.68	0.11	/
2023	持续天数/d		8	44	25	30	28	135
	I20	耗水量/mm	13.20	82.00	97.74	113.79	52.29	359.02
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.65	1.86	3.91	3.79	1.87	2.66
		耗水模数/%	3.68	22.84	27.22	31.69	14.56	/
	I25	耗水量/mm	13.76	90.99	117.78	143.35	66.01	431.90
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.72	2.07	4.71	4.78	2.36	3.20
		耗水模数/%	3.19	21.07	27.27	33.19	0.15	/
	I30	耗水量/mm	13.79	125.31	131.89	175.96	76.45	523.40
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.72	2.85	5.28	5.87	2.73	3.88
		耗水模数/%	2.63	23.94	25.20	33.62	0.15	/
	I35	耗水量/mm	10.22	139.15	148.29	205.92	98.03	601.60
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.28	3.16	5.93	6.86	3.50	4.46
		耗水模数/%	1.70	23.13	24.65	34.23	0.16	/
2024	持续天数/d		8	45	28	34	23	138
	I20	耗水量/mm	6.93	46.86	115.12	119.47	66.07	354.45
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	0.87	1.04	4.11	3.51	2.87	2.57
		耗水模数/%	1.96	13.22	32.48	33.71	18.64	/
	I25	耗水量/mm	8.04	71.84	130.86	150.51	85.39	446.64
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.01	1.60	4.67	4.43	3.71	3.13
		耗水模数/%	1.80	16.08	29.30	33.70	0.19	/
	I30	耗水量/mm	9.86	80.50	158.68	184.75	104.40	538.19
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.23	1.79	5.67	5.43	4.54	3.90
		耗水模数/%	1.83	14.96	29.48	34.33	0.19	/
	I35	耗水量/mm	14.55	107.44	178.59	216.21	108.02	624.81
		耗水强度/(mm/d)	1.82	2.39	6.38	6.36	4.70	4.53
		耗水模数/%	2.33	17.20	28.58	34.60	0.17	/

年份	处理	衣分/%	籽棉产量/(kg/hm²)	皮棉产量/(kg/hm²)	WUE/(kg/m³)
2022	I20	44.10±1.01a	5078.65±131.40b	2239.60±13.66b	1.56±0.04a
	I25	44.87±0.97a	5089.00±159.17b	2283.30±14.72b	1.34±0.04b
	I30	45.80±1.01a	5519.00±154.51a	2527.65±144.87a	1.24±0.03c
	I35	44.15±1.08a	5370.70±18.35a	2371.35±160.80a	1.03±0.00d
2023	I20	40.63±0.58a	3993.95±90.68c	1623.45±11.62c	1.11±0.03b
	I25	39.33±0.80ab	4998.85±90.53b	1966.80±126.21b	1.16±0.02a
	I30	38.87±0.87b	5634.30±89.15a	2191.55±94.54a	1.08±0.02c
	I35	39.73±0.67ab	5124.65±123.79b	2030.40±73.17ab	0.85±0.02d
2024	I20	44.18±0.83a	4216.00±135.38c	1862.60±78.84c	1.19±0.04a
	I25	43.00±1.12a	4794.25±113.08b	2061.45±98.37b	1.07±0.03b
	I30	42.66±0.68a	5452.75±108.46a	2326.05±78.72a	1.01±0.02c
	I35	43.33±0.59a	5270.50±115.13a	2283.65±109.00a	0.84±0.02d

年份	处理	衣分/%	籽棉产量/(kg/hm²)	皮棉产量/(kg/hm²)	WUE/(kg/m³)
2022	I20	44.10±1.01a	5078.65±131.40b	2239.60±13.66b	1.56±0.04a
	I25	44.87±0.97a	5089.00±159.17b	2283.30±14.72b	1.34±0.04b
	I30	45.80±1.01a	5519.00±154.51a	2527.65±144.87a	1.24±0.03c
	I35	44.15±1.08a	5370.70±18.35a	2371.35±160.80a	1.03±0.00d
2023	I20	40.63±0.58a	3993.95±90.68c	1623.45±11.62c	1.11±0.03b
	I25	39.33±0.80ab	4998.85±90.53b	1966.80±126.21b	1.16±0.02a
	I30	38.87±0.87b	5634.30±89.15a	2191.55±94.54a	1.08±0.02c
	I35	39.73±0.67ab	5124.65±123.79b	2030.40±73.17ab	0.85±0.02d
2024	I20	44.18±0.83a	4216.00±135.38c	1862.60±78.84c	1.19±0.04a
	I25	43.00±1.12a	4794.25±113.08b	2061.45±98.37b	1.07±0.03b
	I30	42.66±0.68a	5452.75±108.46a	2326.05±78.72a	1.01±0.02c
	I35	43.33±0.59a	5270.50±115.13a	2283.65±109.00a	0.84±0.02d

年份	处理	D⁺	D^-	综合得分/分	排序
2022	I20	0.906	0.422	0.422	4
	I25	0.710	0.71	0.445	3
	I30	0.233	0.233	0.926	1
	I35	0.699	0.699	0.445	2
2023	I20	0.805	0.588	0.422	4
	I25	0.632	0.506	0.445	3
	I30	0.445	0.846	0.655	1
	I35	0.605	0.572	0.486	2
2024	I20	0.789	0.584	0.426	2
	I25	0.729	0.376	0.340	4
	I30	0.460	0.832	0.644	1
	I35	0.679	0.486	0.417	3