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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (19): 1-8.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2026-0149

• 农学·农业基础科学 •    下一篇

播期与播量对冬小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响

吴泽新1,2(), 王金明1,2, 张丽君1,2, 陈超1,3, 吴儒刚4()   

  1. 1 山东省气象防灾减灾重点实验室， 济南 250031
    2 德州市气象局， 山东德州 253078
    3 德州市农业农村局， 山东德州 253052
    4 德州市农业科学研究院， 山东德州 253015
  • 收稿日期:2026-02-14 修回日期:2026-06-03 出版日期:2026-10-15 发布日期:2026-10-15
  • 通讯作者:
    吴儒刚，男，1980年出生，山东临邑人，正高级农艺师，主要方向冬小麦育种与栽培。通信地址：253015 山东省德州德城区大学西路1245号，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    吴泽新，女，1970年出生，山东茌平人，高级工程师，主要从事生态与农业气象、农业技术推广。通信地址：253078 山东德州天衢新区长河大道286号，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    山东省气象局科研专题领域专项“高标准农田小麦最佳播期播量研究”(2024sdztly13); 德州市气象局重点课题“德州市冬小麦主要病虫害预报方法研究”(2024dzqxzd02)

Effects of Sowing Date and Sowing Rate on Growth and Development and Yield of Winter Wheat

WU Zexin1,2(), WANG Jinming1,2, ZHANG Lijun1,2, CHEN Chao1,3, WU Rugang4()   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Shandong, Jinan 250031
    2 Dezhou Meteorological Bureau, Dezhou, Shandong 253078
    3 Dezhou Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dezhou, Shandong 253052
    4 Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Dezhou, Shandong 253015
  • Received:2026-02-14 Revised:2026-06-03 Published:2026-10-15 Online:2026-10-15

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摘要： 为探明冬小麦高产稳产的播期与播量配置模式，以主栽品种‘山农40’为材料，设置5个播期（10月6日、12日、18日、24日、30日，记为B1~B5）和3个播量梯度，通过回归分析、方差分析，研究播期和播量对冬小麦发育进程、农艺性状、产量构成因素及最终产量的影响。结果表明：（1）推迟播期可显著缩短冬小麦幼苗越冬前的生长期，并降低株高，平均每延迟6 d，分蘖数减少1.4个。群体大小和产量随播期的推迟呈先增后降趋势。随播量减少，成穗数及产量总体呈下降趋势，而分蘖数、生长后期高度有所增加。（2）播期、播量均显著影响成穗数、穗粒数及产量(P<0.05)。（3）在不同播期间，成穗数存在显著差异；穗粒数在B5与B1~B4、B4与B1之间存在显著差异；千粒重在B5与B1~B4之间存在显著差异；产量在B5与B1~B4、B4~B3与B1~B2之间表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。成穗数、穗粒数和产量在少播量与多播量、适宜播量间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。综合研究结果，建议鲁西北地区冬小麦的适宜播期为10月6—24日，‘山农40’的适宜基本苗数为225×104~270×104株/hm2。在适播期内，适当提高播量有助于实现冬小麦的高产、稳产。

关键词: 冬小麦, 播期, 播量, 物候期, 构成产量因素, 产量

Abstract:

To explore the optimal sowing date and rate configuration for achieving high and stable yield of winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted using the main cultivar ‘Shannong 40’ with five sowing dates (October 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30, designated B1-B5) and three sowing rates. Regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to investigate the effects of sowing date and rate on the developmental process, agronomic traits, yield components, and grain yield of winter wheat. The results showed that: (1) delaying the sowing date significantly shortened the pre-winter growth period and reduced the plant height of wheat seedlings, with tiller number decreasing by 1.4 per 6 days. Population size and grain yield initially increased and then decreased with delayed sowing. As sowing rate decreased, spike number and grain yield generally showed a decreasing trend, while tiller number and plant height at the late growth stage showed an increasing trend. (2) Sowing date and rate significantly affected spike number, grain number per spike (GNPS), and grain yield (P<0.05). (3) Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among different sowing dates for spike number; between B5 and B1-B4, and between B4 and B1 for GNPS; between B5 and B1-B4 for thousand-grain weight; and between B5 and B1-B4, and between B4-B3 and B1-B2 for grain yield. Additionally, significant differences (P<0.05) in spike number, GNPS and grain yield were found between low sowing rate and the other two rates (high and optimal). Based on these results, the suitable sowing date for winter wheat in northwestern Shandong is Oct. 6-24, and the appropriate basic seedling stand for ‘Shannong 40’ is 225×104-270×104 plants/hm². Within this sowing window, moderately increasing the sowing rate helps achieve high and stable yields in winter wheat.

Key words: winter wheat, sowing date, sowing rate, phenophase, yield components, grain yield

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