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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 1-11.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0254

• 农学·农业基础科学 •    下一篇

施氮量与氮肥类型对马铃薯生长发育及氮素利用的影响

王克秀1,2(), 唐铭霞1,2, 程明军3, 胡建军1,2, 李兵1,2, 廖霏霏4, 李华鹏1,2, 杨雯婷1,2, 郭展1,2, 崔阔澍5()   

  1. 1 四川省农业科学院作物研究所（四川省种质资源中心），成都 610066
    2 粮油作物种质创新与遗传改良四川省重点实验室，成都 610066
    3 四川省草业技术研究推广中心，成都 610041
    4 宜宾市农业科学院，四川宜宾 644000
    5 四川省农业技术推广总站，成都 610041
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-21 修回日期:2025-11-24 出版日期:2026-01-15 发布日期:2026-01-15
  • 通讯作者:
    崔阔澍，女，1987年出生，内蒙古满洲里人，正高级农艺师，博士，主要从事马铃薯栽培技术集成与示范推广研究。通信地址：610066 成都市锦江区静平路666号 省农科院作物所，Tel：028-84504331，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    王克秀，女，1979年出生，山东沂南人，副研究员，博士，主要从事马铃薯种薯繁育及栽培生理研究。通信地址：610066 成都市锦江区静平路666号 省农科院作物所，Tel：028-84504331，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划“花生、甘薯、马铃薯大面积丰产优质和全程机械化关键技术与集成示范”(2024YFD2301000); 四川省国际科技创新合作/港澳台科技创新合作项目“阿根廷高产优质马铃薯种质资源引进及评价”(2024YFHZ0260); 省财政自主创新专项(2022ZZCX005)

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Nitrogen Fertilizer Type on Growth and Development of Potato and Nitrogen Utilization

WANG Kexiu1,2(), TANG Mingxia1,2, CHENG Mingjun3, HU Jianjun1,2, LI Bing1,2, LIAO Feifei4, LI Huapeng1,2, YANG Wenting1,2, GUO Zhan1,2, CUI Kuoshu5()   

  1. 1 Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066
    2 Sichuan Key Laboratory of Green Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops, Chengdu 610066
    3 Sichuan Grass Technology Research and Promotion Center, Chengdu 610041
    4 Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Yibin, Sichuan 644000
    5 Sichuan General Popularization Center of Agricultural Technology, Chengdu 610041
  • Received:2025-03-21 Revised:2025-11-24 Published:2026-01-15 Online:2026-01-15

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摘要： 探究不同施氮量与氮肥类型对马铃薯生长发育及氮素利用的影响，为优化氮肥管理提供理论依据。以中熟品种‘希森6号’和中晚熟品种‘川芋62’为试验材料，采用田间试验设置氮空白(CK)、常规尿素氮（常规氮）67.5 kg/hm2、缓释尿素氮（缓释氮）67.5 kg/hm2、常规尿素氮135 kg/hm2、缓释尿素氮135 kg/hm2 5个氮处理，测定生长指标、干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率等参数。结果表明，低氮处理出苗早于高氮处理，同期同一施氮水平下，缓释氮肥处理出苗率显著高于常规氮肥。2个品种均表现为135 kg/hm2施氮量较67.5 kg/hm2显著增加株高、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量，但茎粗降低；缓释氮肥处理的农艺性状优于常规氮肥处理。随施氮量增加，2个品种植株氮素积累量显著增加，但氮素农学利用率、生产效率、吸收效率和利用效率均显著降低，同一施氮水平下缓释氮肥氮素利用效率显著高于常规氮肥。产量方面，‘希森6号’在135.0 kg/hm2缓释氮肥处理产量达到最高(58000.3 kg/hm2)，较相同施氮量常规氮肥处理增产16.7%；而‘川芋62’在67.5 kg/hm2缓释氮肥处理下产量最高(43294.2 kg/hm2)，较相同施氮量常规氮肥处理增加5.2%。此外，缓释氮肥处理的商品薯率和收获指数均显著高于同氮量常规氮肥。在本试验区域生态条件下，中熟品种‘希森6号’推荐施用135.0 kg/hm2缓释氮肥，中晚熟品种‘川芋62’推荐施用67.5 kg/hm2缓释氮肥，可在保证高产的同时显著提升氮素利用效率并提高经济效益。

关键词: 马铃薯, 缓释氮肥, 氮素利用效率, 农艺性状, 干物质积累

Abstract:

To provide a theoretical basis for scientific nitrogen fertilization, increasing yield and economic benefits, and reducing environmental risks, the effects of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen fertilizer type on potato growth, development and nitrogen utilization were studied. Using ‘Xisen 6’ and ‘Chuanyu 62’ as test materials, a randomized block design was employed with five nitrogen application treatments, including a nitrogen-free control (CK), conventional urea nitrogen at 67.5 kg/hm2, slow-release urea nitrogen at 67.5 kg/hm2, conventional urea nitrogen at 135 kg/hm2, and slow-release urea nitrogen at 135 kg/hm2. The results showed that the emergence occurred earlier under low nitrogen treatments compared to high nitrogen treatments. At the same growth stage and nitrogen application level, the emergence rate was higher under slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments than that of conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments. With increasing nitrogen application rate, plant height, leaf area index, and chlorophyll content increased for both varieties. However, excessive nitrogen application reduced stem diameter. Agronomic traits were superior under slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Plant nitrogen accumulation increased with higher nitrogen application rates. However, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen production efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) significantly decreased. At the same nitrogen application level, NUE was better under slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments than under conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Within the experimental range, for ‘Xisen 6’, yield increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application. At the same nitrogen level, yields under slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than under conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments. The highest yield (58000.3 kg/hm2) was achieved with the 135.0 kg/hm2 slow-release nitrogen treatment, representing a 16.7% increase compared to the same rate of conventional nitrogen fertilizer. The yield of ‘Chuanyu 62’ increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and the differences among treatments were significant. The highest yield was achieved under the treatment of 67.5 kg/hm2 of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, reaching 43294.2 kg/hm2, which was significantly higher than that of the control (CK), compared with the conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatment at the same nitrogen application rate, the yield increased by 5.2%. Compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatments, slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments also resulted in better marketable tuber rates and harvest indices. Scientific nitrogen application promoted plant growth and optimized dry matter accumulation and partitioning. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved emergence rate, facilitated higher plant nitrogen accumulation, and enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Under the ecological conditions of this experimental region, applying slow-release nitrogen fertilizer at 135.0 kg/hm2 for mid-maturing varieties (such as ‘Xisen 6’) and at 67.5 kg/hm2 for mid-late maturing varieties (such as ‘Chuanyu 62’) can achieve higher yields and economic benefits.

Key words: potato, slow-release nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation