Abstract: Fertilizer is an important measure for sustainable development of agriculture, fertilizers role in guarding the safety of our food is put into the other factors of production are not a substitute for, grasp the stimulation effect of chemical fertilizers from the guidance of agricultural production and to determine the scientific and effective fertilization programs have important theoretical and practical significance. This paper analyzed the chemical fertilizer use and food production relationship, selected the sown area of grain crops, the total power of agricultural machinery, the effective irrigation area, the amount of chemical fertilizer and agricultural workers for China's grain yield affecting factors. By using the principal component regression C-D production function model, calculated the input of chemical fertilizer on grain output elasticity and contribution rate. The results showed that: the use of chemical fertilizer and grain yield between strong positive correlation; 1978-2010 years of fertilizer on grain yield growth elasticity value was 0.18, the contribution rate was 20.79%, chemical fertilizer on increasing grain output elasticity and contribution and the results of previous studied phase decreased slightly, per unit mass of chemical fertilizer input to bring the actual grain yield increase the quantity decreases somewhat, but chemical fertilizer input was still an important factor in the increase of grain yield.